Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-05T13:42:47.013Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Patterns of childhood maltreatment predict emotion processing and regulation in emerging adulthood

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 March 2022

Jennifer M. Warmingham Open the ORCID record for Jennifer M. Warmingham [Opens in a new window] ,
Erinn B. Duprey Open the ORCID record for Erinn B. Duprey [Opens in a new window] ,
Elizabeth D. Handley Open the ORCID record for Elizabeth D. Handley [Opens in a new window] ,
Fred A. Rogosch  and
Dante Cicchetti
Jennifer M. Warmingham*
Affiliation:
Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
Erinn B. Duprey
Affiliation:
Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA The Children’s Institute, Rochester, NY, USA
Elizabeth D. Handley
Affiliation:
Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
Fred A. Rogosch
Affiliation:
Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
Dante Cicchetti
Affiliation:
Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
*
Corresponding author: Jennifer Warmingham, email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Childhood maltreatment is a potent interpersonal trauma associated with dysregulation of emotional processes relevant to the development of psychopathology. The current study identified prospective links between patterns of maltreatment exposures and dimensions of emotion regulation in emerging adulthood. Participants included 427 individuals (48% Male; 75.9% Black, 10.8% White, 7.5% Hispanic, 6% Other) assessed at two waves. At Wave 1, children (10–12 years) from families eligible for public assistance with and without involvement with Child Protective Services took part in a research summer camp. Patterns of child maltreatment subtype and chronicity (based on coded CPS record data) were used to predict Wave 2 (age 18–24 years) profiles of emotion regulation based on self-report, and affective processing assessed via the Affective Go/No-Go task. Results identified associations between task-based affective processing and self-reported emotion regulation profiles. Further, chronic, multi-subtype childhood maltreatment exposure predicted difficulties with aggregated emotion dysregulation. Exposure to neglect with and without other maltreatment subtypes predicted lower sensitivity to affective words. Nuanced results distinguish multiple patterns of emotion regulation in a sample of emerging adults with high exposure to trauma and socioeconomic stress and suggest that maltreatment disrupts emotional development, resulting in difficulties identifying emotions and coping with emotional distress.

Keywords

affective go/no-gochildhood maltreatmentemotion regulationperson-centered
Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 35 , Issue 2 , May 2023 , pp. 766 - 781
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akaike, H. (1987). Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika, 52(3), 317–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294359 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldao, A. (2013). The future of emotion regulation research: Capturing context. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(2), 155–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612459518 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2013). One versus many: Capturing the use of multiple emotion regulation strategies in response to an emotion-eliciting stimulus. Cognition and Emotion, 27(4), 753–760. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2012.739998 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bardeen, J. R., & Daniel, T. A. (2017). An eye-tracking examination of emotion regulation, attentional bias, and pupillary response to threat stimuli. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41, 853–866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-017-9860-y CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, D., Manly, J. T., & Cicchetti, D. (1993). Defining child maltreatment: The interface between policy and research. In Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (Eds.), Child abuse, child development and social policy (pp. 7–73). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Barrett, L. F. (2017). The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw154 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P. (2015). Future directions in emotion dysregulation and youth psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 44(5), 875–896. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1038827 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., & Cicchetti, D. (2019). Emotion dysregulation and emerging psychopathology: A transdiagnostic, transdisciplinary perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 31(3), 799–804. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579419000671 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., & Haines, N. (2020). Functionalist and Constructionist Perspectives on Emotion Dysregulation. In Beauchaine, T. P., & Crowell, S. E. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Emotion Dysregulation (pp. 1–11). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190689285.013.1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergman, L. R., Von Eye, A., & Magnusson, D. (2006). Person-oriented research strategies in developmental psychopathology. In Cicchetti, D., & Cohen, D. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Theory and method (Vol. 1, pp. 850–888). John Wiley and Sons Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470939383.ch21 Google Scholar
Boden, M. T., & Thompson, R. J. (2017). Meta-analysis of the association between emotional clarity and attention to emotions. Emotion Review, 9(1), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073915610640 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozdogan, H. (1987). Model selection and the Akaike’s information criterion (AIC): The general theory and its analytical extensions. Psychometrika, 52(3), 345–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bugental, D. B., Blue, J., & Lewis, J. (1990). Caregiver beliefs and dysphoric affect directed to difficult children. Developmental Psychology, 26(4), 631–638. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.26.4.631 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camras, L. A., Ribordy, S., Hill, J., Martino, S., & et al. (1988). Recognition and posing of emotional expressions by abused children and their mothers. Developmental Psychology, 24(6), 776–781. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.24.6.776 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camras, L. A., Ribordy, S., Hill, J., Martino, S., & et al. (1990). Maternal facial behavior and the recognition and production of emotional expression by maltreated and nonmaltreated children. Developmental Psychology, 26(2), 304–312. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.26.2.304 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, V., Barnett, D., Cicchetti, D., & Braunwald, K. (1989). Disorganized/disoriented attachment relationships in maltreated infants. Developmental Psychology, 25(4), 525–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.25.4.525 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caspi, A., Houts, R. M., Ambler, A., Danese, A., Elliott, M. L., Hariri, A.…et al. (2020). Longitudinal assessment of mental health disorders and comorbidities across 4 decades among participants in the Dunedin Birth Cohort Study. JAMA Network Open, 3(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3221 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cassiello-Robbins, C., Southward, M. W., Tirpak, J. W., & Sauer-Zavala, S. (2020). A systematic review of Unified Protocol applications with adult populations: Facilitating widespread dissemination via adaptability. Clinical Psychology Review, 78(September 2019), 101852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101852 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D. (1989). How research on child maltreatment has informed the study of child development: Perspectives from developmental psychopathology. In Cicchetti, D., & Carlson, V. (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect (pp. 377–431). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511665707.014 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., Ackerman, B. P., & Izard, C. E. (1995). Emotions and emotion regulation in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 7(01), 1. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400006301 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., Ganiban, J., & Barnett, D. (1991). Contributions from the study of high-risk populations to understanding the development of emotion regulation. In Garber, J., & Dodge, K. A. (Eds.), Development of emotion regulation and dysregulation (pp. 15–48). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Manly, J. T. (1990). A personal perspective on conducting research with maltreating families: Problems and solutions. In Brody, G. H., & Sigel, I. (Eds.), Methods of family research: Biographies of research projects, volume 2 clinical populations (pp. 87–133). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2016). Child maltreatment and developmental psychopathology: A multilevel perspective. In Cicchetti, D. (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology (3rd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 457–512). Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, P. M., Martin, S. E., & Dennis, T. A. (2004). Emotion regulation as a scientific construct: Methodological challenges and directions for child development. Child Development, 75(2), 317–333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, P. M., Ram, N., & English, M. S. (2019). Toward a unifying model of self-regulation: A developmental approach. Child Development Perspectives, 13(2), 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12316 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cromheeke, S., Herpoel, L. A., & Mueller, S. C. (2014). Childhood abuse is related to working memory impairment for positive emotion in female university students. Child Maltreatment, 19(1), 38–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559513511522 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
da Silva Ferreira, G. C., Crippa, J. A. S., & de Lima Osório, F. (2014). Facial emotion processing and recognition among maltreated children: A systematic literature review. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(DEC), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01460 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Luca, C. R., Wood, S. J., Anderson, V., Buchanan, J.-A., Proffitt, T. M., Mahony, K.…Pantelis, C. (2003). Normative data from the Cantab. I: Development of executive function over the lifespan. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition: Section A), 25(2), 242–254. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.25.2.242.13639 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demers, L. A., Hunt, R. H., Cicchetti, D., Cohen-Gilbert, J. E., Rogosch, F. A., Toth, S. L.…Thomas, K. M. (2021). Impact of childhood maltreatment and resilience on behavioral and neural patterns of inhibitory control during emotional distraction. Development and Psychopathology, May), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579421000055 Google Scholar
Friedlmeier, W., Corapci, F., & Cole, P. M. (2011). Emotion socialization in cross-cultural perspective. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(7), 410–427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00362.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibb, B. E., Schofield, C. A., & Coles, M. E. (2009). Reported history of childhood abuse and young adults’ information- processing biases for facial displays of emotion. Child Maltreatment, 14(2), 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559508326358 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, R., Widom, C. S., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., & Janson, S. (2009). Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. The Lancet, 373(9657), 68–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61706-7 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, J. J. (2015). The extended process model of emotion regulation: Elaborations, applications, and future directions. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2015.989751 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gruhn, M. A., & Compas, B. E. (2020). Effects of maltreatment on coping and emotion regulation in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review. Child Abuse and Neglect, 103, 104446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104446 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haines, S. J., Gleeson, J., Kuppens, P., Hollenstein, T., Ciarrochi, J., Labuschagne, I.…et al. (2016). The wisdom to know the difference: Strategy-situation fit in emotion regulation in daily life is associated with well-being. Psychological Science, 27(12), 1651–1659. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616669086 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hampton-Anderson, J. N., Carter, S., Fani, N., Gillespie, C. F., Henry, T. L., Holmes, E.…et al. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences in African Americans: Framework, practice, and policy. American Psychologist, 76(2), 314–325. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000767 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Handley, E. D., Russotti, J., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2019). Developmental cascades from child maltreatment to negative friend and romantic interactions in emerging adulthood. Development and Psychopathology, 31(5), 1649–1659. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457941900124X CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Handley, E. D., Russotti, J., Warmingham, J. M., Rogosch, F. A., Todd Manly, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2021). Patterns of child maltreatment and the development of conflictual emerging adult romantic relationships: An examination of mechanisms and gender moderation. Child Maltreatment, https://doi.org/10.1177/10775595211022837 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrenkohl, R. C., Herrenkohl, E. C., Egolf, B. P., & Wu, P. (1991). The developmental consequences of child abuse: The Lehigh Longitudinal Study. In Starr, R. H., & Wolfe, D. A. (Eds.), The effects of child abuse and neglect (pp. 57–81). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Hu, T., Zhang, D., Wang, J., Mistry, R., Ran, G., & Wang, X. (2014). Relation between emotion regulation and mental health: A meta-analysis review. Psychological Reports, 114(2), 341–362. https://doi.org/10.2466/03.20.PR0.114k22w4 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kavanaugh, B. C., Dupont-Frechette, J. A., Jerskey, B. A., & Holler, K. A. (2017). Neurocognitive deficits in children and adolescents following maltreatment: Neurodevelopmental consequences and neuropsychological implications of traumatic stress. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 6(1), 64–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2015.1079712 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keyes, K. M., Eaton, N. R., Krueger, R. F., McLaughlin, K. A., Wall, M. M., Grant, B. F.…Hasin, D. S. (2012). Childhood maltreatment and the structure of common psychiatric disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(2), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.093062 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krause-Utz, A., Erol, E., Brousianou, A. V., Cackowski, S., Paret, C., Ende, G.…Elzinga, B. (2019). Self-reported impulsivity in women with borderline personality disorder: The role of childhood maltreatment severity and emotion regulation difficulties. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 6(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-019-0101-8 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Labella, M. H. (2018). The sociocultural context of emotion socialization in African American families. Clinical Psychology Review, 59, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lanza, S. T., Bray, B. C., & Collins, L. M. (2013). An introduction to latent class and latent transition analysis. In Schinka, J. A., Velicer, W. F., & Weiner, I. B. (Eds.), Handbook of psychology (2nd ed., pp. 691–716). Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley.Google Scholar
Lavi, I., Katz, L. F., Ozer, E. J., & Gross, J. J. (2019). Emotion reactivity and regulation in maltreated children: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 90(5), 1503–1524. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13272 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leonardo, C., Aristide, S., & Michela, B. (2021). On the efficacy of the Barlow Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 87, 101999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101999 Google Scholar
Levaux, M.-N., Potvin, S., Sepehry, A. A., Sablier, J., Mendrek, A., & Stip, E. (2007). Computerized assessment of cognition in schizophrenia: Promises and pitfalls of CANTAB. European Psychiatry, 22(2), 104–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.11.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, A. F., Diaz, M. A., Castro, G., & Bucio, G. O. (2020). Make room for baby: Perinatal child-parent psychotherapy to repair trauma and promote attachment. Guildford Publications.Google Scholar
Lieberman, A. F., Ghosh Ippen, C., & Van Horn, P. J. (2015). Don’t hit my mommy: A manual for Child-Parent Psychotherapy with young witnesses of family violence (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Zero to Three Press.Google Scholar
Lindquist, K. A., Wager, T. D., Kober, H., Bliss-Moreau, E., & Barrett, L. F. (2012). The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35(3), 121–143. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X11000446 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, R. T. (2019). Childhood maltreatment and impulsivity: A meta-analysis and recommendations for future study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47(2), 221–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-018-0445-3 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lougheed, J. P., & Hollenstein, T. (2012). A limited repertoire of emotion regulation strategies is associated with internalizing problems in adolescence. Social Development, 21(4), 704–721. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2012.00663.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luke, N., & Banerjee, R. (2013). Differentiated associations between childhood maltreatment experiences and social understanding: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Developmental Review, 33(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2012.10.001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maughan, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2002). Impact of child maltreatment and interadult violence on children’s emotion regulation abilities and socioemotional adjustment. Child Development, 73(5), 1525–1542. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00488 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCrory, E., De Brito, S. A., & Viding, E. (2012). The link between child abuse and psychopathology: A review of neurobiological and genetic research. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 105(4), 151–156. https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.2011.110222 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLaughlin, K. A., Colich, N. L., Rodman, A. M., & Weissman, D. G. (2020). Mechanisms linking childhood trauma exposure and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic model of risk and resilience. BMC Medicine, 18(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01561-6 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melka, S. E., Lancaster, S. L., Bryant, A. R., & Rodriguez, B. F. (2011). Confirmatory factor and measurement invariance analyses of the emotion regulation questionnaire. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(12), 1283–1293. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20836 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metzger, I. W., Salami, T., Carter, S., Halliday-Boykins, C., Anderson, R. E., Jernigan, M. M.…Ritchwood, T. (2018). African American emerging adults’ experiences with racial discrimination and drinking habits: The moderating roles of perceived stress. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24(4), 489–497. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000204 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milojevich, H. M., Norwalk, K. E., & Sheridan, M. A. (2019). Deprivation and threat, emotion dysregulation, and psychopathology: Concurrent and longitudinal associations. Development and Psychopathology, 31, 847–857. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579419000294 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgan, G. B., Hodge, K. J., & Baggett, A. R. (2016). Latent profile analysis with nonnormal mixtures: A Monte Carlo examination of model selection using fit indices. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 93, 146–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2015.02.019 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mueller, T. M., & Peterson, Z. D. (2012). The relationships among childhood maltreatment, emotion regulation, and sexual risk taking in men from urban STD clinics. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 21(3), 277–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2012.659802 Google ScholarPubMed
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2017). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.Google Scholar
NCTSN Core Curriculum on Childhood Trauma Task Force (2012). The 12 Core Concepts Concepts for Understanding Ttraumatic Stress Responses in Children and Families. Core Curriculum on Childhood Trauma. UCLA-Duke University National Center for Child Traumatic Stress (pp. 1–5). https://www.nctsn.org/sites/default/files/resources//the_12_core_concepts_for_understanding_traumatic_stress_responses_in_children_and_families.pdf Google Scholar
Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(4), 535–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701575396 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oshri, A., Sutton, T. E., Clay-Warner, J., & Miller, J. D. (2015). Child maltreatment types and risk behaviors: Associations with attachment style and emotion regulation dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences, 73, 127–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.015 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollak, S. D., Cicchetti, D., Hornung, K., & Reed, A. (2000). Recognizing emotion in faces: Developmental effects of child abuse and neglect. Developmental Psychology, 36(5), 679–688. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.5.679 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollak, S. D., Cicchetti, D., & Klorman, R. (1998). Stress, memory, and emotion: Developmental considerations from the study of child maltreatment. Development and Psychopathology, 10(4), 811–828. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579498001886 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollak, S. D., & Kistler, D. J. (2002). Early experience is associated with the development of categorical representations for facial expressions of emotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(13), 9072–9076. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.142165999 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollak, S. D., Messner, M., Kistler, D. J., & Cohn, J. F. (2009). Development of perceptual expertise in emotion recognition. Cognition, 110(2), 242–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2008.10.010 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollak, S. D., & Sinha, P. (2002). Effects of early experience on children’s recognition of facial displays of emotion. Developmental Psychology, 38(5), 784–791. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.38.5.784 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollak, S. D., & Tolley-Schell, S. A. (2003). Selective attention to facial emotion in physically abused children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(3), 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.112.3.323 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Powers, A., Etkin, A., Gyurak, A., Bradley, B., & Jovanovic, T. (2015). Associations between childhood abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, and implicit emotion regulation deficits: Evidence from a low-income, inner-city population. Psychiatry (New York), 78(3), 251–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2015.1069656 Google ScholarPubMed
Rivera, P. M., Fincham, F. D., & Bray, B. C. (2018). Latent classes of maltreatment: A systematic review and critique. Child Maltreatment, 23(1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559517728125 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogosch, F. A., Cicchetti, D., Shields, A. M., & Toth, S. L. (1995). Parenting dysfunction in child maltreatment. In Handbook of parenting, Vol. 4: Applied and practical parenting (pp. 127–159). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Google Scholar
Saleem, F. T., Anderson, R. E., & Williams, M. (2020). Addressing the, myth, of racial trauma: Developmental and ecological considerations for youth of color. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 23(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00304-1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulz, K. P., Fan, J., Magidina, O., Marks, D. J., Hahn, B., & Halperin, J. M. (2007). Does the emotional go/no-go task really measure behavioral inhibition? Convergence with measures on a non-emotional analog. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(2), 151–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2006.12.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 6(2), 461–464. https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344136 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sclove, S. L. (1987). Application of model-selection criteria to some problems in multivariate analysis. Psychometrika, 52(3), 333–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294360 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, K. M., Smith, D. R., & Ellis, P. M. (2010). Prospectively ascertained child maltreatment and its association with DSM-IV mental disorders in young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(7), 712–719. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.71 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shields, A. M., & Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school-age children: The development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33(6), 906–916. http://file//localhost(null)%0Apapers3://publication/uuid/A8870C53-BA0E-49B6-946B-4C87CBDA7A5F CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, R. A., & Meyer, S. (2007). The socialization of emotion regulation in the family. In Gross, J. J. (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 249–268). New York, NY: Guilford.Google Scholar
Turpyn, C. C., Chaplin, T. M., Cook, E. C., & Martelli, A. M. (2015). A person-centered approach to adolescent emotion regulation: Associations with psychopathology and parenting. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 136(5), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2015.02.009 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vachon, D. D., Krueger, R. F., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2015). Assessment of the harmful psychiatric and behavioral effects of different forms of child maltreatment. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(11), 1135–1142. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1792 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van den Bergh, O., Brosschot, J., Critchley, H., Thayer, J. F., & Ottaviani, C. (2021). Better safe than sorry: A common signature of general vulnerability for psychopathology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(2), 225–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620950690 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vermunt, J. K. (2010). Latent class modeling with covariates: Two improved three-step approaches. Political Analysis, 18(4), 450–469. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpq025 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vilhena-Churchill, N., & Goldstein, A. L. (2014). Child maltreatment and marijuana problems in young adults: Examining the role of motives and emotion dysregulation. Child Abuse and Neglect, 38(5), 962–972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.009 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warmingham, J. M., Handley, E. D., Rogosch, F. A., Manly, J. T., & Cicchetti, D. (2019). Identifying maltreatment subgroups with patterns of maltreatment subtype and chronicity: A latent class analysis approach. Child Abuse & Neglect, 87, 28–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.08.013 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, D., & Clark, A. L. (1999). The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule - expanded form. https://doi.org/10.17077/48vt-m4t2 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weissman, D. G., Bitran, D., Miller, A. B., Schaefer, J. D., Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019). Difficulties with emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic mechanism linking child maltreatment with the emergence of psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 31(3), 899–915. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579419000348 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilamowska, Z. A., Thompson-Hollands, J., Fairholme, C. P., Ellard, K. K., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2010). Conceptual background, development, and preliminary data from the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 27(10), 882–890. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20735 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, C. F., Silva, K., Kecojevic, A., Schrager, S. M., Bloom, J. J., Iverson, E.…Lankenau, S. E. (2013). Coping and emotion regulation profiles as predictors of nonmedical prescription drug and illicit drug use among high-risk young adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 132(1-2), 165–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.01.024 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, J. C., & Widom, C. S. (2014). Long-term effects of child abuse and neglect on emotion processing in adulthood. Child Abuse and Neglect, 38(8), 1369–1381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.03.008 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zalewski, M., Lengua, L. J., Wilson, A. C., Trancik, A., & Bazinet, A. (2011a). Associations of coping and appraisal styles with emotion regulation during preadolescence. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 110(2), 141–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2011.03.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zalewski, M., Lengua, L. J., Wilson, A. C., Trancik, A., & Bazinet, A. (2011b). Emotion regulation profiles, temperament, and adjustment problems in preadolescents. Child Development, 82(3), 951–966. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01575.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Warmingham et al. supplementary material

Warmingham et al. supplementary material

Download Warmingham et al. supplementary material(File)
File 15.8 KB