¹ Taylor, Charles, “Kant's Theory of Freedom”, in Pelczynski, Zbigniew and Gray, John, eds., Conceptions of Liberty in Political Philosophy (London: Ashlone, 1984), 100–122, 100.Google Scholar

² Cf. Scruton, Roger, A Dictionary of Political Thought (London: Macmillan, 1982)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, article “Kant”. Also Gray, John, Hayek on Liberty (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984), 4ffGoogle Scholar., and Gutman, Amy, Liberal Equality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 36.Google Scholar

³ Vaughan, Charles Edwyn, Studies in the History of Political Philosophy, Vol. 2 (London: Longman's and Green, 1925), 64ffGoogle Scholar. This divergence of interpretation is mirrored in some New Left writing, when Lucien Goldmann interpreted him as a champion of liberty, while Marcuse (more correctly, I believe) saw him as advocating an oppressive political theory. Goldmann, Lucien, Immanuel Kant (London: New Left Books, 1971)Google Scholar. this is discussed in chapter 9 of Williams, Howard, Kant's Political Philosophy (New York: Saint Martins Press, 1983).Google Scholar

⁴ Dewey, John, German Philosophy and Politics (New York: Henry Holt, 1915), 29.Google Scholar

⁵ Dewey, John, “The One World of Hitler's National Socialism”, The Middle Works 1899–1924, Vol. 8 (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1979), 421–446.Google Scholar

⁶ Santayana, George, Egotism in German Philosophy (New York: Charles Scribner, 1915), 64.Google Scholar

⁷ Ibid., 7.

⁸ Ibid., 8.

⁹ Vorlaender, Karl, Immanuel Kant, Der Mann und das Werk, Vol. 2 (Hamburg: Meiner, 1977), 367ff.Google Scholar

¹⁰ von Humboldt, Wilhelm, The Limits of State Action, Burrow, J. W., ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹¹ Kant, Immanuel, “Ueber den Gemeinspruch: Das mag in der Theorie richtig sein, taugt aber nicht fuer die Praxis”, Berlinische Monatsschrift (09 1793)Google Scholar, Kant's Gesammelte Schriften, Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1903ffGoogle Scholar. (henceforth Akad.), Vol. 8, 273–313.

¹² Akad. 8, 290.Google Scholar

¹³ Williams, , Kant's Political Philosophy, 72Google Scholar, links the two statements.

¹⁴ Akad. 12, 283f.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Akad. 6, 424.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Akad. 6, 423.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Cf. Douglas, William, Summary Historical and Political, Vol. 2 (Boston: Rogers & Fowle, 1749–1752), 412ff.Google Scholar

¹⁸ In Akad. 15, 971–976Google Scholar. He had had a request similar to the count's from the medical faculty at the University of Halle. Cf. the letter from Professor Juncker, Akad. 12, 314.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Akad. 15, 972, 974, 976.Google Scholar

²⁰ Ibid., 973, 975.

²¹ Ibid., 976.

²² Ibid., 971. I have no doubt that he took this argument from Malthus. Chapter five of the Essay on Population (which had been published the previous year) gives as factors that tend to curb population (other than shortage of sustenance) “vicious customs with respect to women, great cities, unwholesome manufactures, luxury, pestilence and war”. The last three are those mentioned by Kant, and the first triple probably did not pose a problem in Prussia. The reason for thinking Kant was influenced by Malthus is that, though in Britain there had been a tradition of concern with increasing population (Hume, Adam Smith, William Payley, Wallace), there had been none in Kant's earlier writing, or even in the German literature. Quite the contrary, the “Cameralists”, e.g., Jung, Johann Heinrich, Grundlehren der Staatswirthschaft (Marberg: Krieger, 1793)Google Scholar, and others, suggested that under proper management a larger population increases wealth.

²³ Akad. 15, 973.Google Scholar

²⁴ I.e., is worthless, mean. ibid., 974.

²⁵ Ibid., 972.

²⁶ Metaphysics of Morals, Doctrine of Right 2, General Note El, Akad. 6, 335f.Google Scholar

²⁷ Metaphysics of Morals, Doctrine of Virtue §6, Akad. 6, 423.Google Scholar

²⁸ He also, it turns out, opposed vaccination when he heard of it, for yet different reasons, although, as far as was then known, it provided immunity without untoward side-effects. We also discover that his moral authority was not highly regarded even locally, since in 1801 his friend Motherby inoculated a boy who had previously been vaccinated to determine the efficacy of the latter procedure. Cf. Akad. 15, 970–971 note.Google Scholar

²⁹ Ibid., 976.

³⁰ Metaphysics of Morals, Doctrine of Right 2, General Note E, Akad. 6, 331ff.Google Scholar

³¹ Theory and Practice §2, Akad. 8, 289f.Google Scholar

³² Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Akad. 5, 333f.Google Scholar

³³ Idea to a Universal History with Cosmopolitan Intent, Akad. 8, 23.Google Scholar

³⁴ Akad. 6, 113.Google Scholar

³⁵ “On Theory and Practice”, Akad. 8, 290.Google Scholar

³⁶ Vorlaender II, 368. Vorlaender does not document the matter, but, if true, it would show some influence of Kant in political matters.

³⁷ Max Stirner (Johann Kaspar Schmidt), “Einiges Vorlaeufige vom Liebesstaat” (Mannheim, 1845), in Mackay, John Henry, ed., Kleinere Schriften (Berlin: Schuster & Loeffler, 1898), 71–80.Google Scholar

³⁸ “On Theory and Practice”, Akad. 8, 295.Google Scholar

³⁹ Metaphysics of Morals, Doctrine of Right §46, Akad. 6, 314–315.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Barry, Brian, The Liberal Theory of Justice (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), 127. The preceding sentence is also partly paraphrased from Barry.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Critique of Judgment, B 295, note, Akad. 5, 376.Google Scholar

⁴² Akad. 8, 425ff.Google Scholar

⁴³ Metaphysics of Morals, Doctrine of Right, Introduction, General Classification of Rights, Akad. 6, 238, note.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Metaphysics of Morals, Doctrine of Right, §39, Akad. 6, 302–303.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ This essay must be understood as a contribution to an ongoing debate. I tried to set out problems more than advance solutions, and have therefore not made revisions in answer to the acute criticisms of my respondents and the splendid comments Professor Weinrib has recently sent me. I extend them my thanks.