Ahimsa

The philosophy of Gandhi rests on his faith in Truth (Satya) and non-violence (Ahimsa). He wrote in this context: “Ahimsa (non-violence) and Truth (Satya) are so intertwined that it is practically impossible to disentangle and separate them. They are like the two sides of a coin; Ahimsa is the means, Truth is the end” (Reference GandhiGandhi, 1968–1969, IV: 219). Gandhi proclaimed a meaningful pursuit of truth and envisaged truth as the ultimate ideal of life which can be attained through Ahimsa only. According to him, life embedded in Truth (Satya) ought to be preferred to the life of pleasures.

Commenting on the World War and the destruction caused by it, Martin Luther King had observed: “New weapons of terrifying dimensions have made it more clear than ever that war and civilization cannot both continue into man's future. New ways of solving conflicts, without violence, must be discovered and put into operation” (Reference GreggGregg, 1960: VII). The concept of Ahimsa or non-violence was one such idea which was looked at as befittingly responding to the above challenge. It had apparently emerged from the fertile imagination of the forest sages of antiquity and thereafter it was handed down to us from the ancient Vedic, Buddhistic, and Jaina traditions of Indian Philosophy. The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad depicts dharma as the sovereign power ruling even the weak and it can overcome the strong with the help of truth or Satya, which is dharma. And again the epic Mahabharata pronounces:

For wisdom and knowledge, the Indian mind has gone back to fourteen sources of knowledge of dharma (dharma sutras) which include four Vedas and two Epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata – Bhagavat Gita, being the essence of the latter. Gandhi often invoked Mahabharata in support of his views that dharma signifies the way of truth and non-violence. In his autobiography Gandhi also accepted that Leo Tolstoy's The Kingdom of God is Within You had converted him into a thoroughly non-violent man.

Gandhi made a distinction between the negative and positive aspects of Ahimsa. In its negative form, it implies not injuring any living being, nor bearing any ill will towards anyone or being the cause of any mental suffering:

According to Gandhi, “Ahimsa binds us to one another and to God. Ahimsa and love are one and the same thing” (Reference Gandhi1968: 17). Love implies the sense of self-sacrifice. Gandhi believed that love is possible with all beings since man or living creatures are the manifestations of an immanent God. We cannot see the absolute God, only manifestations of God can be seen and loved in the world in the form of living beings. Thus it is clear that to be a follower of Ahimsa is a sublime act. It is like the pursuit of divine meditation and penance, i.e. sadhana or tapasaya.

Ahimsa for Gandhi was not only a desirable moral virtue but also the most fundamental way in which one could express one's respect for the innate worth and value of all human beings. The creed of Ahimsa presupposes the existence of an immortal essence in the human personality that gives man the courage to die without any intention to kill. Non-violence is possible only by the strength of inner self as true non-violence resides in the mind and has an inner disposition of fearlessness.

Gandhi stressed the socio-economic and political implications of non-violence. He wanted a social order based on the principles of cooperation, where people will serve each other with whatever gifts they have been given. Gandhi's ideal of a non-violent society is a state without political power. But he says that the ideal is never fully realized in life. Hence, Thoreau is right when he says that government is the best which governs the least. Gandhi advocated the doctrine of trusteeship as he feared that the state may use too much violence against those who differ from it. He wanted to establish a non-violent society which is regulated by self-rule or Swaraj where the ruling principle will be non-violence, in all fields social, political, and economic.

Gandhi's concept of non-violence seems to have been derived from the famous Indian Vedantic doctrine of God being immanent as well as transcendent at the same time (Reference BalasubramanianBalasubramanian, 1996: 90–110). The implications of the doctrine are that all human beings, animals, and the rest of nature are divine. If nothing is possible outside God, then there is no scope for inflicting violence, in thought, word, or deed on any one. Buddhism and Jainism do not accept the existence of God as essential for religion and morality. Nevertheless, they do believe in the unity and sanctity of all life. Consequently, Gandhi was constrained to believe that non-violence is the essence of all religions in Indian tradition.

Satyagraha

Gandhi believed that there is a close connection between Non-violence and Satyagraha. Non-violence is the first and foremost salient feature of Satyagraha. Without being a believer in non-violent thought, word, and action, it is not possible to think of Satyagraha. In seeking justice one has to open the eyes of others towards the prevailing injustice through self-suffering. He writes in Young India on 8 November 1920:

Commenting on Truth and non-violence, he further writes:

Gandhi says that Satyagraha is the relentless search for truth and a determination to reach the truth. Satyagraha also implies an assertion and vindication of the power of the human soul against political and economic domination, a non-violent battle for the victory of truth, initiated not by the human body but by the human soul.

About the nature of the human soul, the Samkhya school in Indian tradition makes a threefold distinction between tamas, rajas, and sattva which have a hierarchical gradation in the sense that tamasic refers to passive and dark aspects, rajas to the active aspect, and sattva to the virtuous aspect. By following sattva and by renouncing tamas and rajas an individual can follow the path of Ahimsa, perfection, and virtue.

The insights of Samkhya philosophy provided to Gandhi great lessons on truth, non-violence, and universal peace. It seems that on the basis of this insight Gandhi's entire critique of modern western civilization emerged which had, according to him, made India forget its own culture and tradition of simplicity, non-possession, and non-violence.

The antidote Gandhi suggested to come out of this human predicament was Satyagraha. He believed that by practicing Satyagraha and non-violence, man can redeem himself. He believed that all the evils arise out of man's attraction to sensuous pleasures and the focus of Satyagraha is to change man's mind from sensuous to spiritual. We must, therefore, pull out of material attractions and bodily pleasures and move towards spirituality and non-violence.

Gandhi took Jesus Christ as an “apostle” of Satyagraha. His ungrudging suffering on the cross combined with the words of love and sympathy even for those who were responsible for his crucifixion is the most befitting example of Satyagraha. The Sermon on the Mount was a great source of inspiration for Gandhi on satya and Ahimsa, i.e. Satyagraha. Jesus and his teachings remained at the core of his philosophy of Satyagraha. While Indian wisdom from the Bhagavat Gita gave depth to his vision of Satyagraha, Tolstoy's Kingdom of God is Within You gave it a permanent form as he claimed later on.

Gandhi also found the spirit of Satyagraha alive in Islam. The sufferings of Ali, the son-in-law of Mohammed, and Socrates’ fearlessness and his calmness while he took the poison for the victory of truth had a great impact on Gandhi. Regarding Socrates, he wrote: “Greece stand in high esteem because of him. We must learn to live and die like Socrates. He was moreover a great Satyagrahi. He adopted Satyagraha against his own people. As a result the Greeks became a great people” (Reference GandhiGandhi, 1999, viii: 173).

Gandhi called Satyagraha a firm adherence to justice and truth, a categorical choice for truth, soul, justice, and God. The human body is only a means for attaining truth and realization of God immanent in the form of humanity. He had faith in the traditional Indian maxim, Satyameva Jayate, i.e. Truth always triumphs. It was his belief that the pursuit of justice must be done in a non-violent spirit.

Satyagraha is based on the fundamental truth that the soul remains unconquered. Gandhi had faith in the conversion of the heart of the opponent however powerful he may be. Every human being, however degraded, has in him the divine spark and is capable of responding to kind and generous treatment. Gandhi succeeded in converting the hearts of many of his opponents in his lifetime.

Initially, Gandhi in his Hind Swaraj used the word passive resistance in place of Satyagraha. But he was soon disillusioned with this word as he found that the term “passive resistance” was too narrowly constructed and that it could be misconstrued to be a weapon of the weak or characterized by hatred and could finally manifest itself as violence. He felt that the term passive resistance failed to express adequately the nature of non-violent resistance in the active form as developed by him. His ideal was active non-violent resistance to injustice. Hatred and violence were incompatible with the principle of Ahimsa. It was clear to Gandhi that a new word must be coined to designate their specific struggle. It was only after he returned to India and assumed the leadership of the national movement that he started using the term Satyagrahga to denote his kind of non-violent resistance:

Such a Swaraj will ultimately ruin the people. Gandhi's appeal to Ahimsa was ultimately an appeal to the reason of the individual. It was an affirmation of purity of means in the pursuit of any social and political goal.

For the discipline and training of Satyagrahis, Gandhi established Satyagraha ashrams first in South Africa and later in India. The life in a Satyagraha ashram was a different and a difficult one. Ashram inmates were to lead disciplined lives following the fulfillment of certain vows listed below:

1. 1. Satya, or Truth

2. 2. Ahimsa, or non-violence

3. 3. Brahmacharya, or chastity

4. 4. Aparigraha, or non-possessiveness

5. 5. Fearlessness

6. 6. Control of senses

7. 7. Non-stealing

8. 8. Bread Labour

9. 9. Equality of religions

10. 10. Anti untouchability

11. 11. Swadeshi, or use of one's own land's goods.

According to Gandhi these vows are required for moral and physical discipline of Satyagrahis; body and flesh have to be subdued for the progress of soul and the self. Explaining the meaning of vows Gandhi said that to do at any cost something that one ought to do constitutes a vow. We cannot do anything that is pure and important without making a true resolution. “We should therefore, never doubt the necessity of vows for the purpose of self-purification and self-realization” (Reference GandhiGandhi, 1951: 37).

The First vow to be observed by all the Satyagrahi's is having faith in God. The word Satyagraha itself is nothing but holding firmly to truth. Sat means “being”. “Nothing is or exists in reality except God or Truth” (Reference GandhiGandhi, 1951: 38). So Truth is considered as ultimate in Gandhian thought, it is equivalent to being and reality. Satyagraha is clinging to Truth, God, or reality. A true Satyagrahi is a man of God. God is Sat Chit and Ananda. Gandhi believed that devotion to this truth is the sole justification for our existence: “Truth should be the very breath of our life … There should be Truth in thought, truth in speech and truth in action” (Reference GandhiGandhi, 1951: 39).

For the realization of Truth Gandhi believed in the path advocated in the Bhagavat Gita. He writes:

Faith in God is a precondition for Satyagraha. It was Gandhi's belief that only that man can bear self-suffering who has faith in God.

The second vow to be taken and preserved is Ahimsa, for all the Satyagrahis. Truth and Ahimsa are inseparate for Gandhi. Ahimsa enables us to seek and find truth:

The third vow is the vow of brahmacharya that literally means the conduct of a seeker of Brahma – the Creator. Gandhi believed we cannot realize God and meditate if we don’t have control over our senses. A Satyagrahi has to develop universal love. Control of animal passion is the first stage in the observance of brahmacharya.

The ideal of non-possession is the next vow. A seeker of truth will not hold or desire to possess beyond what is needed for sustenance. Gandhian ideal of non-possession means leading a life of simplicity. Gandhi has laid stress on our traditional civilization where we are asked to reduce our needs and not to covet the objects of sense. He believed that civilization in the real sense of the term consists not in the multiplication, but in the deliberate and voluntary reduction of wants. This alone promotes real happiness and contentment and increases the capacity for service. According to Gandhi, it is the desire alone which creates bondage. However, service of humanity is the purpose of our birth. We need to examine ourselves from this point of view.

The next vow is the vow of non-stealing and non-thieving. Gandhi states that “if I take anything I do not need for my own immediate use and keep it, I thieve it from somebody else” (Reference Prabhu and RaoPrabhu and Rao, 1967: 307) and adds: “You and I must adjust our wants, and even undergo voluntary privation in order that the others be nursed, fed and clothed” (Reference Prabhu and RaoPrabhu and Rao, 1967: 307).

Besides, control of senses is very necessary for a Satyagrahi. The next vow is the vow of fearlessness which is the sign of spirituality. A man who lives under fear cannot become a Satyagrahi. If one wants to follow the vow of truth, then fearlessness is absolutely necessary (Reference Prabhu and RaoPrabhu and Rao, 1967: 198).

Bread labour is yet another vow to be taken by the Satyagrahis. It is a pre-requisite of a non-violent life. It is the basic principle of life. Man should not live on the labour of others; rather he should himself earn his bread by his own labour. Regarding this he wrote:

Gandhi wanted every Satyagrahi to have respect for all religions. He was against communalism and advocated sacrifice of life in saving the lives of men of other religions in the fire of communal disharmony. Self-purification and self-sacrifice are necessary attributes of a Satyagrahi.

Yet another important issue of Social life in India is untouchability. Gandhi was of the view that a Satyagrahi must refuse it. He considered it to be a blot on the Hindu religion. Being a devout upholder of Indian tradition, he was equally keen to revitalize the Hindu Society from within by removing grievous injustice like untouchability. He gave a clarion call to all truth loving people to oppose untouchability (see Reference MathewsMathews, 2004: 73–117).

Before the conceptualization of Satyagraha Gandhi had envisaged civil disobedience and non-cooperation as the non-violent methods of resolving conflicts as well as peaceful devices for producing positive changes in social and political life. But later he substituted Satyagraha in place of the above as a method of resolving conflicts through non-violent means (Reference VarmaVarma, 2001: 84).

Gandhi laid emphasis on public opinion that plays a crucial role in Satyagraha. In fact, through public opinion the evils of an autocratic state are brought to the notice of people, which paves the way for the fall of tyrannical political regimes.

Gandhi spoke of fasting as a form of Satyagraha but he cautioned against it saying that a Satyagrahi should fast only as a last resort when all other avenues of redress have been explored and failed. For this kind of Satyagraha inner strength and long penance (sadhna) are mandatory. To Gandhi Satyagraha is a matter of do or die. It is one of the most powerful methods of direct action. A Satyagrahi exhausts all other means, before he resorts to Satyagraha. It is his obligation to constantly approach the constituted authority, appeal to public opinion, and state his cause calmly. Satyagraha comes last once all these means have been in vain.

We can conclude that Satyagraha and Ahimsa are conjointly intermingled aspects of possible socio-political action having the force of spirituality. Satyagraha aims at the victory of Truth, and aims at the conversion of the hearts of opponents, thereby killing the enmity for ever. Through the realization of Truth, Satyagraha aims at the attainment of Swaraj which was our cherished dream at the time of seeking freedom from the yoke of foreign rule.

Satyagraha is a novel method given by Gandhi to solve the social, economic, and political problems of a state, country, or the world at large. The greatest contribution of Gandhi is presenting Satyagraha as the only reliable means of disabling injustice and as a facilitator for peaceful change and transformation of relationships through suffering. The strength and potency of Satyagraha is described by his followers in these words, “It is not Gandhiji who has made Satyagraha, but Satyagraha which had made Gandhiji” (Reference Ramachandran and MahadevanRamachandran and Mahadevan, 1964: 1).

He had great faith in the divinity of human nature and the power of love; the synthesis of the two goes into the making of Ahimsa. He envisaged a world free from the evils of conflict and war if Ahimsa is accepted as an ideal for guiding the lives of individuals and nations and accepted as a matrix of values for action. He said in his Lecture on the Voice of Truth: