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Poverty, early care, and stress reactivity in adolescence: Findings from a prospective, longitudinal study in South Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 April 2017

R. M. Pasco Fearon ,
Mark Tomlinson ,
Robert Kumsta ,
Sarah Skeen ,
Lynne Murray ,
Peter J. Cooper  and
Barak Morgan
R. M. Pasco Fearon*
Affiliation:
University College London
Mark Tomlinson
Affiliation:
Stellenbosch University University of the Witwatersrand
Robert Kumsta
Affiliation:
Ruhr University Bochum
Sarah Skeen
Affiliation:
Stellenbosch University
Lynne Murray
Affiliation:
Stellenbosch University University of Reading University of Cape Town
Peter J. Cooper
Affiliation:
Stellenbosch University University of Reading University of Cape Town
Barak Morgan
Affiliation:
University of the Witwatersrand University of Cape Town Karolinska Institutet
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: R. M. Pasco Fearon, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, UK; E-mail: [email protected].
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Abstract

A considerable body of evidence suggests that early caregiving may affect the short-term functioning and longer term development of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis. Despite this, most research to date has been cross-sectional in nature or restricted to relatively short-term longitudinal follow-ups. More important, there is a paucity of research on the role of caregiving in low- and middle-income countries, where the protective effects of high-quality care in buffering the child's developing stress regulation systems may be crucial. In this paper, we report findings from a longitudinal study (N = 232) conducted in an impoverished periurban settlement in Cape Town, South Africa. We measured caregiving sensitivity and security of attachment in infancy and followed children up at age 13 years, when we conducted assessments of hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenocortical axis reactivity, as indexed by salivary cortisol during the Trier Social Stress Test. The findings indicated that insecure attachment was predictive of reduced cortisol responses to social stress, particularly in boys, and that attachment status moderated the impact of contextual adversity on stress responses: secure children in highly adverse circumstances did not show the blunted cortisol response shown by their insecure counterparts. Some evidence was found that sensitivity of care in infancy was also associated with cortisol reactivity, but in this case, insensitivity was associated with heightened cortisol reactivity, and only for girls. The discussion focuses on the potentially important role of caregiving in the long-term calibration of the stress system and the need to better understand the social and biological mechanisms shaping the stress response across development in low- and middle-income countries.

Type
Special Issue Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 29 , Special Issue 2: Attachment in the Context of Atypical Caregiving: Harnessing Insights From a Developmental Psychopathology Perspective , May 2017 , pp. 449 - 464
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

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Footnotes

This study was supported by a grant from Grand Challenges Canada (Grant 0066-03). Mark Tomlinson is supported by the National Research Foundation, South Africa, for his role as a Lead Investigator with the Centre of Excellence in Human Development, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.

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