Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T11:07:33.680Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Maternal and paternal unsupportive parenting and children's externalizing symptoms: The mediational role of children's attention biases to negative emotion

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 May 2021

Patrick T. Davies Open the ORCID record for Patrick T. Davies [Opens in a new window] ,
Morgan J. Thompson Open the ORCID record for Morgan J. Thompson [Opens in a new window] ,
Jesse L. Coe Open the ORCID record for Jesse L. Coe [Opens in a new window]  and
Melissa L. Sturge-Apple Open the ORCID record for Melissa L. Sturge-Apple [Opens in a new window]
Patrick T. Davies*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, USA
Morgan J. Thompson
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, USA
Jesse L. Coe
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, USA
Melissa L. Sturge-Apple
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, USA
*
Author for Correspondence: Patrick Davies, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 270266, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14627; Email: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This study examined children's duration of attention to negative emotions (i.e., anger, sadness, fear) as a mediator of associations among maternal and paternal unsupportive parenting and children's externalizing symptoms in a sample of 240 mothers, fathers, and their preschool children (Mage = 4.64 years). The multimethod, multi-informant design consisted of three annual measurement occasions. Analysis of maternal and paternal unsupportive parenting as predictors in latent difference changes in children's affect-biased attention and behavior problems indicated that children's attention to negative emotions mediated the specific association between maternal unsupportive parenting and children's subsequent increases in externalizing symptoms. Maternal unsupportive parenting at Wave 1 predicted decreases in children's attention to negative facial expressions of adults from Wave 1 to 2. Reductions in children's attention to negative emotion, in turn, predicted increases in their externalizing symptoms from Wave 1 to 3. Additional tests of children's fearful distress and hostile responses to parental conflict as explanatory mechanisms revealed that increases in children's fearful distress reactivity from Wave 1 to 2 accounted for the association between maternal unsupportive parenting and concomitant decreases in their attention to negative emotions. Results are discussed in the context of information processing models of family adversity and developmental psychopathology.

Keywords

child attention biaseschild externalizing problemsemotion processingunsupportive parenting
Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 34 , Issue 4 , October 2022 , pp. 1412 - 1428
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ablow, J. C., Measelle, J. R., Kraemer, H. C., Harrington, R., Luby, J., Smider, N., … Kupfer, D. J. (1999). The MacArthur three-city outcome study: Evaluating multi-informant measures of young children's symptomatology. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent. Psychiatry, 38, 1580–1590. doi:10.1097/00004583-199912000-00020CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aktar, E., Mandell, D. J., de Vente, W., Majdandžić, M., Oort, F. J., van Renswoude, D. R., … Bögels, S. M. (2018). Parental negative emotions are related to behavioral and pupillary correlates of infants’ attention to facial expressions of emotion. Infant Behavior & Development, 53, 101–111. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2018.07.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altenburger, L. E., Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., & Kamp Dush, C. M. (2018). Associations between maternal gatekeeping and fathers’ parenting quality. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27, 2678–2689. doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1107-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arbuckle, J. L. (2017). AMOS (version 25.0) [computer program]. Chicago, IL: IBM SPSS.Google Scholar
Armstrong, T., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012). Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: A meta-analytic review and synthesis. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 704–723. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bassett, H. H., Denham, S., Mincic, M., & Graling, K. (2012). The structure of preschoolers’ emotion knowledge: Model equivalence and validity using a structural equation modeling approach. Early Education & Development, 23, 259–279. doi:10.1080/10409289.2012.630825CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, R. J. R. (2013). The neurobiology of psychopathic traits in youths. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14, 786–799. doi:10.1038/nrn3577CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, C., Granger, D. A., Willoughby, M., Mills-Koonce, R., Cox, M., Greenberg, M. T., … FLP Investigators. (2011). Salivary cortisol mediates effects of poverty and parenting on executive functions in early childhood. Child Development, 82, 1970–1984. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01643.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, R. J. R., & Zhang, R. (2020). Recent neuro-imaging findings with respect to conduct disorder, callous-unemotional traits and psychopathy. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 33, 45–50. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000559CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bretherton, I., & Munholland, K. A. (1999). Internal working models in attachment relationships: A construct revisited. In Cassidy, J. & Shaver, P. R. (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 89–114). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Pollak, S. D., Grasso, D., Voss, J., Mian, N. D., Zobel, E., … Pine, D. S. (2015). Attention bias and anxiety in young children exposed to family violence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56, 1194–1201. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12397CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cabrera, N. J., Shannon, J. D., & Tamis-LeMonda, C. (2007). Fathers’ influence on their children's cognitive and emotional development: From toddlers to pre-K. Applied Developmental Science, 11, 208–213. doi:10.1080/10888690701762100CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabrera, N. J., Volling, B. L., & Barr, R. (2018). Fathers are parents, too! widening the lens on parenting for children's development. Child Development Perspectives, 12, 152–157. doi:10.1111/cdep.12275CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, S. B. (2006). Maladjustment in preschool children: A developmental psychopathology perspective. In McCartney, K. & Phillips, D. (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of early childhood development (pp. 358–377). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, S. B., Denham, S. A., Howarth, G. Z., Jones, S. M., Whittaker, J. V., Williford, A. P., … Darling-Churchill, K. (2016). Commentary on the review of measures of early childhood social and emotional development: Conceptualization, critique, and recommendations. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 45, 19–41. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2016.01.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., (2016). Socioemotional, personality, and biological development: Illustrations from a multilevel developmental psychopathology perspective on child maltreatment. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 187–211. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033259CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, C., Prior, M., & Kinsella, G. (2002). The relationship between executive function abilities, adaptive behaviour, and academic achievement in children with externalising behaviour problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 785–796. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00084CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74–101. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, P. T., Coe, J. L., Hentges, R. L., Sturge-Apple, M. L., & Ripple, M. T.. (2018). Interparental hostility and children's externalizing symptoms: Attention to anger as a mediator. Developmental Psychology, 54(7), 1290–1303. doi:10.1037/dev0000520CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, P. T., Coe, J. L., Martin, M. J., Sturge-Apple, M., & Cummings, E. M. (2015). The developmental costs and benefits of children's involvement in interparental conflict. Developmental Psychology, 51(8), 1026–1047. doi:10.1037/dev0000024CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, P. T., Sturge-Apple, M. L., Winter, M. A., Cummings, E. M., & Farrell, D. (2006). Child adaptational development in contexts of interparental conflict over time. Child Development, 77, 218–233. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00866.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Del Giudice, M., Angeleri, R., & Manera, V. (2009). The juvenile transition: A developmental switch point in human life history. Developmental Review, 29, 1–31. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2008.09.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Giudice, M., & Belsky, J. (2011). The development of life history strategies: Toward a multi-stage theory. In Buss, D. M. & Hawley, P. H. (Eds.), The evolution of personality and individual differences (pp. 154–176). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Demmer, D. H., Puccio, F., Stokes, M. A., McGillivray, J. A., & Hooley, M. (2018). The influence of child gender on the prospective relationships between parenting and child ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46, 113–125. doi:10.1007/s10802-017-0284-7Google ScholarPubMed
Denham, S. A., Caverly, S., Schmidt, M., Blair, K., DeMulder, E., Caal, S., … Mason, T. (2002). Preschool understanding of emotions: Contributions to classroom anger and aggression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 901–916. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00139CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denham, S. A., Workman, E., Cole, P. M., Weissbrod, C., Kendziora, K. T., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2000). Prediction of externalizing behavior problems from early to middle childhood: The role of parental socialization and emotion expression. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 23–45. doi:10.1017/S0954579400001024CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dix, T., Gershoff, E. T., Meunier, L. N., & Miller, P. C. (2004). The affective structure of supportive parenting: Depressive symptoms, immediate emotions, and child-oriented motivation. Developmental Psychology, 40, 1212–1227. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1212CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodge, K. A. (2006). Translational science in action: Hostile attributional style and the development of aggressive behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 791–814. doi:10.1017/S0954579406060391CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodge, K. A., & Newman, J. P. (1981). Biased decision-making processes in aggressive boys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 375–379. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.90.4.375CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dykas, M. J., & Cassidy, J. (2011). Attachment and the processing of social information across the life span: Theory and evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 19–46. doi:10.1037/a0021367Google ScholarPubMed
Foster, E. M., Jones, D. E., & The Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2005). The high costs of aggression: Public expenditures resulting from conduct disorder. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 1767–1772. doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.061424CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fraley, C. R., & Brumbaugh, C. C. (2007). Adult attachment and preemptive defenses: Converging evidence on the role of defensive exclusion at the level of encoding. Journal of Personality, 75, 1033–1050. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00465.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibb, B. E., McGeary, J. E., & Beevers, C. G. (2016). Attentional biases to emotional stimuli: Key components of the RDoc constructs of sustained threat and loss. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 171, 65–80. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32383CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibb, B. E., Schofield, C. A., & Coles, M. E. (2009). Reported history of childhood abuse and young adults’ information-processing biases for facial displays of emotion. Child Maltreatment, 14, 148–156. doi:10.1177/1077559508326358CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordis, E. B., Margolin, G., & John, R. S. (2001). Parents’ hostility in dyadic marital and triadic family settings and children's behavior problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 727–734. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.69.4.727CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grall, T. (2020, May). Custodial mothers and fathers and their child support: 2017. Current Population Reports, P60-269, US Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2020/demo/p60-269.pdfGoogle Scholar
Grych, J. H. (2002). Marital relationships and parenting. In Bornstein, M. (Ed.), Handbook of parenting. (2nd ed., pp. 203–226). Mahwah, NY: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Guastella, A. J., Carson, D. S., Dadds, M. R., Mitchell, P. B., & Cox, R. E. (2009). Does oxytocin influence the early detection of angry and happy faces? Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 220–225. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.09.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gulley, L. D., Oppenheimer, C. W., & Hankin, B. L. (2014). Associations among negative parenting, attention bias to anger, and social anxiety among youth. Developmental Psychology, 50, 577–585. doi:10.1037/a0033624CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hankin, B. L., Snyder, H. R., & Gulley, L. (2016). Cognitive risks in developmental psychopathology. In Cecchetti, D. (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology. (3rd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 312–385). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Harms, M. B., Leitzke, B. T., & Pollak, S. D. (2019). Maltreatment and emotional development. In LoBue, V., Perez-Edgar, K. & Buss, K. A. (Eds.), Handbook of emotional development (pp. 767–786). New York, NY: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, A. J., & Gibb, B. E. (2015). Attentional biases in currently depressed children: An eye-tracking study of biases in sustained attention to emotional stimuli. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44, 1008–1014. doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.930688CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herbert, S. D., Harvey, E. A., Lugo-Candelas, C. I., & Breaux, R. P. (2013). Early fathering as a predictor of later psychosocial functioning among preschool children with behavior problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 691–703. doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9706-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hollingshead, A. B. (1975). Four factor index of social status. New Haven, CT: Yale University.Google Scholar
Horsley, T. M., de Castro, B. O., & van der Schoot, M. (2010). In the eye of the beholder: Eye-tracking assessment of social information processing in aggressive behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 587–599. doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9361-xGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jouriles, E. N., & Norwood, W. D. (1995). Physical aggression toward boys and girls in families characterized by the battering of women. Journal of Family Psychology, 9, 69–78. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.9.1.69CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawabata, Y., Alink, L. R. A., Tseng, W., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Crick, N. R. (2011). Maternal and paternal parenting styles associated with relational aggression in children and adolescents: A conceptual analysis and meta-analytic review. Developmental Review, 31, 240–278. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2011.08.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerns, K. A., Mathews, B. L., Koehn, A. J., Williams, C. T., & Siener-Ciesla, S. (2015). Assessing both safe haven and secure base support in parent-child relationships. Attachment & Human Development, 17, 337–353. doi:10.1080/14616734.2015.1042487CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koehn, A. J., & Kerns, K. A. (2018). Parent-child attachment: Meta-analysis of associations with parenting behaviors in middle childhood and adolescence. Attachment & Human Development, 20, 378–405. doi:10.1080/14616734.2017.1408131CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koss, K. J., & Gunnar, M. R. (2018). Annual research review: Early adversity, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, and child psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59, 327–346. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12784CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lansford, J. E. (2018). Social-cognitive development and aggression. In Malti, T. & Rubin, K. H. (Eds.), Handbook of child and adolescent aggression (pp. 145–164). New York, NY: Guilford.Google Scholar
Lemerise, E. A., & Arsenio, W. F. (2000). An integrated model of emotion processes and cognition in social information processing. Child Development, 71, 107–118. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00124CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindblom, J., Peltola, M. J., Vänskä, M., Hietanen, J. K., Laakso, A., Tiitinen, A., … Punamäki, R. (2017). Early family system types predict children's emotional attention biases at school age. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 41, 245–256. doi:10.1177/0165025415620856CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LoBue, V. (2009). More than just another face in the crowd: Superior detection of threatening facial expressions in children and adults. Developmental Science, 12, 305–313. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02081.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luby, J. L., Heffelfinger, A., Measelle, J. R., Ablow, J. C., Essex, M. J., Dierker, L., … Kupfer, D. J. (2002). Differential performance of the MacArthur HBQ and DISC-IV in identifying DSM-IV internalizing psychopathology in young children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 458–466. doi:10.1097/00004583-200204000-00019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luby, J. L., Mrakotsky, C., Heffelfinger, A., Brown, K., & Spitznagel, E. (2004). Characteristics of depressed preschoolers with and without anhedonia: Evidence for a melancholic depressive subtype in young children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1998–2004. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.1998CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lucassen, N., Tharner, A., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Volling, B. L., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. (2011). The association between paternal sensitivity and infant–father attachment security: A meta-analysis of three decades of research. Journal of Family Psychology, 25, 986–992. doi:10.1037/a0025855CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacKinnon, D. P., Fritz, M. S., Williams, J., & Lockwood, C. M. (2007). Distribution of the product confidence limits for the indirect effect: Program PRODCLIN. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 384–389. doi:10.3758/BF03193007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maxwell, S. E., & Cole, D. A. (2007). Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation. Psychological Methods, 12, 23–44. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.12.1.23CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McArdle, J. J. (2009). Latent variable modeling of differences and changes with longitudinal data. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 577–605. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163612CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McClure, E. B. (2000). A meta-analytic review of sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants, children, and adolescents. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 424–453. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.424CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCrory, E. J., Gerin, M. I., & Viding, E. (2017). Annual research review: Childhood maltreatment, latent vulnerability and the shift to preventative psychiatry - the contribution of functional brain imaging. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58, 338–357. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12713Google ScholarPubMed
McCrory, E. J., & Viding, E. (2015). The theory of latent vulnerability: Reconceptualizing the link between childhood maltreatment and psychiatric disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 27, 493–505. doi:10.1017/S0954579415000115CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melby, J. N., & Conger, R. D. (2001). The Iowa family interaction rating scales: Instrument summary. In Kerig, P. K. & Lindahl, K. M. (Eds.), Family observational coding systems: Resources for systemic research (pp. 33–58). Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Mazel.Google Scholar
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network. (2004). Fathers’ and mothers’ parenting behavior and beliefs as predictors of children's social adjustment in the transition to school. Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 628–638. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.18.4.628CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perez-Olivas, G., Stevenson, J., & Hadwin, J. A. (2008). Do anxiety-related attentional biases mediate the link between maternal over involvement and separation anxiety in children? Cognition and Emotion, 22, 509–521. doi:10.1080/02699930801886656CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pine, D. S., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Montgomery, L., Monk, C. S., McClure, E., … Kaufman, J. (2005). Attention bias to threat in maltreated children: Implications for vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 291–296. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.291CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinquart, M. (2017). Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: An updated meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 53, 873–932. doi:10.1037/dev0000295CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollak, S. D. (2003). Experience-dependent affective learning and risk for psychopathology in children. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1008, 102–111. doi:10.1196/annals.1301.011Google ScholarPubMed
Pollak, S. D., Cicchetti, D., Hornung, K., & Reed, A. (2000). Recognizing emotion in faces: Developmental effects of child abuse and neglect. Developmental Psychology, 36, 679–688. doi:10.1037//0012-1649.36.5.679CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollak, S. D., & Tolley-Schell, S. A. (2003). Selective attention to facial emotion in physically abused children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 323–338. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.112.3.323CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pozzi, E., Simmons, J. G., Bousman, C. A., Vijayakumar, N., Bray, K. O., Dandash, O., … Whittle, S. L. (2020). The influence of maternal parenting style on the neural correlates of emotion processing in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 59, 274–282. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.01.018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raver, C. C., Blair, C., Garrett-Peters, P., & Family Life Project Key Investigators. (2015). Poverty, household chaos, and interparental aggression predict children's ability to recognize and modulate negative emotions. Development and Psychopathology, 27, 695–708. doi:10.1017/S0954579414000935CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rivenbark, J. G., Odgers, C. L., Caspi, A., Harrington, H., Hogan, S., Houts, R. M., … Moffitt, T. E. (2018). The high societal costs of childhood conduct problems: Evidence from administrative records up to age 38 in a longitudinal birth cohort. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59, 703–710. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12850CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, A. J., & Rudolph, K. D. (2006). A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: Potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 98–131. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.98CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rothenberg, W. A., Lansford, J. E., Alampay, L. P., Al-Hassan, S. M., Bacchini, D., Bornstein, M. H., … Malone, P. S. (2020). Examining effects of mother and father warmth and control on child externalizing and internalizing problems from age 8 to 13 in nine countries. Development and Psychopathology, 32, 1113–1137. doi:10.1017/S0954579419001214CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Runions, K. C., & Keating, D. P. (2007). Young children's social information processing: Family antecedents and behavioral correlates. Developmental Psychology, 43, 838–849. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.838CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saxbe, D., Del Piero, L. B., Immordino-Yang, M. H., Kaplan, J. T., & Margolin, G. (2016). Neural mediators of the intergenerational transmission of family aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 28, 595–606. doi:10.1017/S0954579415000528CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schippell, P. L., Vasey, M. W., Cravens-Brown, L. M., & Bretveld, R. A. (2003). Suppressed attention to rejection, ridicule, and failure cues: A unique correlate of reactive but not proactive aggression in youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 40–55. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3201_05CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlomer, G. L., Bauman, S., & Card, N. A. (2010). Best practices for missing data management in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57, 1–10. doi:10.1037/a0018082CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., & Fagan, J. (2020). The evolution of fathering research in the 21st century: Persistent challenges, new directions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82, 175–197. doi:10.1111/jomf.12645CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoppe, S. J., Mangelsdorf, S. C., & Frosch, C. A. (2001). Coparenting, family process, and family structure: Implications for preschoolers’ externalizing behavior problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 526–545. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.15.3.526CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shackman, J. E., & Pollak, S. D. (2014). Impact of physical maltreatment on the regulation of negative affect and aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 26, 1021–1033. doi:10.1017/S0954579414000546CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shonkoff, J. P., & Phillips, D. (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early child development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Steenhoff, T., Tharner, A., & Væver, M. S. (2019). Mothers’ and fathers’ observed interaction with preschoolers: Similarities and differences in parenting behavior in a well-resourced sample. PLoS One, 14, e0221661. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221661CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevenson, M. M., Fabricius, W. V., Cookston, J. T., Parke, R. D., Coltrane, S., Braver, S. L., & Saenz, D. S. (2014). Marital problems, maternal gatekeeping attitudes, and father–child relationships in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 50, 1208–1218. doi:10.1037/a0035327CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Susman, E. J. (2006). Psychobiology of persistent antisocial behavior: Stress, early vulnerabilities and the attenuation hypothesis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 376–389. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.08.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, R. A. (2000). The legacy of early attachments. Child Development, 71, 145–152. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00128CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, R. A. (2008). Attachment-related mental representations: Introduction to the special issue. Attachment & Human Development: Attachment-Related Mental Representations, 10, 347–358. doi:10.1080/14616730802461334CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Todd, R. M., Cunningham, W. A., Anderson, A. K., & Thompson, E. (2012). Affect-biased attention as emotion regulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 365–372. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.06.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tottenham, N., Tanaka, J. W., Leon, A. C., McCarry, T., Nurse, M., Hare, T. A., … Nelson, C. (2009). The NimStim set of facial expressions: Judgments from untrained research participants. Psychiatry Research, 168, 242–249. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.05.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trentacosta, C. J., & Fine, S. E. (2010). Emotion knowledge, social competence, and behavior problems in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review. Social Development, 19, 1–29. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00543.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viding, E., & McCrory, E. J. (2018). Understanding the development of psychopathy: Progress and challenges. Psychological Medicine, 48, 566–577. doi:10.1017/S0033291717002847CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
von Salisch, M., Denham, S. A., & Koch, T. (2017). Emotion knowledge and attention problems in young children: A cross-lagged panel study on the direction of effects. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45, 45–56. doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0157-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warmuth, K. A., Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (2020). Constructive and destructive interparental conflict, problematic parenting practices, and children's symptoms of psychopathology. Journal of Family Psychology, 34, 301–311. doi:10.1037/fam00s0599CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmermann, P., & Iwanski, A. (2015). Attachment in middle childhood: Associations with information processing. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2015, 47–61. doi:10.1002/cad.20099CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed