Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T16:50:21.672Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Family patterns of relationship in normative and dysfunctional families

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 September 2009

Patricia M. Crittenden*
Affiliation:
University of Miami
Mary F. Partridge
Affiliation:
University of Miami
Angelika H. Claussen
Affiliation:
University of Miami
*
Address reprint requests to: Patricia M. Crittenden, P.O. Box 016820 (D-820), Miami, FL 33101.

Abstract

The relation among family relationships was explored for (a) couple pairings and (b) parent-child dyads. In S3 maltreating and adequate families, mothers' and male partners' quality of attachment (drawn from interviews) was compared with each other and with child quality of attachment (drawn from the Strange Situation). The notion of internal representational models, drawn from attachment theory, provided the basis for seeking continuity, that is, matches and meshes between partners and coherence from parent to child. Both concordance and discordance were found; in particular, a hypothesis of meshed adult relationships and parent-child transformations was supported. The conditions leading to meshed partnerships and transformed parent-to-child patterns require further study. In addition, the results suggest the need for greater incorporation of regulation of affect in assessment procedures, greater theory development, and precision in validation and application of assessment procedures. Finally, this study highlights the advantages of using atypical samples to explore aspects of normative development that are obscured in normative samples.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1985). Patterns of infantmother attachments: Antecedents and effects on development. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 61 (9), 771791.Google ScholarPubMed
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachments Beyond Infancy. American Psychologist, 44, 709716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 76 (5), 427454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. Vol. 1. Attachment (rev. ed. 1982). New York: Basic.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. Vol. 2. Separation.. New York: Basic.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1979). The making, and breaking of affectional bonds. London: Tavistock Publications.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss. Vol. 3. Loss, sadness and depression. New York: Basic.Google Scholar
Bretherton, I., Biringen, Z., Ridgeway, D., Maslin, C., & Sherman, M. (1989). Attachment: The parental perspective. Infant Mental Health Journal, 10, 203221.3.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bretherton, I., Ridgeway, D., & Cassidy, J. (1990). The role of internal working models in attachment relations: Can it be assessed in 3-year-olds? In Greenberg, M., Cummings, M., & Cicchetti, D. (Eds.), Attachment beyond the preschool years. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bugental, D. B., Mantyla, S. M., & Lewis, J. (1989). Parental attributions as moderators of affective communication to children at risk for physical abuse. In Cicchetti, D. & Carlson, V. (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect (pp. 254279). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., & Braunwald, K. (1989a). Disorganized/disoriented attachment relationships in maltreated infants. Developmental Psychology, 25, 525531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., & Braunwald, K. G. (1989b). Finding order in disorganization: Lessons from research on maltreated infants' attachments to their caregivers. In Cicchetti, D. & Carlson, V. (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect (pp. 494528). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassidy, J., Marvin, R. S. (University of Virginia) with the Attachment Working Group of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Network on the Transition from Infancy to Early Childhood. (1991, 05). Attachment organization in three-and four-year olds: Coding guidelines. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. (1990). The organization and coherence of socioemotional, cognitive, and representational development: Illustrations through developmental psychopathology perspective on Down Syndrome and child maltreatment. In Thompson, R. (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 36, pp. 259366). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Cohn, D. (1990). Child-mother attachment of six-year-olds and social competence at school. Child Development, 61, 152162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crittenden, P. M. (1981). Abusing, neglecting, problematic, and adequate dyads: Differentiating by patterns of interaction. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 27, 119.Google Scholar
Crittenden, P. M. (1984). Sibling interaction: Evidence of a generational effect in maltreating families. Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect, 8, 433438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crittenden, P. M. (1985). Maltreated infants: Vulner ability and resilience. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26 (1), 8596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crittenden, P. M. (1988a). Distorted patterns of relationships: The role of internal representational models. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 6, 183199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crittenden, P. M. (1988b). Relationships at risk. In Belsky, J. & Nezworski, T. (Eds.), Clinical implications of attachment (pp. 136174). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Crittenden, P. M. (1990). Internal representational models of attachment relationships. Infant Mental Health, 11, 259277.3.0.CO;2-J>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crittenden, P. M. (1991). The Miami Preschool Attachment Classificatory System. Unpublished coding manual, University of Miami.Google Scholar
Crittenden, P. M. (in press). Children's strategies for coping with adverse home environments: An interpretation using attachment theory. Child Abuse and Neglect.Google Scholar
Crittenden, P. M., & Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Child maltreatment and attachment theory. In Cicchetti, D. & Carlson, V. (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect (pp. 432463). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crittenden, P. M., & Craig, S. (1990). Developmental trends in the nature of child homicide. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5 (2), 202216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crittenden, P. M., Claussen, A. H., Cassel, M., Lang, C., Vogel, A., & Jean-Gilles, M. (1991, 07). The goal-corrected partnership: Assessing attachment in the preschool years. Biennial Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Behavior and Development, Minneapolis, MN.Google Scholar
Egeland, B., & Sroufe, L. A. (1981). Attachment and early maltreatment. Child Development, 52, 4452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., O'Sullivan, M., & Scherer, K. (1980). Relative importance of face, body, and speech judgements of personality and affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 270277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1985). The attachment interview for adults. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
George, C., & Solomon, J. (1989). Internal working models of caregiving and security of attachment at age six. Infant Mental Health Journal, 10, 222237.3.0.CO;2-6>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, M. T., Cicchetti, M., & Cummings, E. M. (Eds.) (1990). Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Grossmann, K., Fremmer-Bombik, E., Rudolph, J., & Grossmann, K. E. (1988). Maternal attachment representations as related to patterns of infant-mother attachment and maternal care during the first year. In Hinde, R. A. & Stevenson-Hinde, J., (Ed.), Relationships within families (pp. 241260). Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heard, D. H., & Lake, B. (1986). The attachment dynamic in adult life. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 430438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hildebrand, D. K., Laing, L. P., & Rosenthal, H. R. (1977). Prediction analysis of cross classifications. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Hinde, R. (1982). Attachment: Some conceptual and biological issues. In Parkes, C. M. & Stevenson-Hinde, J. (Eds.), The place of attachment in human behavior (pp. 6078). New York: Basic.Google Scholar
Killorin, E., & Olson, D. H. (1984). The chaotic flippers in treatment. In Kaufman, E. (Ed.), Power to change: Alcoholism (pp. 99129). New York: Gardner.Google Scholar
Kobak, R., & Sceery, A. (1988). Attachment in late adolescence: Workings models, affect regulation, and representations of self and others. Child Development, 59, 135146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roller, T., & Omodei, M. (1988). Attachment and emotional health: A life span approach. Human Relations, 41, 619640.Google Scholar
Lynch, M., & Cicchetti, D. (1991). Patterns of relatedness in maltreated and nonmaltreated children: Connections among multiple representational models. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 207226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Main, M., & Cassidy, J. (1988). Categories of response to reunion with the parent at age 6: Predictable from infant attachment classifications and stable over a one-month period. Developmental Psychology, 24, 415426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Main, M., & Goldwyn, R. (1990). Adult attachment classification system. Unpublished coding manual, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. In Bretherton, I. & Waters, E. (Eds.), Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs for the Society of Research in Child Development, 50 (1–2, Serial No. 209), 66104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Main, M., & Weston, D. (1981). The quality of the toddler's relationship to mother and father: Related to conflict behavior and the readiness to establish new relationships. Child Development, 52, 932940.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marvin, R. S. (1977). An ethological-cognitive model for attenuation of mother-child attachment behavior. In Alloway, T. M., Kramer, L., & Pliner, P. (Eds.), Advances in the study of communication and affect (Vol. 3): The development of social attachments (pp. 2560). New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive families. Eugene, OR: Castalia Publishing.Google Scholar
Pianta, R., Egeland, B., & Erickson, M. F. (1989). The antecedents of maltreatment: Results of the mother-child interaction research project. In Cicchetti, D. & Carlson, V. (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect (pp. 203253). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radke-Yarrow, M., Cummings, E. M., Kuczynski, L., & Chapman, M. (1985). Patterns of attachment in two- and three-year-olds in normal families and families with parental depression. Child Development, 56, 884893.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ricks, M. (1985). The social transmission of parental behavior: Attachment across generations. In Bretherton, I. & Waters, E. (Eds.), Crowing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs for the Society of Research in Child Development, 50 (1–2), 211227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Satir, V. (1972). Peoplemaking. Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior Books.Google Scholar
Shaver, P. R., & Hazan, C. (1987). Being lonely, falling in love: Perspectives from attachment theory. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2 (2), 105124.Google Scholar
Sroufe, L. A. (1983). Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in preschool: The roots of maladaptation and competence. In Perlmutter, M. (Ed.), Minnesota Symposium in Child Psychology (Vol. 16, pp. 4181). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Sroufe, L. A., & Jacobvitz, D. (1989). Diverging pathways, developmental transformations, multiple ethologies and the problem of continuity in development. Human Development, 32, 196203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., & Grajek, S. (1988). The nature of love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(2), 312329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tulving, E. (1979). Memory research: What kind of progress? In Nilsson, G. (Ed.), Perspectives on memory research: Essays in honor of Upsala University's 500th anniversary (pp. 1934). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1985). How many memory systems are there? American Psychologist, 40, 385398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tulving, E. (1989). Remembering and knowing the past. American Scientist, 77, 361367.Google Scholar
Vincent, J. P., Friedman, L. C., Nugent, J., & Messerley, L. (1979). Demand characteristic in observations of marital interaction. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 557566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed