Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T18:41:48.521Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The long-term effectiveness of the Family Check-Up on school-age conduct problems: Moderation by neighborhood deprivation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 December 2015

Daniel S. Shaw ,
Stephanie L. Sitnick ,
Lauretta M. Brennan ,
Daniel E. Choe ,
Thomas J. Dishion ,
Melvin N. Wilson  and
Frances Gardner
Daniel S. Shaw*
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh
Stephanie L. Sitnick
Affiliation:
Caldwell College
Lauretta M. Brennan
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh
Daniel E. Choe
Affiliation:
University of California at Davis
Thomas J. Dishion
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
Melvin N. Wilson
Affiliation:
University of Virginia
Frances Gardner
Affiliation:
University of Oxford
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Daniel S. Shaw, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 South Bouquet Street, 4101 Sennott Square, Pittsburgh PA 15260-0001; E-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Several studies suggest that neighborhood deprivation is a unique risk factor in child and adolescent development of problem behavior. We sought to examine whether previously established intervention effects of the Family Check-Up (FCU) on child conduct problems at age 7.5 would persist through age 9.5, and whether neighborhood deprivation would moderate these effects. In addition, we examined whether improvements in parent–child interaction during early childhood associated with the FCU would be related to later reductions in child aggression among families living in the highest risk neighborhoods. Using a multisite cohort of at-risk children identified on the basis of family, child, and socioeconomic risk and randomly assigned to the FCU, intervention effects were found to be moderated by neighborhood deprivation, such that they were only directly present for those living at moderate versus extreme levels of neighborhood deprivation. In addition, improvements in child aggression were evident for children living in extreme neighborhood deprivation when parents improved the quality of their parent–child interaction during the toddler period (i.e., moderated mediation). Implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the possibilities and possible limitations in prevention of early problem behavior for those children living in extreme and moderate levels of poverty.

Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 28 , Special Issue 4pt2: Epigenetics: Development, Psychopathology, Resilience, and Preventive Intervention , November 2016 , pp. 1471 - 1486
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4–18, YSR, and TRF profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forms & Profiles: Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 6–18, Teacher's Report Form, & Youth Self-Report. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth & Families.Google Scholar
Arditti, J., Burton, L., & Neeves-Botelho, S. (2010). Maternal distress and parenting in the context of cumulative disadvantage. Family Process, 49, 142–164.Google Scholar
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246.Google Scholar
Beyers, J. M., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Dodge, K. A. (2003). Neighborhood structure, parenting processes, and the development of youths’ externalizing behaviors: A multilevel analysis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 35–53.Google Scholar
Brennan, L. M., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2014). The predictive utility of early childhood disruptive behaviors for school-age social functioning. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Brennan, L. M., Shelleby, E., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Gardner, F., & Wilson, M. N. (2013). Improvements in early positive parenting linked to children's school-age achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105, 762–773.Google Scholar
Brody, G. H., Murry, V. M. B., Kim, S., & Brown, A. C. (2002). Longitudinal pathways to competence and psychological adjustment among African American children living in rural single-parent households. Child Development, 73, 1505–1516.Google Scholar
Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G. J., & Aber, J. L. (1997). Lessons learned in future directions for research on the neighborhoods in which children live. In Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G. J., & Aber, J. L. (Eds.), Neighborhood poverty: Vol 1. Context and consequences for children (pp. 279–297). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Browne, W. M., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Bollen, K. A. & Long, J. S. (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Burton, L. M. (2007). Childhood adultification in economically disadvantaged families: A conceptual model. Family Relations, 56, 329–345.Google Scholar
Campbell, S. B., Spieker, S., Burchinal, M. R., Poe, M. D., & the NICHD ECCRN. (2006). Trajectories of aggression from toddlerhood to age 9 predict academic and social functioning through age 12. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 791–800.Google Scholar
Chazan-Cohen, R., Raikes, H., Brooks-Gunn, J., Ayoub, C., Pan, B. A., Kisker, E. E., et al. (2009). Low-income children's school readiness: Parent contributions over the first five years. Early Education and Development, 20, 958–977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choe, D., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2014). Neighborhood poverty in early childhood and children's school-age conduct problems: A latent class growth analysis of neighborhood deprivation. Manuscript under review.Google Scholar
Coley, R. L., Morris, J. E., & Hernandez, D. (2004). Out-of-school care and problem behavior trajectories among low-income adolescents: Individual, family, and neighborhood characteristics as added risks. Child Development, 75, 948–965.Google Scholar
Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2002). Predictor variables associated with positive fast track outcomes at the end of third grade. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 37–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., Elder, G. H. Jr., Lorenz, F. O., Simons, R. L., & Whitbeck, L. B. (1992). A family process model of economic hardship and adjustment of early adolescent boys. Child Development, 63, 526–541.Google Scholar
Conger, R. D., & Donnellan, M. B. (2007). An interactionist perspective on the socioeconomic context of human development. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 175–199.Google Scholar
Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H. (1994). Families in troubled times: Adapting to change in rural America. New York: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Conger, R. D., Ge, X., Elder, G. H., Lorenz, F. O., & Simons, R. L. (1994). Economic stress, coercive family process, and developmental problems of adolescents. Child Development, 65, 541–561.Google Scholar
Connell, A., Bullock, B. M., Dishion, T. J., Shaw, D., Wilson, M., & Gardner, F. (2008). Family intervention effects on co-occurring behavior and emotional problems in early childhood: A latent transition analysis approach. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1211–1225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Currie, J., & Lin, W. (2007). Chipping away at health: More on the relationship between income and child health. Health Affairs, 26, 331–344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dictionary.com. (2014). American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/influence Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., Brennan, L. M., McEachern, A., Shaw, D. S., Wilson, M. N., & Weaver, C. M. (2014). The prevention of early onset problem behavior through periodic family check ups in early childhood: A health maintenance model with indigent, high-risk families. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42, 343–354.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., Forgatch, M. S., Van Ryzin, M. J., & Winter, C. (2012). The nonlinear dynamics of family problem solving in adolescence: The predictive validity of a peaceful resolution attractor. Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences, 16, 331–352.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., & Kavanagh, K. (2003). Intervening with adolescent problem behavior: A family-centered approach. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., & Patterson, G. R. (in press). The development and ecology of problem behavior: Linking etiology, prevention, and treatment. In Cicchetti, D. (Ed.), Handbook for developmental psychopathology.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., Shaw, D. S., Connell, A., Wilson, M. N., Gardner, F., & Weaver, C. (2008). The Family Check Up with high-risk families with toddlers: Outcomes on positive parenting and early problem behavior. Child Development, 79, 1395–1414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dishion, T. J., & Stormshak, E. (2007). Intervening in children's lives: An ecological, family-centered approach to mental health care. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., Stormshak, E. A., & Kavanagh, K. (2011). Everyday parenting: A professional's guide to building family management skills. Champaign, IL: Research Press.Google Scholar
Duncan, G. J., Kalil, A., & Ziol-Guest, K. (2008). The economic costs of early childhood poverty: Working paper #4. Washington, DC: Partnership for America's Economic Success.Google Scholar
Evans, G. W. (2004). The environment of childhood poverty. American Psychologist, 59, 77–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, G. W. (2006). Child development and the physical environment. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 423–451.Google Scholar
Farrington, D. P. (1994). The development of offending and antisocial behaviour from childhood: Key findings from the Cambridge study in delinquent development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 929–964.Google Scholar
Forgatch, M. S., & Patterson, G. R. (2010). Parent management training—Oregon model: An intervention for antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. In Weisz, J. R. & Kazdin, A. E. (Eds.), Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (pp. 159–178). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Furstenberg, F. F. (1993). How families manage risk and opportunity in dangerous neighborhoods. In Wilson, W. J. (Ed.), Sociology and the public agenda (pp. 231–258). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Gardner, F., Connell, A., Trentacosta, C. J., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2009). Moderators of outcome in a brief family-centered intervention for preventing early problem behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 543–553.Google Scholar
Gardner, F., Hutchings, J., Bywater, T., & Whitaker, C. (2010). Who benefits and how does it work? Moderators of outcome in an effectiveness trial of a parenting intervention. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39, 568–580.Google Scholar
Gardner, F., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Supplee, L. A., & Burton, J. (2007). Family-centered approach to prevention of early conduct problems: Positive parenting as a contributor to change in toddler problem behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 398–406.Google Scholar
Hinshaw, S. P. (2002). Prevention/intervention trials and developmental theory: Commentary on the Fast Track Special Section. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 53–59.Google Scholar
Ingoldsby, E., & Shaw, D. S. (2002). Neighborhood contextual factors and the onset and progression of early-starting antisocial pathways. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5, 21–55.Google Scholar
Ingoldsby, E., Shaw, D. S., Winslow, E., Schonberg, M., Gilliom, M., & Criss, M. (2006). Neighborhood disadvantage, parent-child conflict, neighborhood peer relationships, and early antisocial behavior problem trajectories. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 303–319.Google Scholar
Kazdin, A. E. (2002). Psychosocial treatments for conduct disorder in children and adolescents. A Guide to Treatments That Work, 2, 57–85.Google Scholar
Kohen, D. E., Brooks-Gunn, J., Leventhal, T., & Hertzman, C. (2002). Neighborhood income and physical and social disorder in Canada: Associations with young children's competencies. Child Development, 73, 1844–1860.Google Scholar
Leijten, P., Shaw, D. S., Gardner, F., Wilson, M. N., Raaijmakers, M. A. J., de Castro, B. O., et al. (2015). The Family Check-Up and service use in high-risk families of young children: A prevention strategy with a bridge to community-based treatment. Prevention Science, 16, 397–406.Google Scholar
Leventhal, T., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2000). The neighborhoods they live in: The effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent outcomes. Psychological Bulletin, 26, 309–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2004). The Coping Power program for preadolescent aggressive boys and their parents: Outcome effects at the one-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 571–578.Google Scholar
Lochman, J. E., Wells, K. C., Qui, L., & Chen, L. (2013). Three year follow-up of Coping Power Intervention effects: Evidence of neighborhood moderation. Prevention Science, 14, 364–376.Google Scholar
Loeber, R., & Dishion, T. J. (1983). Early predictors of male delinquency: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 68–99.Google Scholar
Lundahl, B., Risser, H. J., & Lovejoy, M. C. (2006). A meta-analysis of parent training: Moderators and follow-up effects. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 86–104.Google Scholar
Lunkenheimer, E. S., Dishion, T. J., Shaw, D. S., Connell, A., Gardner, F., Wilson, M. N., et al. (2008). Collateral benefits of the Family Check-Up on early childhood school readiness: Indirect effects of parents’ positive behavior support. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1737–1752.Google Scholar
Maccoby, E. E. (1992). The role of parents in the socialization of children: An historical overview. Developmental Psychology, 28, 1006–1017.Google Scholar
Magnuson, K. A., & Votruba-Drzal, E. (2009). Enduring influences of childhood poverty. In Cancian, M. & Danziger, S. (Eds.), Changing poverty, changing policies (pp. 153–179). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Makosky, V. P. (1982). Sources of stress: Events or conditions? In Belle, D. (Ed.), Lives in stress: Women and depression (pp. 35–53). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
McEachern, A. D., Fosco, G. M., Dishion, T. J., Shaw, D. S., Wilson, M. N., & Gardner, F. (in press). Collateral benefits of the Family Check-Up in early childhood on caregiver's social support and relationship satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology.Google Scholar
McLeod, J. D., & Shanahan, M. J. (1993). Poverty, parenting, and children's mental health. American Sociological Review, 58, 351–366.Google Scholar
McLoyd, V. (2011). How money matters for children's socioemotional adjustment: Family processes and parental investment. In Carlo, G., Crockett, L., & Caranza, M. (Eds.), Motivation and health: Addressing youth health disparities in the twenty-first century (pp. 33–72). Edited volume based on 57th Annual Nebraska Symposium on motivation. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
McLoyd, V. C., Jayaratne, T. E., Ceballo, R., & Borquez, J. (1994). Unemployment and work interruption among African American single mothers: Effects on parenting and adolescent socioemotional functioning. Child Development, 65, 562–589.Google Scholar
McNeil, C. B., Eyberg, S. M., & Eisenstadt, T. H. (1991). Parent-child interaction therapy with behavior problem children: Generalization of treatment effects to the school setting. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20, 140–151.Google Scholar
Messer, L. C., Laraia, B. A., Kaufman, J. S., Eyster, J., Holzman, C., Culhane, J., et al. (2006). The development of a standardized neighborhood deprivation index. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 83, 1041–1062. doi:10.1007/s11524-006-9094-x Google Scholar
Miller, P., Votruba-Drzal, E., & Setodji, C. M. (2013). Family income and early achievement across the urban-rural continuum. Developmental Psychology, 49, 1452–1465.Google Scholar
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mistry, R. S., Vandewater, E. A., Huston, A. C., & McLoyd, V. C. (2002). Economic well-being and children's social adjustment: The role of family process in an ethnically diverse low-income sample. Child Develoment, 73, 935–951.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Life-course-persistent and adolescent-limited antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674–701.Google Scholar
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2012). Mplus (Version 6.12) [Computer software]. Los Angeles: Author.Google Scholar
Noldus Information Technology. (2012). The Observer XT reference manual 11.0. Wageningen, the Netherlands: Author.Google Scholar
Olds, D. (2002). Prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses: From randomized trials to community replication. Prevention Science, 3, 153–172.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., & Dishion, T. J. (1992). Antisocial boys: A social international approach. Eugene, OR: Castalia.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R., & Yoerger, K. (1993). Developmental models for delinquent behavior. In Hodgins, S. (Ed.), Crime and mental disorder (pp. 140–172). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Peterson, J., Winter, C, Jabson, J. M., & Dishion, T. D. (2008). Relationship Affect Coding System. Unpublished manuscript, University of Oregon, Child and Family Center.Google Scholar
Piquero, A. R., Farrington, D. P., Welsh, B. C., Tremblay, R., & Jennings, W. G. (2009). Effects of early family/parent training programs on antisocial behavior and delinquency. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 5, 83–120.Google Scholar
Reyno, S. M., & McGrath, P. J. (2006). Predictors of parent training efficacy for child externalizing behavior problems—A meta analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 99–111.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J. (1993). The community context of violent crime. In Wilson, W. J. (Ed.), Sociology and the public agenda (pp. 259–286). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J. (2001). How do communities undergird or undermine human development? Relevant contexts and social mechanisms. In Crouter, A. C. & Booth, A. (Eds.), Does it take a village? Community effects on children, adolescents, and families (pp. 3–30). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J., & Morenoff, J. D. (2004). Durable inequality: Apatial dynamics, social processes, and the persistence of poverty in Chicago neighborhoods. In Bowles, S., Durlauf, S., & Hoff, K. (Eds.), Poverty traps. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Seidman, E., Yoshikawa, H., Roberts, A., Chesir-Teran, D., Allen, L., Friedman, J. L., et al. (1998). Structural and experiential neighborhood contexts, developmental stage, and AB among urban adolescents in poverty. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 259–281.Google Scholar
Shaw, D. S. (2013). Future directions for research on the development and prevention of early conduct problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42, 418–428.Google Scholar
Shaw, D. S., Criss, M., Schonberg, M., & Beck, J. (2004). Hierarchies and pathways leading to school-age conduct problems. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 483–500.Google Scholar
Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Connell, A., Wilson, M. N., & Gardner, F. (2009). Improvements in maternal depression as a mediator of intervention effects on early child problem behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 417–439.Google Scholar
Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Supplee, L. H., Gardner, F., & Arnds, K. (2006). A family-centered approach to the prevention of early-onset antisocial behavior: Two-year effects of the Family Check-Up in early childhood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 1–9.Google Scholar
Shaw, D. S., & Shelleby, E. C. (2014). Early-onset conduct problems: Intersection of conduct problems and poverty. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 503–528.Google Scholar
Shelleby, E. C., & Shaw, D. S. (in press). Outcomes of parenting interventions for child conduct problems: A review of differential effectiveness. Child Psychiatry and Human Development.Google Scholar
Shonkoff, J. P., & Phillips, D. A. (2002). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 625–626.Google Scholar
Sitnick, S. L., Shaw, D. S., Gill, A., Dishion, T., Winter, C., Waller, R., et al. (in press). Parenting and the Family Check-Up: Developments and changes in observed parent-child interaction during early childhood. Journal Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology.Google Scholar
Smith, J. D., Dishion, T. J., Shaw, D. S., & Wilson, M. N. (2013). Indirect effects of fidelity to the Family Check-Up on changes in parenting and early childhood problem behaviors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81, 962–974.Google Scholar
Supplee, L. H., Unikel, E., & Shaw, D. S. (2007). Physical environmental adversity and the protective role of maternal monitoring in relation to early child conduct problems. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28, 166–183.Google Scholar
Verhulst, F. C., Koot, H. M., & Van der Ende, J. (1994). Differential predictive value of parents’ and teachers’ reports of children's problem behaviors: A longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22, 531–546.Google Scholar
Vernon-Feagans, L., Gallagher, K., & Kainz, K. (2008). The transition to school in rural America: A focus on literacy. In Meece, J. & Eccles, J. (Eds.), Handbook of research on schools, schooling, and human development. New York: Routledge, Taylor, & Associates.Google Scholar
Weaver, C., Shaw, D. S., Crossan, J., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (in press). Parent-child conflict and early childhood adjustment in two-parent low-income families: Parallel developmental processes. Child Psychiatry and Human Development.Google Scholar
Weaver, C., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2015). Pathways from marital quality in early childhood to maternal depression and children's school-age problem behavior. Manuscript in preparation.Google Scholar
Webster-Stratton, C. (1990). Long-term follow-up of families with young conduct problem children: From preschool to grade school. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 144–149.Google Scholar
Webster-Stratton, C., & Hammond, M. (1997). Treating children with early-onset conduct problems: A comparison of child and parent training interventions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 93–109.Google Scholar
Wikstrom, P. H., & Loeber, R. (1999). Do disadvantaged neighborhoods cause well-adjusted children to become adolescent delinquents? A study of male juvenile serious offending, individiaul risk and protective factors, and neighborhood context. Unpublished manuscript, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Clinic & Institute.Google Scholar
Xue, Y., Leventhal, T., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Earls, F. J. (2005). Neighborhood residence and mental health problems of 5- to 11-year-olds. Achives of General Psychiatry, 62, 554–563.Google Scholar
Yeung, W. J., Linver, M. R., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2002). How money matters for young children's development: Parental investment and family processes. Child Development, 73, 1861–1879.Google Scholar
Yoshikawa, H., Aber, J. L., & Beardslee, W. R. (2012). The effects of poverty on mental, emotional, and behavioral health of children and youth. American Psychologist, 67, 272–284.Google Scholar