Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T18:09:44.989Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Moderation of maltreatment effects on childhood borderline personality symptoms by gender and oxytocin receptor and FK506 binding protein 5 genes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 July 2014

Dante Cicchetti ,
Fred A. Rogosch ,
Kathryn F. Hecht ,
Nicki R. Crick  and
Susan Hetzel
Dante Cicchetti*
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota Institute of Child Development University of Rochester Mt. Hope Family Center
Fred A. Rogosch
Affiliation:
University of Rochester Mt. Hope Family Center
Kathryn F. Hecht
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota Institute of Child Development
Nicki R. Crick
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota Institute of Child Development
Susan Hetzel
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota Institute of Child Development
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Dante Cicchetti, Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455; E-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this investigation, gene–environment–gender interaction effects in predicting child borderline personality disorder symptomatology among maltreated and nonmaltreated low-income children (N = 1,051) were examined. In the context of a summer research camp, adult-, peer-, and self-report assessments of borderline precursor indicators were obtained, as well as child self-report on the Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children. Genetic variants of the oxytocin receptor genotype and the FK506 binding protein 5 gene CATT haplotype were investigated. Children who self-reported high levels of borderline personality symptomatology were differentiated by adults, peers, and additional self-report on indicators of emotional instability, conflictual relationships with peers and adults, preoccupied attachment, and indicators of self-harm and suicidal ideation. Maltreated children also were more likely to evince many of these difficulties relative to nonmaltreated children. A series of analyses of covariance, controlling for age and ancestrally informative markers, indicated significant Maltreatment × Gene × Gender three-way interactions. Consideration of the maltreatment parameters of subtype, onset, and recency expanded understanding of variation among maltreated children. The three-way interaction effects demonstrated differential patterns among girls and boys. Among girls, the gene–environment interaction was more consistent with a diathesis-stress model, whereas among boys a differential-sensitivity interaction effect was indicated. Moreover, the genetic variants associated with greater risk for higher borderline symptomatology, dependent on maltreatment experiences, were opposite in girls compared to boys. The findings have important implications for understanding variability in early predictors of borderline personality pathology.

Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 26 , Special Issue 3: The Legacy of Nicki R. Crick's Contributions to Developmental Psychopathology , August 2014 , pp. 831 - 849
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Teacher's Report Form and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Asher, S. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1986). Identifying children who are rejected by their peers. Developmental Psychology, 22, 444–449.Google Scholar
Barnett, D., Manly, J. T., & Cicchetti, D. (1993). Defining child maltreatment: The interface between policy and research. In Cicchetti, D. & Toth, S. L. (Eds.), Child abuse, child development, and social policy (pp. 7–73). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Barrett, J. C., Fry, B., Maller, J., & Daly, M. J. (2005). Haploview analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps. Bioinformatics, 21, 263–265.Google Scholar
Belsky, J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007). For better and for worse: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 300–304.Google Scholar
Belsky, J., & de Haan, M. (2011). Parenting and children's brain development: The end of the beginning. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 409–429.Google Scholar
Belsky, J., & Jaffee, S. R. (2006). The multiple determinants of parenting. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. J. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 3. Risk, disorder, and adaptation (2nd ed., pp. 38–85). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2009). Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 885–908.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2013). Beyond risk, resilience, and dysregulation: Phenotypic plasticity and human development. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 1243–1261.Google Scholar
Block, J., & Block, J. H. (1969). The California Child Q-set. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bolger, K. E., Patterson, C. J, & Kupersmidt, J. B. (1998). Peer relationships and self-esteem among children who have been maltreated. Child Development, 69, 1171–1197.Google Scholar
Bradley, B., Westen, D., Mercer, K. B., Binder, E. B., Jovanovic, T., Crain, D., et al. (2011). Association between childhood maltreatment and adult emotional dysregulation in a low-income, urban, African American sample: Moderation by oxytocin receptor gene. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 439–452.Google Scholar
Bukowski, W. M., Sippola, L. K., & Newcomb, A. F. (2000). Variations in patters of attraction of same- and other-sex peers during early adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 36, 147–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Champagne, F., Diorio, J., Sharma, S., & Meaney, M. J. (2001). Naturally occurring variations in maternal behavior in the rat are associated with differences in estrogen-inducible central oxytocin receptors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 90, 12736–12741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1968). Language and mind. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. (1996). Child maltreatment: Implications for developmental theory. Human Development, 39, 18–39.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. (2002a). How a child builds a brain: Insights from normality and psychopathology. In Hartup, W. & Weinberg, R. (Eds.), Minnesota symposia on child psychology: Child psychology in retrospect and prospect (Vol. 32, pp. 23–71). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. (2002b). The impact of social experience on neurobiological systems: Illustration from a constructivist view of child maltreatment. Cognitive Development, 17, 1407–1428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D. (2014). Illustrative developmental psychopathology perspectives on precursors and pathways to personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 28, 172–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D., & Crick, N. R. (Eds.). (2009a). Precursors of and diverse pathways to personality disorder in children and adolescents, Part 1 [Special Issue]. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 683–1030.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Crick, N. R. (Eds.). (2009b). Precursors of and diverse pathways to personality disorder in children and adolescents, Part 2 [Special Issue]. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 1031–1381.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Dawson, G. (2002). Multiple levels of analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 417–420.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Lynch, M. (1995). Failures in the expectable environment and their impact on individual development: The case of child maltreatment. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. J. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 2. Risk, disorder and adaptation (pp. 32–71). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Manly, J. T. (1990). A personal perspective on conducting research with maltreating families: Problems and solutions. In Brody, G. & Sigel, I. (Eds.), Methods of family research: Families at risk (Vol. 2, pp. 87–133). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2009). The past achievements and future promises of developmental psychopathology: The coming of age of a discipline. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 16–25.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (in press). A multilevel perspective on child maltreatment. In Lamb, M. & Coll, C. Garcia (Eds.), Handbook of psychology and developmental science: Vol. 3. Socioemotional process (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., Toth, S. L., & Manly, J. T. (2003). Maternal Classification Maltreatment Interview. Unpublished manuscript, Mt. Hope Family Center.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Valentino, K. (2006). An ecological–transactional perspective on child maltreatment: Failure of the average expectable environment and its influence on child development. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. J. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol 3. Risk, disorder, and adaptation (2nd ed., pp. 129–201). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Coie, J. D., & Dodge, K. A. (1983). Continuities and changes in children's social status: A five-year longitudinal study. Merrill–Palmer Quarterly, 29, 261–282.Google Scholar
Cowell, R. A., Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Toth, S. L. (in press). Childhood maltreatment and its effect on neurocognitive functioning: Chronicity and timing matter. Development and Psychopathology, 27.Google Scholar
Crick, N. R., Murray-Close, D., & Woods, K. (2005). Borderline personality features in childhood: A short-term longitudinal study. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 1050–1070.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dackis, M. N., Rogosch, F. A., Oshri, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2012). The role of limbic system irritability in linking history of childhood maltreatment and psychiatric outcomes in low-income, high-risk women: Moderation by FKBP5. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 1237–1252.Google Scholar
DeBellis, M. D. (2001). Developmental traumatology: The psychobiological development of maltreated children and its implications for research, treatment, and policy. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 539–564.Google Scholar
DeBellis, M. D. (2005). The psychobiology of neglect. Child Maltreatment, 10, 150–172.Google Scholar
DeYoung, C., Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., Gray, J., Eastman, M., & Grigorenko, E. (2011). Sources of cognitive exploration: Genetic variation in the prefrontal dopamine system predicts openness/intellect. Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 364–371.Google Scholar
Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Chapman, D. P., Williamson, D. F., & Giles, W. H. (2001). Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: Findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, 3089–3096.Google Scholar
Duncan, L. E., & Keller, M. C. (2011). A critical review of the first 10 years of candidate gene-by-environment interaction research in psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 1041–1049.Google Scholar
Ellis, B. J., Boyce, W. T., Belsky, J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2011). Differential susceptibility to the environment: An evolutionary–neurodevelopmental theory. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 7–28.Google Scholar
English, D. J., Upadhyaya, M. P., Litrownik, A. J., Marshall, J. M., Runyan, D. K., Graham, J. C., et al. (2005). Maltreatment's wake: The relationship of maltreatment dimensions to child outcomes. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 594–619.Google Scholar
Escoffier, L., & Lischer, H. (2011). Arlequin version 3.5 [Computer software]. Bern, Switzerland: Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics.Google Scholar
Evans, E., Hawton, K., & Rodham, K. (2005). Suicidal phenomena and abuse in adolescents: A review of epidemiological studies. Child Abuse Neglect, 29, 45–58.Google Scholar
Falconer, D. S. (1965). The inheritance of lability to diseases, estimated from the incidence among relatives. Annals of Human Genetics, 29, 59–76.Google Scholar
Falush, D., Stephens, M., & Pritchard, J. K. (2003). Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: Linked loci and correlated allele frequencies. Genetics, 164, 1567–1587.Google Scholar
Falush, D., Stephens, M., & Pritchard, J. K. (2007). Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: Dominant and null alleles. Molecular Ecology Notes, 7, 574–578.Google Scholar
Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Sommer, T., Raz, A., & Posner, M. I. (2002). Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 340–347.Google Scholar
Finnegan, R. A., Hodges, E. V. E., & Perry, D. G. (1996). Preoccupied and avoidant coping during middle childhood. Child Development, 67, 1318–1328.Google Scholar
Flores, E., Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2005). Predictors of resilience in maltreated and nonmaltreated Latino children. Developmental Psychology, 41, 338–351.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (in press). A multilevel perspective on the development of borderline personality disorder. In Cicchetti, D. (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Gimpl, G., & Fahrenholz, F. (2001). The oxytocin receptor system: Structure, function, and regulation. Physiological Reviews, 81, 629–683.Google Scholar
Gottesman, I., & Shields, J. (1972). Schizophrenia and genetics: A twin study vantage point. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hecht, K. F., Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Crick, N. R. (2014). Borderline personality features in childhood: The role of subtype, developmental timing and chronicity of child maltreatment. Development and Psychopathology, 26.Google Scholar
Hodges, E., Finnegan, R. A., & Perry, D. G. (1999). Skewed autonomy-relatedness in preadolescents' conceptions of their relationships with mother, father and best friend. Developmental Psychology, 35, 737–748.Google Scholar
Hostinar, C. E., Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2014). Oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) polymorphism, perceived social support, and psychological symptoms in maltreated adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 26, 465–477.Google Scholar
Hubisz, M. J., Falush, D., Stephens, M., & Pritchard, J. K. (2009). Inferring weak population structure with assistance of sample group information Molecular Ecology Resources, 5, 1322–1332.Google Scholar
Inoue, T., Kimura, T., Azuma, C., Inazawa, J., Takemura, M., Kikuchi, T., et al. (1994). Structural organization of the human oxytocin receptor gene. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269, 32451–32456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Insel, T. R., & Shapiro, L. E. (1992). Oxytocin receptor distribution reflects social organization in monogamous and polygamous voles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 89, 5981–5985.Google Scholar
John, O. P., Caspi, A., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1994). The “Little Five”: Exploring the nomological network of the Five-Factor Model of personality in adolescent boys. Child Development, 65, 160–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E. M., & Bernstein, D. P. (1999). Childhood maltreatment increases risk for personality disorders during early adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 600–606.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Gould, M. S., Kasen, S., Brown, J., & Brook, J. S. (2002). Childhood adversities, interpersonal difficulties, and risk for suicide attempts during late adolescence and early adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 741–749.Google Scholar
Keller, M. C. (2014). Gene × Environment interaction studies have not properly controlled for potential confounders: The problem and the (simple) solution. Biological Psychiatry, 75, 18–24.Google Scholar
Koenen, K. C., Amstadter, A. B., & Nugent, N. R. (2009). Gene–environment interaction in posttraumatic stress disorder: An update. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 416–426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koenen, K. C., Saxe, G., Purcell, S., Smoller, J. W., Bartholomew, D., & Miller, A., et al. (2005). Polymorphisms in FKBP5 are associated with peritraumatic dissociation in medically injured children. Molecular Psychiatry, 10, 1058–1059.Google Scholar
Kovacs, M. (1982). The Children's Depression Inventory: A self-rated depression scale for school-aged youngsters. Unpublished manuscript, University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Kovacs, M. (1992). Children's Depression Inventory manual. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.Google Scholar
Lai, C. Q., Tucker, K. L., Choudhry, S., Parnell, L. D., Mattei, J., Garcia-Bailo, B., et al. (2009). Population admixture associated with disease prevalence in the Boston Puerto Rican health study. Human Genetics, 125, 199–205.Google Scholar
Lenzenweger, M. F., & Cicchetti, D. (2005). Toward a developmental psychopathology approach to borderline personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 893–898.Google Scholar
Manly, J. T. (2005). Advances in research definitions of child maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 425–439.Google Scholar
Manly, J. T., Cicchetti, D., & Barnett, D. (1994). The impact of subtype, frequency, chronicity, and severity of child maltreatment on social competence and behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 121–143.Google Scholar
Manly, J. T., Kim, J. E., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2001). Dimensions of child maltreatment and children's adjustment: Contributions of developmental timing and subtype. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 759–782.Google Scholar
McCrory, E., De Brito, S. A., & Viding, E. (2010). Research review: The neurobiology and genetics of maltreatment and adversity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 1079–1095.Google Scholar
Morey, L., (1991). Personality Assessment Inventory. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Pianta, R. C., & Nimetz, S. L. (1991). Relationships between children and teachers: Associations with classroom and home behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 12, 379–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pianta, R. C., & Steinberg, M. (1992). Teacher–child relationships and the process of adjusting to school. New Directions for Child Development, 57, 61–80.Google Scholar
Posner, M. I., Rothbart, M. K., Vizueta, N., Thomas, K. M., Levy, K. N., Fossella, J., et al. (2003). An approach to the psychobiology of personality disorders. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 1093–1106.Google Scholar
Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2004). Child maltreatment and emergent personality organization: Perspectives from the Five-Factor model. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32, 123–145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2005). Child maltreatment, attention networks, and potential precursors to borderline personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 1071–1089.Google Scholar
Rogosch, F. A., Cicchetti, D., & Aber, J. L. (1995). The role of child maltreatment in early deviations in cognitive and affective processing abilities and later peer relationship problems. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 591–609.Google Scholar
Rudolph, K. D., Hammen, C., & Burge, D. (1995). Cognitive representations of self, family, and peers in school-aged children: Links with social competence and sociometric status. Child Development, 66, 1385–1402.Google Scholar
Rueda, M. R., Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Halparin, J. D., Gruber, D. B., Lercari, L. P., et al. (2004). Development of attentional networks in childhood. Neuropsychologia, 42, 1029–1040.Google Scholar
Sedlak, A. J., Mettenburg, J., Basena, M., Petta, I., McPherson, K., Greene, A., et al. (2010). Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS–4): Report to Congress, executive summary. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families.Google Scholar
Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school-age children: The development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33, 906–916.Google Scholar
Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1998). Reactive aggression among maltreated children: The contributions of attention and emotion dysregulation. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 381–395.Google Scholar
Tackett, J. L., Balsis, S., Oltmanns, T. F., & Krueger, R. F. (2009). A unifying perspective on personality pathology across the life span: Developmental considerations for the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . Development and Psychopathology, 21, 687–713.Google Scholar
Toth, S. L., Cicchetti, D., Macfie, J., & Emde, R. N. (1997). Representations of self and other in the narratives of neglected, physically abused, and sexually abused preschoolers. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 781–796.Google Scholar
Toth, S. L., Gravener-Davis, J. A., Guild, D. J., & Cicchetti, D. (2013). Relational interventions for child maltreatment: Past, present, & future perspectives. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 1601–1617.Google Scholar
Widom, C. S., DuMont, K., & Czaja, S. J. (2007). A prospective investigation of major depressive disorder and co-morbidity in abused and neglected grown up children (grown up). Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 49–56.Google Scholar
Yaeger, R., Alvial-Bront, A., Abdul, K., Nolan, P. C., Grann, V. R., Birchette, M. G., et al. (2008). Comparing genetic ancestry and self-described race in African Americans born in the United States and in Africa. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 17, 1329–1338.Google Scholar
Zanarini, M. C., Horwood, J., Wolke, D., Waylen, A., Fitzmaurice, G., & Grant, B. F. (2011). Prevalence of DSM-IV borderline personality disorder in two community samples: 6,330 English 11-year-olds and 34,653 American adults. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25, 607–619.Google Scholar
Zanarini, M. C., Williams, A. A., Lewis, R. E., Reich, R. B., Vera, S. C., Marino, M. F., et al. (1997). Reported pathological childhood experiences associated with the development of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1101–1106.Google Scholar