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The interplay of birth weight, dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4), and early maternal care in the prediction of disorganized attachment at 36 months of age

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 October 2015

Ashley Wazana ,
Ellen Moss ,
Alexis Jolicoeur-Martineau ,
Justin Graffi ,
Gal Tsabari ,
Vanessa Lecompte ,
Katherine Pascuzzo ,
Vanessa Babineau ,
Cathryn Gordon-Green  and
Viara Mileva
...Show all authors
Ashley Wazana*
Affiliation:
McGill University, Montreal Jewish General Hospital, Montreal
Ellen Moss
Affiliation:
University of Quebec at Montreal
Alexis Jolicoeur-Martineau
Affiliation:
McGill University, Montreal
Justin Graffi
Affiliation:
McGill University, Montreal
Gal Tsabari
Affiliation:
Hebrew University
Vanessa Lecompte
Affiliation:
University of Quebec at Montreal
Katherine Pascuzzo
Affiliation:
McGill University, Montreal
Vanessa Babineau
Affiliation:
McGill University, Montreal
Cathryn Gordon-Green
Affiliation:
McGill University, Montreal
Viara Mileva
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Leslie Atkinson
Affiliation:
Ryerson University
Klaus Minde
Affiliation:
McGill University, Montreal
André Anne Bouvette-Turcot
Affiliation:
University of Montreal and CHU Sainte-Justine
Roberto Sassi
Affiliation:
McMaster University and St.-Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton
Martin St.-André
Affiliation:
University of Montreal and CHU Sainte-Justine
Normand Carrey
Affiliation:
Dalhousie University
Stephen Matthews
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Marla Sokolowski
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
John Lydon
Affiliation:
McGill University, Montreal
Helene Gaudreau
Affiliation:
Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health and Douglas Mental Health University Institute
Meir Steiner
Affiliation:
McMaster University and St.-Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton
James L. Kennedy
Affiliation:
University of Toronto Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
Alison Fleming
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Robert Levitan
Affiliation:
University of Toronto Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
Michael J. Meaney
Affiliation:
McGill University, Montreal Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health and Douglas Mental Health University Institute
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Ashley Wazana, Centre for Child Development and Mental Health, Jewish General Hospital, 4335 Cote Sainte Catherine Road, Montreal, QC H3T 1E4, Canada; E-mail: [email protected].
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Abstract

Disorganized attachment is an important early risk factor for socioemotional problems throughout childhood and into adulthood. Prevailing models of the etiology of disorganized attachment emphasize the role of highly dysfunctional parenting, to the exclusion of complex models examining the interplay of child and parental factors. Decades of research have established that extreme child birth weight may have long-term effects on developmental processes. These effects are typically negative, but this is not always the case. Recent studies have also identified the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) as a moderator of childrearing effects on the development of disorganized attachment. However, there are inconsistent findings concerning which variant of the polymorphism (seven-repeat long-form allele or non–seven-repeat short-form allele) is most likely to interact with caregiving in predicting disorganized versus organized attachment. In this study, we examined possible two- and three-way interactions and child DRD4 polymorphisms and birth weight and maternal caregiving at age 6 months in longitudinally predicting attachment disorganization at 36 months. Our sample is from the Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment project, a sample of 650 mother–child dyads. Birth weight was cross-referenced with normative data to calculate birth weight percentile. Infant DRD4 was obtained with buccal swabs and categorized according to the presence of the putative allele seven repeat. Macroanalytic and microanalytic measures of maternal behavior were extracted from a videotaped session of 20 min of nonfeeding interaction followed by a 10-min divided attention maternal task at 6 months. Attachment was assessed at 36 months using the Strange Situation procedure, and categorized into disorganized attachment and others. The results indicated that a main effect for DRD4 and a two-way interaction of birth weight and 6-month maternal attention (frequency of maternal looking away behavior) and sensitivity predicted disorganized attachment in robust logistic regression models adjusted for social demographic covariates. Specifically, children in the midrange of birth weight were more likely to develop a disorganized attachment when exposed to less attentive maternal care. However, the association reversed with extreme birth weight (low and high). The DRD4 seven-repeat allele was associated with less disorganized attachment (protective), while non–seven-repeat children were more likely to be classified as disorganized attachment. The implications for understanding inconsistencies in the literature about which DRD4 genotype is the risk direction are also considered. Suggestions for intervention with families with infants at different levels of biological risk and caregiving risk are also discussed.

Type
Special Section Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 27 , Issue 4pt1 , November 2015 , pp. 1145 - 1161
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

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