Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T04:47:30.942Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Instantiating the multiple levels of analysis perspective in a program of study on externalizing behavior

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 July 2012

Theodore P. Beauchaine  and
Lisa M. Gatzke-Kopp
Theodore P. Beauchaine*
Affiliation:
Washington State University
Lisa M. Gatzke-Kopp
Affiliation:
Pennsylvania State University
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Theodore P. Beauchaine, Department of Psychology, Washington State University, PO Box 644820, Pullman, WA 99164; E-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

During the last quarter century, developmental psychopathology has become increasingly inclusive and now spans disciplines ranging from psychiatric genetics to primary prevention. As a result, developmental psychopathologists have extended traditional diathesis–stress and transactional models to include causal processes at and across all relevant levels of analysis. Such research is embodied in what is known as the multiple levels of analysis perspective. We describe how multiple levels of analysis research has informed our current thinking about antisocial and borderline personality development among trait impulsive and therefore vulnerable individuals. Our approach extends the multiple levels of analysis perspective beyond simple Biology × Environment interactions by evaluating impulsivity across physiological systems (genetic, autonomic, hormonal, neural), psychological constructs (social, affective, motivational), developmental epochs (preschool, middle childhood, adolescence, adulthood), sexes (male, female), and methods of inquiry (self-report, informant report, treatment outcome, cardiovascular, electrophysiological, neuroimaging). By conducting our research using any and all available methods across these levels of analysis, we have arrived at a developmental model of trait impulsivity that we believe confers a greater understanding of this highly heritable trait and captures at least some heterogeneity in key behavioral outcomes, including delinquency and suicide.

Type
Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 24 , Issue 3: Multilevel Approaches Toward Understanding Antisocial Behavior: Current Research and Future Directions , August 2012 , pp. 1003 - 1018
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. (1974). Developmental psychopathology. New York: Ronald Press.Google Scholar
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4–18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Ahs, F., Sollers, J. J. III, Furmark, T., Fredrikson, M., & Thayer, J. F. (2009). High-frequency heart rate variability and cortico-striatal activity in men and women with social phobia. NeuroImage, 47, 815–820.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ainslie, G. (1975). Specious reward: A behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 463–496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Asmundson, G. J., & Stein, M. B. (1994). Vagal attenuation in panic disorder: An assessment of parasympathetic nervous system function and subjective reactivity to respiratory manipulations. Psychosomatic Medicine, 56, 187–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Avila, C., Cuenca, I., Félix, V., Parcet, M. A., & Miranda, A. (2004). Measuring impulsivity in school-aged boys and examining its relationship with ADHD and ODD ratings. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32, 295–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P. (2001). Vagal tone, development, and Gray's motivational theory: Toward an integrated model of autonomic nervous system functioning in psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 183–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P. (2009). The role of biomarkers and endophenotypes in prevention and treatment of psychopathological disorders. Biomarkers in Medicine, 3, 1–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P. (2012). Physiological markers of emotional and behavioral dysregulation in externalizing psychopathology. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 77, 79–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., Gartner, J., & Hagen, B. (2000). Comorbid depression and heart rate variability as predictors of aggressive and hyperactive symptom responsiveness during inpatient treatment of conduct-disordered, ADHD boys. Aggressive Behavior, 26, 425–441.Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., Gatzke-Kopp, L., & Mead, H. K. (2007). Polyvagal theory and developmental psychopathology: Emotion dysregulation and conduct problems from preschool to adolescence. Biological Psychology, 74, 174–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., Hinshaw, S. P., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. M. (2008). Genetic and environmental influences on behavior. In Beauchaine, T. P. & Hinshaw, S. P. (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychopathology (pp. 129–156). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., Hinshaw, S. P., & Pang, K. (2010). Comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and early-onset conduct disorder: Biological, environmental, and developmental mechanisms. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17, 327–336.Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., Hong, J., & Marsh, P. (2008). Sex differences in autonomic correlates of conduct problems and aggression. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 788–796.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., Katkin, E. S., Strassberg, Z., & Snarr, J. (2001). Disinhibitory psychopathology in male adolescents: Discriminating conduct disorder from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder through concurrent assessment of multiple autonomic states. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 610–624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., Klein, D. N., Crowell, S. E., Derbidge, C., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. M. (2009). Multifinality in the development of personality disorders: A Biology × Sex × Environment model of antisocial and borderline traits. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 735–770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., & Marsh, P. (2006). Taxometric methods: Enhancing early detection and prevention of psychopathology by identifying latent vulnerability traits. In Cicchetti, D. & Cohen, D. J. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 931–967). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., & Neuhaus, E. (2008). Impulsivity and vulnerability to psychopathology. In Beauchaine, T. P. & Hinshaw, S. P. (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychopathology (pp. 129–156). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., Neuhaus, E., Brenner, S. L., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. (2008). Ten good reasons to consider biological processes in prevention and intervention research. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 745–774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., Neuhaus, E., Zalewski, M., Crowell, S. E., & Potapova, N. (2011). The effects of allostatic load on neural systems subserving motivation, mood regulation, and social affiliation. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 975–999.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., Webster-Stratton, C., & Reid, M. J. (2005). Mediators, moderators, and predictors of one-year outcomes among children treated for early-onset conduct problems: A latent growth curve analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 371–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, D. F., McGlashan, T. H., & Grilo, C. M. (2006). Exploratory factor analysis of borderline personality disorder criteria in hospitalized adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47, 99–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bleuler, M. (1963). Conception of schizophrenia within the last fifty years and today. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 56, 945–952.Google ScholarPubMed
Brenner, S. L., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2011). Cardiac pre-ejection period reactivity and psychiatric comorbidity prospectively predict substance use initiation among middle-schoolers: A pilot study. Psychophysiology, 48, 1587–1595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brenner, S. L., Beauchaine, T. P., & Sylvers, P. D. (2005). A comparison of psychophysiological and self-report measures of BAS and BIS activation. Psychophysiology, 42, 108–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bubier, J., & Drabick, D. A. (2008). Affective decision-making and externalizing behaviors: The role of autonomic activity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 941–953.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bubier, J. L., Drabick, D. A. G., & Breiner, T. (2009). Autonomic functioning moderates the relations between contextual factors and externalizing behaviors among inner-city children. Journal of Family Psychology, 23, 500–510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buckholtz, J. W., Callicott, J. H., Kolachana, B., Hariri, A. R., Goldberg, T. E., Genderson, M., et al. (2008). Genetic variation in MAOA modulates ventromedial prefrontal circuitry mediating individual differences in human personality. Molecular Psychiatry, 13, 313–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2007). Prison statistics. Retrieved June 24, 2008, from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/prisons.htmGoogle Scholar
Campbell, S. B., Shaw, D. S., & Gilliom, M. (2000). Early externalizing behavior problems: Toddlers and preschoolers at risk for later maladjustment. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 467–488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W., et al. (2002). Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science, 297, 851–854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D. (1984). The emergence of developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D. (1990). A historical perspective on the discipline of developmental psychopathology. In Rolf, J., Masten, A., Cicchetti, D., Nuechterlein, K., & Weintraub, S. (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 2–28). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D. (2008). A multiple-levels-of-analysis perspective on research in developmental psychopathology. In Beauchaine, T. P. & Hinshaw, S. P. (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychopathology (pp. 27–57). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Blender, J. A. (2004). A multiple-levels-of-analysis approach to the study of developmental processes in maltreated children. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, 17325–17326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Dawson, G. (Eds.). (2002). Multiple levels of analysis [Special Issue]. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 417–666.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Posner, M. (Eds.). (2005). Integrating cognitive and affective neuroscience and developmental psychopathology [Special Issue]. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 569–891.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (1998). The development of depression in children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 53, 221–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, P. M., & Hall, S. E. (2008). Emotion dysregulation as a risk factor for psychopathology. In Beauchaine, T. P. & Hinshaw, S. P. (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychopathology (pp. 265–300). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Cole, P. M., Martin, S. E., & Dennis, T. A. (2004). Emotion regulation as a scientific construct: Methodological challenges and directions for child development research. Child Development, 75, 317–333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connor, D. F. (2002). Preschool attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A review of prevalence, diagnosis, neurobiology, and stimulant treatment. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 23, S1–S9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conners, C. K., Sitarenios, G., Parker, J. D. A., & Epstein, J. N. (1998). The revised Conners’ Parent Rating Scale (CPRS–R): Factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 257–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowell, S., Beauchaine, T. P., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Sylvers, P., Mead, H., & Chipman-Chacon, J. (2006). Autonomic correlates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in preschool children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 174–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., Hsiao, R. C. J., Vasilev, C. A., Yaptangco, M., Linehan, M. M., et al. (2012). Differentiating adolescent self-injury from adolescent depression: Possible implications for borderline personality development. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 45–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., & Lenzenweger, M. F. (2008). The development of borderline personality disorder and self-injurious behavior. In Beauchaine, T. P. & Hinshaw, S. P. (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychopathology (pp. 510–539). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., & Linehan, M. (2009). The development of borderline personality: Extending Linehan's theory. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 495–510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowell, S., Beauchaine, T. P., McCauley, E., Smith, C., Stevens, A. L., & Sylvers, P. (2005). Psychological, autonomic, and serotonergic correlates of parasuicidal behavior in adolescent girls. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 1105–1127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., McCauley, M., Smith, C. J., Vasilev, C. A., & Stevens, A. L. (2008). Parent–child interactions, peripheral serotonin, and self-inflicted injury in adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 15–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., Potapova, N. V., McCauley, E., Fittleson, M., Barth, H., et al. (in press). Mechanisms of contextual risk for adolescent self injury: Emotion invalidation and conflict escalation in mother–child interactions. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology.Google Scholar
Dawson, G. (2008). Early behavioral intervention, brain plasticity, and the prevention of autism spectrum disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 775–803.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derbidge, C., Beauchaine, T. P., & Mead, H. K. (2011). Effects of externalizing parental risk factors on the development of autonomic response patterns in children. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Research in Psychopathology, Boston.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., McCord, J., & Poulin, F. (1999). When interventions harm. American Psychologist, 54, 755–764.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Durston, S. (2003). A review of the biological bases of ADHD: What have we learned from imaging studies? Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Reviews, 9, 184–195.Google ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, N., & Eggum, N. D. (2009). Empathic responding: Sympathy and personal distress. In Decety, J. & Ickes, W. (Eds.), The social neuroscience of empathy (pp. 71–84). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Sheikh, M. (2005). Does poor vagal tone exacerbate child maladjustment in the context of parental problem drinking? A longitudinal examination. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 735–741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El-Sheikh, M., Harger, J., & Whitson, S. M. (2001). Exposure to interparental conflict and children's adjustment and physical health: The moderating role of vagal tone. Child Development, 72, 1617–1636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El-Sheikh, M., Kouros, C. D., Erath, S., Keller, P., Cummings, E. M., & Staton, L. (2009). Marital conflict and children's externalizing behavior: Interactions between parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system activity. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 74(1, Serial No. 292).Google ScholarPubMed
Fryer, S. L., Crocker, N. A., & Mattson, S. N. (2008). Exposure to teratogenic agents. In Beauchaine, T. P. & Hinshaw, S. P. (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychopathology (pp. 180–207). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Gadow, K. D., & Sprafkin, J. (1997). Child symptom inventories norms manual. Stony Brook, NY: Checkmate Plus.Google Scholar
Gatzke-Kopp, L. M. (2011) The canary in the coal mine: The sensitivity of mesolimbic dopamine to environmental adversity during development. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 794–803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gatzke-Kopp, L., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2007a). Prenatal nicotine exposure and the development of conduct disorder: Direct and passive effects. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 38, 255–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gatzke-Kopp, L., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2007b). Central nervous system substrates of impulsivity: Implications for the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder. In Coch, D., Dawson, G. & Fischer, K. (Eds.), Human behavior, learning, and the developing brain: Atypical development (pp. 239–263). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Gatzke-Kopp, L. M., Beauchaine, T. P., Shannon, K. E., Chipman, J., Fleming, A. P., Crowell, S. E., et al. (2009). Neurological correlates of reward responding in adolescents with and without externalizing behavior disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 203–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gatzke-Kopp, L. M., Greenberg, M., Fortunato, C. K., & Coccia, M. A. (2012). Aggression as an equifinal outcome of distinct neurocognitive and neuroaffective processes. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 985–1002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gatzke-Kopp, L. M., Raine, A., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Steinhauer, S. R. (2004). Serious delinquent behavior, sensation seeking, and electrodermal arousal, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 477–486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gatzke-Kopp, L. M., & Shannon, K. E. (2008). Brain injury as a risk factor for psychopathology. In Beauchaine, T. P. & Hinshaw, S. P. (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychopathology (pp. 208–233). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Giancola, P. R., Peterson, J. B., & Pihl, R. O. (2006). Risk for alcoholism, antisocial behavior, and response perseveration. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, 423–428.3.0.CO;2-1>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, S. J., D'Angelo, E. J., & DeMaso, D. R. (1993). Psychopathology in the families of children and adolescents with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1832–1835.Google ScholarPubMed
Goldsmith, H. H., & Davidson, R. J. (2004). Disambiguating the components of emotion regulation. Child Development, 75, 361–365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldsmith, H. H., Pollak, S. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2008). Developmental neuroscience perspectives on emotion regulation. Child Development Perspectives, 2, 132–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottesman, I. I., & Shields, J. (1967). A polygenic theory of schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 58, 199–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottlieb, G. (1998). Normally occurring environmental and behavioral influences of gene activity: From central dogma to probabilistic epigenesis. Psychological Review, 105, 192–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2000) The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hastings, P. D., Nuselovici, J. N., Utendale, W. T., Coutya, J., McShane, K. E., & Sullivan, C. (2008). Applying the polyvagal theory to children's emotion regulation: Social context, socialization, and adjustment. Biological Psychology, 79, 229–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinshaw, S. P. (1994). Attention deficits and hyperactivity in children. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holroyd, C. B., & Coles, M. G. H. (2002). The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychological Review, 109, 679–709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hooper, C., Luciana, M., Conklin, H. M., & Yarger, R. (2004). Adolescents’ performance on the Iowa Gambling Task: Implications for the development of decision-making and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Developmental Psychology, 40, 1148–1158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen, P. S., Hinshaw, S. P., Kraemer, H. C., Lenora, N., Newcorn, J. H., Abikoff, H. B., et al. (2001). ADHD comorbidity findings from the MTA study: Comparing comorbid subgroups. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 147–158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katkin, E. S. (1965). Relationship between manifest anxiety and two indices of autonomic response to stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 324–333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katz, L. F., & Gottman, J. M. (1995). Vagal tone protects children from marital conflict. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 83–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krueger, R. F., Hicks, B., Patrick, C. J., Carlson, S. R., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2002). Etiologic connections among substance dependence, antisocial behavior, and personality: Modeling the externalizing spectrum. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 411–424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kupper, N., Willemsen, G., Posthuma, D., De Boer, D., Boomsma, D. I., & De Geus, E. J. C. (2005). A genetic analysis of ambulatory cardiorespiratory coupling. Psychophysiology, 42, 202–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kupper, N. H. M., Willemsen, G., van den Berg, M., de Boer, D., Posthuma, D., Boomsma, D. I., et al. (2004). Heritability of ambulatory heart rate variability. Circulation, 110, 2792–2796.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laakso, A., Wallius, E., Kajander, J., Bergman, J., Eskola, O., Solin, O., et al. (2003). Personality traits and striatal dopamine synthesis capacity in healthy subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 904–910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loeber, R., & Hay, D. (1997). Key issues in the development of aggression and violence from childhood to early adulthood. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 371–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loeber, R., & Keenan, K. (1994). Interaction between conduct disorder and its comorbid conditions: Effects of age and gender. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 497–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynam, D. R. (1996). The early identification of chronic offenders: Who is the fledgling psychopath? Psychological Bulletin, 120, 209–234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynam, D. R. (1998). Early identification of the fledgling psychopath: Locating the psychopathic child in the current nomenclature. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 566–575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynam, D. R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Wikström, P. H., Loeber, R., & Novak, S. (2000). The interaction between impulsivity and neighborhood context in offending: The effects of impulsivity are stronger in poorer neighborhoods. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 563–574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyons-Ruth, K. (2008). Contributions of the mother–infant relationship to dissociative, borderline, and conduct symptoms in young adulthood. Infant Mental Health Journal, 29, 203–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marsh, P., Beauchaine, T. P., & Williams, B. (2008). Dissociation of sad facial expressions and autonomic nervous system responding in boys with disruptive behavior disorders. Psychophysiology, 45, 100–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matthys, W., van Goozen, S. H. M., Snoek, H., & van Engeland, H. (2004). Response perseveration and sensitivity to reward and punishment in boys with oppositional defiant disorder. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 13, 362–364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mead, H. K., Beauchaine, T. P., Brenner, S. L., Crowell, S., Gatzke-Kopp, L., & Marsh, P. (2004). Autonomic response patterns to reward and negative mood induction among children with conduct disorder, depression, and both psychiatric conditions. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, Santa Fe, NM.Google Scholar
Mead, H. K., Beauchaine, T. P., & Shannon, K. E. (2010). Neurobiological adaptations to violence across development. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 1–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meehl, P. E. (1962). Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. American Psychologist, 17, 827–838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meier, M. H., Slutske, W. S., Arndt, S., & Cadoret, R. J. (2008). Impulsive and callous traits are more strongly associated with delinquent behavior in higher risk neighborhoods among boys and girls. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 117, 377–385.Google ScholarPubMed
Meier, M. H., Slutske, W. S., Heath, A. C., & Martin, N. G. (2009). The role of harsh discipline in explaining sex differences in conduct disorder: A study of opposite sex twin pairs. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 653–664.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milich, R., Balentine, A. C., & Lynam, D. R. (2001). ADHD combined type and ADHD predominantly inattentive type are distinct and unrelated disorders. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 8, 463–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neuhaus, E., Beauchaine, T. P., & Bernier, R. A. (2011). Physiological responses to social and non-social reward among children with autism. Manuscript submitted for publication.Google Scholar
Norden, K. A., Klein, D. N., Donaldson, S. K., Pepper, C. M., & Klein, L. M. (1995). Reports of the early home environment in DSM-III-R personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 9, 213–223.Google Scholar
Oas, P. (1985). The psychological assessment of impulsivity: A review. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 3, 141–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paris, J. (1997). Antisocial and borderline personality disorders: Two separate diagnoses or two aspects of the same psychopathology? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 38, 237–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, G. R., DeGarmo, D. S., & Knutson, N. M. (2000). Hyperactive and antisocial behaviors: Comorbid or two points in the same process? Development and Psychopathology, 12, 91–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pelham, W. E., Wheeler, T., & Chronis, A. (1998). Empirically supported psychosocial treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 190–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plomin, R., Pedersen, N. L., Lichtenstein, P., & McClearn, G. E. (1994). Variability and stability in cognitive abilities are largely genetic later in life. Behavior Genetics, 24, 207–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porges, S. W. (1995). Orienting in a defensive world: Mammalian modifications of our evolutionary heritage: A polyvagal perspective. Psychophysiology, 32, 301–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porges, S. W. (2001). The polyvagal theory: Phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 42, 123–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porges, S. W. (2003). The polyvagal theory: Phylogenetic contributions to social behavior. Physiology & Behavior, 79, 503–513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porges, S. W. (2007). The polyvagal perspective. Biological Psychology, 74, 116–143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porteus, S. D. (1965). Porteus maze tests: Fifty years application. Palo Alto, CA: Pacific Books.Google Scholar
Raine, A. (2002). Biosocial studies of antisocial and violent behavior in children and adults: A review. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 311–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richter, M., & Gendolla, G. H. E. (2009). The heart contracts to reward: Monetary incentives and pre-ejection period. Psychophysiology, 46, 451–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ritz, T. (2009). Studying non-invasive indices of vagal control: The need for respiratory control and the problem of target specificity. Biological Psychology, 80, 158–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robins, L. N. (1966). Deviant children grown up. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, D. (1963). A suggested conceptual framework. In Rosenthal, D. (Ed.), The Genain quadruplets (pp. 505–516). New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Rottenberg, J. (2007). Cardiac vagal control in depression: A critical analysis. Biological Psychology, 74, 200–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rottenberg, J., Salomon, K., Gross, J. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2005). Vagal withdrawal to a sad film predicts recovery from depression. Psychophysiology, 42, 277–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rottenberg, J., Wilhelm, F. H., Gross, J. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2002). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia as a predictor of outcome in major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 71, 265–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sagvolden, T., Johansen, E., Aase, H., & Russell, V. (2005). A dynamic developmental theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predominantly hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 28, 397–468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sauder, C., Beauchaine, T. P., Gatzke-Kopp, L. M., Shannon, K. E., & Aylward, E. (2012). Neuroanatomical correlates of heterotypic comorbidity in externalizing youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41, 346–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Lucas, C. P., Mina, K., & Schwab-Stone, M. E. (2000). NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 28–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shannon, K. E., Beauchaine, T. P., Brenner, S. L., Neuhaus, E., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. (2007). Familial and temperamental predictors of resilience in children at risk for conduct disorder and depression. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 701–727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shannon, K. E., Sauder, C., Beauchaine, T. P., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. (2009). Disrupted effective connectivity between the medial frontal cortex and the caudate in adolescent boys with externalizing behavior disorders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36, 1141–1157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherwood, A., Allen, M. T., Obrist, P. A., & Langer, A. W. (1986). Evaluation of beta-adrenergic influences on cardiovascular and metabolic adjustments to physical and psychological stress. Psychophysiology, 23, 89–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snyder, J., Edwards, P., McGraw, K., Kilgore, K., & Holton, A. (1994). Escalation and reinforcement in mother–child conflict: Social processes associated with the development of physical aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 305–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, J., Schrepferman, L., & St. Peter, C. (1997). Origins of antisocial behavior: Negative reinforcement and affect dysregulation of behavior as socialization mechanisms in family interaction. Behavior Modification, 21, 187–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sroufe, L. A., & Rutter, M. (1984). The domain of developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 17–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szajnberg, N., Elliott-Wilson, M., Beauchaine, T. P., & Waters, E. (2011). Mothers of children with inflammatory bowel disease: A controlled study of adult attachment classifications and patterns of psychopathology. Israel Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 34–41.Google ScholarPubMed
Thayer, J. F., Friedman, B. H., & Borkovec, T. D. (1996). Autonomic characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder and worry. Biological Psychiatry, 39, 255–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, R. A. (1990). Emotion and self-regulation. In Thompson, R. A. (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 36. Socioemotional development. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Tuvblad, C., Zheng, M., Raine, A., & Baker, L. (2009). A common genetic factor explains the covariation among ADHD, ODD, and CD symptoms in 9–10 year old boys and girls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 153–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van den Buuse, M. (1998). Role of the mesolimbic dopamine system in cardiovascular homeostasis: Stimulation of the ventral tegmental area modulates the effect of vasopressin in conscious rats. Clinical Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 25, 661–668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vasilev, C. A., Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., Mead, H. K., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. M. (2009). Correspondence between physiological and self-report measures of emotion dysregulation: A longitudinal investigation of youth with and without psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1357–1364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verbane, A. J., & Owens, N. C. (1998). Cortical modulation of the cardiovascular system. Progress in Neurobiology, 54, 149–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, J. L., Lahey, B. B., Russo, M. F., Frick, P. J., Christ, M. A. G., McBurnett, K., et al. (1991). Anxiety, inhibition, and conduct disorder in children: I. Relations to social impairment. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 187–191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webster-Stratton, C., Reid, M. J., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2011a). Combining parent and child training for young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40, 191–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster-Stratton, C., Reid, M. J., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2011b). Combining parent and child training for young children with ADHD: 1-year follow-up. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Willcutt, E. G. (in press). Genetics of ADHD. In Barch, D. (Ed.), Cognitive and affective neuroscience of psychopathology. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Young, S. E., Stallings, M. C., Corley, R. P., Krauter, K. S., & Hewitt, J. K. (2000). Genetic and environmental influences on behavioral disinhibition. American Journal of Medical Genetics, Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 96B, 684–695.3.0.CO;2-G>CrossRefGoogle Scholar