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Maternal neglect and the serotonin system are associated with daytime sleep in infant rhesus monkeys

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2019

Alexander Baxter Open the ORCID record for Alexander Baxter [Opens in a new window] ,
Elizabeth K. Wood Open the ORCID record for Elizabeth K. Wood [Opens in a new window] ,
Christina S. Barr ,
Daniel B. Kay ,
Stephen J. Suomi  and
J. Dee Higley
Alexander Baxter
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
Elizabeth K. Wood
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
Christina S. Barr
Affiliation:
Section of Comparative Behavioral Genomics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health Rockville, MD, USA
Daniel B. Kay
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
Stephen J. Suomi
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Poolesville, MD, USA
J. Dee Higley*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
*
Address for Correspondence: J. Dee Higley, Department of Psychology, 1042 KMBL, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT84602. E-mail: [email protected].
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Abstract

Environmental and biological factors contribute to sleep development during infancy. Parenting plays a particularly important role in modulating infant sleep, potentially via the serotonin system, which is itself involved in regulating infant sleep. We hypothesized that maternal neglect and serotonin system dysregulation would be associated with daytime sleep in infant rhesus monkeys. Subjects were nursery-reared infant rhesus macaques (n = 287). During the first month of life, daytime sleep-wake states were rated bihourly (0800–2100). Infants were considered neglected (n = 16) if before nursery-rearing, their mother repeatedly failed to retrieve them. Serotonin transporter genotype and concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were used as markers of central serotonin system functioning. t tests showed that neglected infants were observed sleeping less frequently, weighed less, and had higher 5-HIAA than non-neglected nursery-reared infants. Regression revealed that serotonin transporter genotype moderated the relationship between 5-HIAA and daytime sleep: in subjects possessing the Ls genotype, there was a positive correlation between 5-HIAA and daytime sleep, whereas in subjects possessing the LL genotype there was no association. These results highlight the pivotal roles that parents and the serotonin system play in sleep development. Daytime sleep alterations observed in neglected infants may partially derive from serotonin system dysregulation.

Keywords

development5-hydroxyindoleacetic acidinfant sleepmaternal neglectserotonin transporter gene
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 32 , Issue 1 , February 2020 , pp. 1 - 10
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

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Footnotes

*

A.B. and E.K.W. are equal contributors.

†

D.B.K., S.J.S., and J.D.H. are equal contributors.

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