Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T07:27:30.781Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Relational aggression, victimization, and adjustment during middle childhood

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 July 2013

Jamie M. Ostrov  and
Stephanie A. Godleski
Jamie M. Ostrov*
Affiliation:
University at Buffalo, State University of New York
Stephanie A. Godleski
Affiliation:
University at Buffalo, State University of New York
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Jamie M. Ostrov, 227 Park Hall, Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14260-4110; E-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A secondary analysis of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development was conducted to test the mechanisms by which relational aggression in third grade was associated both directly and indirectly with relational victimization in sixth grade. A large sample (N = 1,035; 522 girls; M = 8.3 years old; SD = 0.23) and multiple informants (teacher, child, and parent report) and methods were used to test several theoretically driven hypotheses. Our path analysis model suggested evidence for both direct and indirect pathways consistent with the sequential social process model of peer harassment. Relational aggression was significantly associated with future relational victimization even after controlling for physical aggression and gender. Loneliness mediated the direct association between relational aggression and peer victimization. A second model testing the reverse direction of effect revealed that relational victimization in third grade predicted relational aggression in sixth grade and was associated with loneliness and depressive symptoms in fifth grade, but there was no evidence for any of the indirect pathways.

Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 25 , Issue 3 , August 2013 , pp. 801 - 815
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4–18, YSR, and TRF profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Asher, S. R., Hymel, S., & Renshaw, P. D. (1984). Loneliness in children. Child Development, 55, 1456–1464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asher, S. R., & Paquette, J. A. (2003). Loneliness and peer relations in childhood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 75–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asher, S. R., & Wheeler, V. A. (1985). Children's loneliness: A comparison of rejected and neglected peer status. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 500–505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bailey, C. A., & Ostrov, J. M. (2008). Differentiating forms and functions of aggression in emerging adults: Associations with hostile attribution biases and normative beliefs. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 713–722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banny, A. M., Heilbron, N., Ames, A., & Prinstein, M. J. (2011). Relational benefits of relational aggression: Adaptive and maladaptive associations with adolescent friendship quality. Developmental Psychology, 47, 1153–1166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belsky, J., Vandell, D. L., Burchinal, M., Clark-Stewart, K. A., McCartney, K., Owen, M. T., et al. (2007). Are there long-term effects of early child care? Child Development, 78, 681–701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bierman, K. L. (2004). Peer rejection: Developmental processes and intervention strategies. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Björkqvist, K. (1994). Sex differences in physical, verbal, and indirect aggression: A review of recent research. Sex Roles, 30, 177–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blachman, D. R., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2002). Patterns of friendship among girls with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 625–640.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boivin, M., & Hymel, S. (1997). Peer experiences and social self-perceptions: A sequential model. Developmental Psychology, 33, 135–145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boivin, M., Hymel, S., & Hodges, E. V. E. (2001). Toward a process view of peer rejection and harassment. In Putallaz, M. & Bierman, K. L. (Eds.), Aggression, antisocial behavior, and violence among girls: A developmental perspective (pp. 265–289). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Boulton, M. J., & Underwood, K. (1992). Bully/victim problems among middle school children. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 62, 73–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowker, J. C., Ostrov, J. M., & Raja, R. (2012). Relational and overt aggression in urban India: Associations with peer relations and best friends’ aggression. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 36, 107–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buhs, E. S., & Ladd, G. W. (2001). Peer rejection as antecedent of young children's school adjustment: An examination of mediating processes. Developmental Psychology, 37, 550–560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cairns, R. B., Cairns, B. D., Neckerman, H. J., Ferguson, L. L., & Gariepy, J. (1989). Growth and aggression: 1. Childhood to early adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 25, 320–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Card, N. A., & Little, T. D. (2006). Proactive and reactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis of differential relations with psychosocial adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30, 466–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Card, N. A., Stucky, B. D., Sawalani, G. M., & Little, T. D. (2008). Direct and indirect aggression during childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review of gender differences, intercorrelations, and relations to maladjustment. Child Development, 79, 1185–1129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cassidy, J., & Asher, S. R. (1992). Loneliness and peer relations in young children. Child Development, 63, 350–365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cillessen, A. H. N., & Mayeux, L. (2004). From censure to reinforcement: Developmental changes in the association between aggression and social status. Child Development, 75, 147–163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, D. A., Maxwell, M. A., Dukewich, T. L., & Yosick, R. (2010). Targeted peer victimization and the construction of positive and negative self-cognitions: Connections to depressive symptoms in children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39, 421–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collett, B., Ohan, J., & Myers, K. (2003). Ten-year review of the rating scales: VI. Scales assessing externalizing behaviors. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 1143–1170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coplan, R. J., Closson, L. M., & Arbeau, K. A. (2007). Gender differences in the behavioral associates of loneliness and social dissatisfaction in kindergarten. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 988–995.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craig, W. M. (1998). The relationship among bullying, victimization, depression, anxiety, and aggression in elementary school children. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 123–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crain, M. M., Finch, C. L., & Foster, S. L. (2005). The relevance of the social information processing model for understanding relational aggression in girls. Merrill–Palmer Quarterly, 51, 213–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crick, N. R. (1995). Relational aggression: The role of intent attributions, feelings of distress, and provocation type. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 313–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crick, N. R. (1996). The role of overt aggression, relational aggression, and prosocial behavior in the prediction of children's future social adjustment. Child Development, 67, 2317–2327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crick, N. R. (1997). Engagement in gender normative versus nonnormative forms of aggression: Links to social–psychological adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 33, 610–617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crick, N. R., & Bigbee, M. A. (1998). Relational and overt forms of peer victimization: A multi-informant approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 337–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crick, N. R., Bigbee, M. A., & Howes, C. (1996). Gender differences in children's normative beliefs about aggression: How do I hurt thee? Let me count the ways. Child Development, 67, 1003–1014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crick, N. R., Casas, J. F., & Ku, H. (1999). Relational and physical forms of peer victimization in preschool. Developmental Psychology, 35, 376–385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crick, N. R., Casas, J. F., & Mosher, M. (1997). Relational and overt aggression in preschool. Developmental Psychology, 33, 579–587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social–psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66, 710–722.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1996). Children's treatment by peers: Victims of relational and overt aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 367–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crick, N. R., Grotpeter, J. K., & Bigbee, M. A. (2002). Relationally and physically aggressive children's intent attributions and feelings of distress for relational and instrumental peer conflicts. Child Development, 73, 1134–1142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crick, N. R., Murray-Close, D., & Woods, K. A. (2005). Borderline personality features in childhood: A shorter-term longitudinal study. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 1051–1070.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crick, N. R., & Nelson, D. A. (2002). Relational and physical victimization within friendships: Nobody told me there’d be friends like these. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 599–607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crick, N. R., Ostrov, J. M., & Kawabata, Y. (2007). Relational aggression and gender: An overview. In Flannery, D. J., Vazsonyi, A. T., & Waldman, I. D. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of violent behavior and aggression (pp. 245–259). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crick, N. R., Ostrov, J. M., & Werner, N. E. (2006). A longitudinal study of relational aggression, physical aggression, and children's social–psychological adjustment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 131–142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cullerton-Sen, C., & Crick, N. R. (2005). Understanding the effects of physical and relational victimization: The utility of multiple perspectives in predicting social–emotional adjustment. School Psychology Review, 34, 147–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dearing, E., McCartney, K., & Taylor, B. (2006). Within-child associations between family income and internalizing and externalizing problems. Developmental Psychology, 37, 230–252.Google Scholar
Denham, S. A., & Holt, R. W. (1993). Preschoolers’ likability as cause or consequence of their social behavior. Developmental Psychology, 29, 271–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desjardins, T. L., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2011). Relational victimization and depressive symptoms in adolescence: Moderating effects of mother, father, and peer emotional support. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 531–544.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dhami, M. K., Hoglund, W. L., Leadbeater, B. J., & Boone, E. (2005). Gender-lined risks for peer physical and relational victimization in the context of school-level poverty in first grade. Social Development, 14, 532–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. (1993). An introduction to the bootstrap. New York: Chapman & Hall/CRC Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egan, S. K., Monson, T. C., & Perry, D. G. (1998). Social–cognitive influences on change in aggression over time. Developmental Psychology, 34, 996–1006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, W. E., Crooks, C. V., & Wolfe, D. A. (2009). Relational aggression in peer and dating relationships: Links to psychological and behavioral adjustment. Social Development, 18, 253–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fite, P. J., Stoppelbein, L., Greening, L., & Preddy, T. M. (2011). Associations between relational aggression, depression, and suicidal ideation in a child psychiatric inpatient sample. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 42, 666–678.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fristad, M. A., Weller, R. A., Weller, E. B., & Teare, M. (1991). Comparison of the parent and child versions of the Children's Depression Inventory. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 3, 341–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galen, B. R., & Underwood, M. K. (1997). A developmental investigation of social aggression among children. Developmental Psychology, 33, 589–600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garber, J., & Flynn, C. (2001). Vulnerability to depression in childhood and adolescence. In Ingram, R. E. & Price, J. M. (Eds.), Vulnerability to psychopathology: Risk across the lifespan (pp. 175–225). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Giesbrecht, G. F., Leadbeater, B. J., & Macdonald, S. W. S. (2011). Child and context characteristics in trajectories of physical and relational victimization among early elementary school children. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 239–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Godleski, S. A., & Ostrov, J. M. (2010). Relational aggression and hostile attribution biases: Categorical versus dimensional approaches of data analysis using the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD) Data. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 447–458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goossens, L., & Beyers, W. (2002). Comparing measures of childhood loneliness: Internal consistency and confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31, 252–262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanish, L. D., & Guerra, N. G. (2000). Predictors of peer victimization among urban youth. Social Development, 9, 521–543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawker, D. S. J., & Boulton, M. J. (2000). Twenty years’ research on peer victimization anpsychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 441–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heilbron, N., & Prinstein, M. J. (2008). A review and reconceptualization of social aggression: Adaptive and maladaptive correlates. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 11, 176–217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henington, C., Hughes, J. N., Cavell, T. A., & Thompson, B. (1998). The role of relational aggression in identifying aggressive boys and girls. Journal of School Psychology, 36, 457–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodges, E. V. E., & Perry, D. G. (1999). Personal and interpersonal antecedents and consequences of victimization by peers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 677–685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoglund, W. L., Lalonde, C. E., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2008). Social–cognitive competence, peer rejection and neglect, and behavioral and emotional problems in middle childhood. Social Development, 17, 528–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoglund, W. L., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2007). Managing threat: Do social–cognitive processes mediate the link between peer victimization and adjustment problems in early adolescence? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17, 525–540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, L., & Benter, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawabata, Y., Crick, N. R., & Hamaguchi, Y. (2010). The role of culture in relational aggression: Associations with social–psychological adjustment problems in Japanese and US school-aged children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 34, 354–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keenan, K., Coyne, C., & Lahey, B. B. (2008). Should relational aggression be included in the DSM-V? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 86–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford PressGoogle Scholar
Kochenderfer, B. J., & Ladd, G. W. (1996a). Peer victimization: Causes or consequence of school maladjustment? Child Development, 67, 1305–1317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kochenderfer, B. J., & Ladd, G. W. (1996b). Peer victimization: Manifestations and relations to school adjustment in kindergarten. Journal of School Psychology, 34, 267–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kochenderfer-Ladd, B., & Skinner, K. (2002). Children's coping strategies: Moderators of the effects of peer victimization. Developmental Psychology, 38, 267–278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kovacs, M. (1985). The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 995–998.Google ScholarPubMed
Kovacs, M. (1992). Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.Google Scholar
Ladd, G. W., & Kochenderfer-Ladd, B. (2002). Identifying victims of peer aggression from early to middle childhood: Analysis of cross-informant data for concordance, estimation of relational adjustment, prevalence of victimization, and characteristics of identified victims. Psychological Assessment, 14, 74–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ladd, G. W., Price, J. M., & Hart, C. H. (1990). Preschoolers’ behavioral orientations and patterns of peer contact: Predictive of peer status? In Asher, S. R. & Coie, J. D. (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood (pp. 90–115) New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ladd, G. W., & Profilet, S. M. (1996). The Child Behavior Scale: A teacher-report measure of young children's aggressive, withdrawn, and prosocial behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32, 1008–1024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leadbeater, B., Boone, E. M., Sangster, N. A., & Mathieson, L. (2006). Sex differences in the personal costs and benefits of relational and physical aggression in high school. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 409–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leadbeater, B., Hoglund, W., & Woods, T. (2003). Changing contents? The effects of a primary prevention program on classroom levels of peer relational and physical victimization. Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 397–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leff, S. S., Crick, N. R., Angelucci, J., Haye, K., Jawad, A. F., Grossman, M., et al. (2006). Social cognition in context: Validating a cartoon-based attributional measure for urban girls. Child Development, 77, 1351–1358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leff, S. S., Gullan, R. L., Paskewich, B. S., Abdul-Kabir, S., Jawad, A. F., Grossman, M., et al. (2009). An initial evaluation of a culturally adapted social–problem solving and relational aggression prevention program for urban African-American relationally aggressive girls. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 37, 260–274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lemerise, E. A., Gregory, D. S., & Fredstrom, B. K. (2005). The influence of provocateurs’ emotion displays on the social information processing of children varying in social adjustment and age. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 90, 344–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marsee, M. A., & Frick, P. J. (2007). Exploring the cognitive and emotional correlates to proactive and reactive aggression in a sample of detained girls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 969–981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathieson, L. C., Murray-Close, D., Crick, N. R., Woods, K. E., Zimmer-Gembeck, M., Geiger, T. C., et al. (2011). Hostile intent attributions and relational aggression: The moderating roles of emotional sensitivity, gender, and victimization. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 977–987.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNeilly-Choque, M. K., Hart, C. H., & Robinson, C. C., Nelson, L., & Olsen, S. F. (1996). Overt and relational aggression on the playground: Correspondence among different informants. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 11, 47–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray-Close, D., Han, G., Cicchetti, D., Crick, N. R., & Rogosch, F. (2008). Neuroendocrine regulation and physical and relational aggression: The moderating roles of child maltreatment and gender. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1160–1176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray-Close, D., Ostrov, J. M., & Crick, N. R. (2007). A short-term longitudinal study of growth of relational aggression during middle childhood: Associations with gender, friendship intimacy, and internalizing problems. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 187–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2009). Mplus user's guide (5th ed.). Los Angeles: Author.Google Scholar
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network. (1997). The effects of infant child care on infant–mother attachment security: Results of the NICHD study of early child care. Child Development, 68, 860–879.Google Scholar
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network. (2001). Nonmaternal care and family factors in early development: An overview of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22, 457–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network. (2004). Trajectories of physical aggression from Toddlerhood to middle childhood. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 69(Serial No. 278), 1–143.Google Scholar
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network, & Duncan, G. J. (2003). Modeling the impacts of child care quality on children's preschool cognitive development. Child Development, 74, 1485–1506.Google ScholarPubMed
Nelson, D. A., & Coyne, S. M. (2009). Children's intent attributions and feelings of distress: Associations with maternal and paternal parenting practices. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 223–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, D. A., Mitchell, C., & Yang, C. (2008). Intent attributions and aggression: A study of children and their parents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 793–806.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nixon, C. L., Linkie, C. A., Coleman, P. K., & Fitch, C. (2011). Peer relational victimization and somatic complaints during adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49, 294–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Odom, S. L., McConnell, S. R., McEvoy, M. A., Peterson, C., Ostrosky, M., Chandler, L. K., et al. (1999). Relative effects of interventions supporting the social competence of young children with disabilities. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 19, 75–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostrov, J. M. (2008). Forms of aggression and peer victimization during early childhood: A short-term longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 311–322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ostrov, J. M. (2010). Prospective associations between peer victimization and aggression. Child Development, 81, 1670–1677.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ostrov, J. M., & Godleski, S. A. (2010). Toward an integrated gender-linked model of aggression subtypes in early and middle childhood. Psychological Review, 117, 233–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1993). Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood: Links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology, 29, 611–621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, D. G., Kusel, S. J., & Perry, L. C. (1988). Victims of peer aggression. Developmental Psychology, 24, 807–814.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prakash, K., & Coplan, R. J. (2007). Socioemotional characteristics and school adjustment of socially withdrawn children in India. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31, 123–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prinstein, M. J., Boergers, J., & Vernberg, E. M. (2001). Overt and relational aggression in adolescents: Social–psychological adjustment of aggressors and victims. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 30, 479–491.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prinstein, M. J., Cheah, C. S. L., & Guyer, A. E. (2005). Peer victimization, cue interpretation, and internalizing symptoms: Preliminary concurrent and longitudinal findings for children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 11–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prinstein, M. J., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2003). Forms and functions of adolescent peer aggression associated with high levels of peer status. Merrill–Palmer Quarterly, 49, 310–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prinstein, M. J., & La Greca, A. M. (2002). Peer crowd affiliation and internalizing distress in childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal follow-back study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12, 325–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putallaz, M., Grimes, C. L., Foster, K. J., Kupersmidt, J. B., Coie, J. D., & Dearing, K. (2007). Overt and relational aggression and victimization: Multiple perspectives within the school setting. Journal of School Psychology, 45, 523–547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, A. J., & Rudolph, K. D. (2006). A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: Potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 98–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, A. J., Swenson, L. P., & Waller, E. M. (2004). Overt and relational aggression and perceived popularity: Developmental differences in concurrent and prospective relations. Developmental Psychology, 40, 378–387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosen, L. H., Underwood, M. K., Beron, K. J., Gentsch, J. K., Wharton, M. E., & Rahdar, A. (2009). Persistent versus periodic experiences of social victimization: Predictors of adjustment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 693–704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosen, P. J., Milich, R., & Harris, M. J. (2007). Victims of their own cognitions: Implicit social cognitions, emotional distress, and peer victimization. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28, 211–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. New York: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandstrom, M. J., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2003). Sociometric status and children's peer experiences: Use of the daily diary method. Merrill–Palmer Quarterly, 49, 427–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schafer, J., & Graham, J. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 147–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmidt, M. E., & Bagwell, C. L. (2007). The protective role of friendships in overtly and relationally victimized boys and girls. Merrill–Palmer Quarterly, 53, 439–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, D. (2000). Subtypes of victims and aggressors in children's peer groups. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 181–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., Coie, J. D., Hubbard, J. A., Cillessen, A. H. N., Lemerise, E. A., et al. (1998). Social–cognitive and behavioral correlates of aggression and victimization in boys’ play groups. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 431–440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, D., Farver, J. M., Chang, L., & Lee-Shin, Y. (2002). Victimization in South Korean children's peer groups. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 113–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, D., McFadyen-Ketchum, S., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (1999). Early behavior problems as a predictor of later peer group victimization: Moderators and mediators in the pathways of social risk. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 191–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, D., Proctor, L. J., & Chien, D. H. (2001). The aggressive victim of bullying: Emotional and behavioral dysregulation as a pathway to victimization by peers. In Putallaz, M. & Bierman, K. L. (Eds.), Aggression, antisocial behavior, and violence among girls: A developmental perspective (pp. 147–174). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Selig, J. P., & Preacher, K. J. (2009). Mediation models for longitudinal data in developmental research. Research in Human Development, 6, 144–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soensens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Goossens, L., Duriez, B., & Niemiec, C. P. (2008). The intervening role of relational aggression between psychological control and friendship quality. Social Development, 17, 661–681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sroufe, L. A., Carlson, E., & Shulman, S. (1993). Individuals in relationships: Development from infancy through adolescence. In Funder, D. C., Parke, R. D., Tomlinson-Keasey, C., & Widaman, K. (Eds.), Studying lives through time: Personality and development (pp. 315–342). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., & Carlson, E. (1999). One social world: The integrated development of parent–child and peer relationships. In Collins, W. A. & Laursen, B. (Eds.), Relationships as developmental context: The 30th Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology (pp. 241–262). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Storch, E. A., Lewin, A., Silverstein, J. H., Heidgerken, A. D., Strawser, M. S., Baumeister, A., et al. (2004). Peer victimization and psychosocial adjustment in children with type 1 diabetes. Clinical Pediatrics, 43, 467–471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Storch, E. A., Milsom, V. A., DeBraganza, N., Lewin, A. B., Geffken, G. R., & Silverstein, J. H. (2007). Peer victimization, psychosocial adjustment, and physical activity in overweight and at-risk-for-overweight youth. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 80–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Storch, E. A., Phil, M., Nock, M. K., Masia-Warner, C., & Barlas, M. E. (2003). Peer victimization and social–psychological adjustment in Hispanic and African-American children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 12, 439–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, T. N., Farrell, A. D., & Kliewer, W. (2006). Peer victimization in early adolescence: Associations between physical and relational victimization and drug use, aggression, and delinquent behaviors among urban middle school students. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 119–137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sweeting, H., Young, R., West, P., & Der, G. (2006). Peer victimization and depression in early-mid adolescence: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 577–594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson.Google Scholar
Tackett, J. L., Waldman, I. D., & Lahey, B. B. (2009). Etiology and measurement of relational aggression: A multi-informant behavior genetic investigation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 722–733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Timbremont, B., Braet, C., & Dreessen, L. (2004). Assessing depression in youth: Relation between the Children's Depression Inventory and a structured interview. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 149–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waasdorp, T. E., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2011). Examining student responses to frequent bullying: A latent class approach. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103, 336–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster-Stratton, C., & Reid, J. M. (2003). Treating conduct problems and strengthening social and emotional competence in young children: The dina dinosaur treatment program. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 11, 130–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xie, H., Swift, D. J., Cairns, B. D., & Cairns, R. B. (2002). Aggressive behaviors in social interaction and developmental adaptation: A narrative analysis of interpersonal conflicts during early adolescents. Social Development, 11, 205–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeung, R. S., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2007). Does hostile attribution bias for relational provocations mediate the short-term association between relational victimization and aggression in preadolescence? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 973–983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zalecki, C. A., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2004). Overt and relational aggression in girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 125–137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed