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Cultural Interaction between Ancient India and Iran

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2024

Shrirama Indradeva
Shrirama Indradeva*
Affiliation:
Ravishankar University, Raipur.
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Many obscure aspects of the growth of civilization in its early phase are illuminated when the traditional Iranian lore contained in the Zend-Avesta and the Pahlavi texts is analysed side by side with the Vedas and Brahmanical literature. Simultaneous study of the tradition of the two branches of the Aryans fills many gaps that would inevitably remain if we were to confine ourselves only to the Indian tradition.

Type
Research Article
Information
Diogenes , Volume 28 , Issue 111 , September 1980 , pp. 83 - 109
Copyright
Copyright © 1980 Fédération Internationale des Sociétés de Philosophie / International Federation of Philosophical Societies (FISP)

References

1 The Zend-Avesta, I. Vendīdād I. 1-4.

2 The Zend-Avesta, I. Vendīdād II. 40.

3 Aitareya Brāhmana, III. 4.6.

4 Rgveda, X. 68.10.

5 Zend-Avesta, I. Vendīdād II. 41.

6 Satapatha Brāhmana, X, 4.1.10, Āpastambīya Mantra Pātha, II. 10.12.

7 Zend-Avesta, I. Vendīdād II. 79.

8 Satapatha Brāhmana, VII. 1.1.3.

9 Zend-Avesta, I. Vendīdād I. 17-18.

10 Smith, Vincent Ā., Eearly History of India, 3rd edition, pp. 56-58.

11 Zend-Avesta, II. Abān Yaśt IX. 34.

12 Rgveda, I. CLVIII. 4-6.

14 Zend-Avesta, I. Vendīdād I. 17.

14 Zend-Avesta, II. Zamyād Yaśt VII. 31-34.

15 Pahlavi Texts, I. Bundahiś, XXIII.

16 Rgveda, II. 20.7.

17 Rgveda, V. 29.10.

18 Rgveda, X. 22.8.

19 Zend-Avesta, I. Vendīdād X. 14.

20 Zend-Avesta, I. Vendīdād I. 19.

21 Zend-Avesta, I. Vendīdād XXII. 21.

22 Zend-Avesta, I. Vendīdād I. 20.

23 Zend-Avesta, II. XXIII. 4; XXIV. 2.

24 Maha-Parinibvān-Sutta, VI. 62.

25 Zend-Avesta, I. Vendīdād II. 2.

26 Indica, I. 1-3.

27 Rgveda, I. XXIV. 14.

28 Rgveda, X. 124.5.

29 Aitareya Brāhmana, VII. 27; Kausīkati Upanisad, III. 1.

30 Satapatha Brāhmana, I. 4.1.34.

31 Radha Kumud Mookerji "Foreign Invasions" in The History and Culture of Indian People ed. By R.C. Majumdar and others, Bombay, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1968 (4th ed.), vol. II; p. 39.

32 Taittirīya Samhitā, II. 37.1.

33 There are two inscriptions of Darius which mentioned Haft-Hindu as a part of king Darius's domain. These are at Persepolis (c. 518-515 B.C.) and at Naksha-i-Rustam (c. 515 B.C.).

34 This enclosure was thus a square. It is not impossible that the planning of neighbourhoods in "squarem," as found in many European cities and Indian towns like Jaipur, has its roots in the distant past when the Aryans had not yet branched off.

35 Zend-Avesta, I. Vendīdād II. 31-41; Talavakāra Upanisad, IV. 4.

36 Rgveda, X. CXXIII. 6.

37 Rgveda, XI. XXVI. 4.

38 Zend-Avesta, III. Yasna IX. 4-5.

39 Rgveda, IX. CXIII. 89.

40 Rgveda, XXIV. 1-2.

41 Rgveda, X. IXV. 10-12.

42 Pāraskara Grhya Sūtra, I. 16.24.

43 Satapatha Brāhmana, I.I. 31; Pāraskara, Grhya Sūtra, II. 8.3, Apastamba Dharma Sūtra, I. 5.15.16., I. 5.16.30.

44 Rgveda, I. LXXXIII. 5.

45 Zend-Avesta, I. Vendīdād XI.X. 19.

46 Rgveda, III. LIX. 1.

47 Zend-Avesta, II. Mihir Yaśt. 7.

48 Zend-Avesta, II. Mihir Yaśt. 25.

49 Rgveda, X. CIX. 2-7.

50 Zend-Avesta, I. Vendīdād. XVIII. 62.

51 Rgveda, X. XCII. 5.

52 Pahlavi Texts, III. Sad Dar. XI. 6.

53 Pahlavi Texts, IV. Dinkard. VIII. XXXVIII. 6-7.

54 Zend-Avesta I. Vendīdād IV. 46.

55 Zend-Avesta, III. Yasna X. II-17.

56 Rgveda, IX. V. 10.

57 Rgveda, IX. LXII. 15.

58 Rgveda IX. IX. 2.

59 Zend-Avesta, III. Yasna IX. 9.

60 Rgveda, IX. XXXIV. 4.

61 Zend-Avesta, III. Yasna I. 10.

62 Zend-Avesta, III. Yasna XI. 1.

63 Cf. Shrirama Indradeva, "Genesis of Indian Civilization: The Evidence of Grhya Sūtras" Diogenes, no. 84, pp. 25-40.

64 Zend-Avesta, I. Vendīdād V. 51.

65 Grhya-Sūtra of Gobhila, II. 10.29.

66 Zend-Avest, I. Vendīdād. Fargard X. 9.

67 Zend-Avesta, I. Vendīdād. VI. 37-39.

68 Zend-Avesta, II. XXIII. 5.

69 Pahlavi Texts, IV. Dīnkard IX. XL. VII. 21 p. 308.

70 Pahlavi Texts, IV. II. The Rivāyat of Kāmah Bahrah. 12. p.425.

71 Zend-Avesta, I. Introduction 47.

72 Pahlavi Texts, III. LIX. 7.

73 Satapatha Brāhmana, XIII. 4.3 11; III. 2.1.19.

74 Pahlavi Texts, I. Shāyast Lā-Shāyast. XII. 14.

75 D.N. Majumdar, Races and Cultures of India, Lucknow, Universal Pu blishers, n.d. pp. 36-37, 52, 59.

76 Zend-Avesta, II. XIII. XXIV. 89.

77 Zend-Avesta, I. XIX. I. 1.

78 Zend-Avesta, II. Yaśts and Sīrōzahs. 16.

79 Pahlavi Texts, V. Dīnkard VII. 37.

80 Pahlavi Texts, V. Dīnkard VII. 46.

81 Pahlavi Texts, I. Buddhahiś XXVIII. 34.

82 Satapatha Brāhmana, XIII. II.

83 Pahlavi Texts, I. Bundahiś XVII. 6.

84 Pahlavi Texts, III. Sad Dar X. 7.

85 Pahlavi Texts, II. Dādistan-i-Dinik LVI. 7.

86 Pahlavi Texts, II. Dādistan-i-Dinik LVI. 8.

87 Pahlavi Texts, I. Shāyast Lā-Shāyast. X. 19.

88 Pahlavi Texts, IV. XX. 87.

89 Pahlavi Texts, IV. Dīnkard VIII-XXXI. 21.

90 Zend-Avesta, I. Vendīdād IV. 47.

91 Pahlavi Texts, III. Sad Dar XVII. 4-7.

92 Chandogya Unpanisad, VIII. 4.1.

93 Brhaspati Smrti, XXVI. 81.

94 Brhaspati Smrti, Sanskāra Kānda. I. 58.

95 Pahlavi Texts, IV. Dīnkard VIII. XX. 95.

96 Pahlavi Texts, IV. Dinkard IX. XXXXVII. 10.