Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T18:26:15.613Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A developmental and clinical model for the prevention of conduct disorder: The FAST Track Program

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 October 2008

Abstract

This paper presents a developmental and a clinical model for the treatment of conduct disorder through the strategy of preventive intervention. The theoretical principles and clinical strategies utilized in the FAST Track (Families and Schools Together) Program are described. We indicate how the clinical model is derived from both our developmental model and previous findings from prevention trials. The FAST Track Program integrates five intervention components designed to promote competence in the family, child, and school and thus prevent conduct problems, poor social relations, and school failure. It is our belief that testing the effects of such a comprehensive approach is a necessary step in developing new intervention models for this population.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, K. L., & Entwisle, D. R. (1988). Achievement in the first two years of school: Patterns and processes. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 53(2, Serial No. 218).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asarnow, J. R., & Callan, J. W. (1985). Boys with peer adjustment problems: Social cognitive processes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 8087.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bates, J., & Bayles, K. (1988). Attachment and the development of behavior problems. In Belsky, J. & Nezworski, T. (Eds.), Clinical implications of attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Bates, J. E., Bayles, K., Bennett, D. S., Ridge, B., & Brown, M. M. (1991). Origins of externalizing behavior problems at eight years of age. In Pepler, D. J. & Rubin, K. H. (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 93120). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Bierman, K. L. (1989). Improving the peer relationship of rejected children. In Lahey, B. B. & Kazdin, A. E. (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 5384). New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bierman, K. L., Miller, C. M., & Staub, S. (1987). Improving the social behavior and peer acceptance of rejected boys: Effects of social skill training with instructions and prohibitions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 194200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgoyne, K., Hawkins, D., & Catalano, R. (1991). How to help your child succeed in school. Seattle, WA: Developmental Research and Programs.Google Scholar
Cairns, R. B., Cairns, B. D., & Neckerman, H. J. (1989). Early school dropout: Configurations and determinants. Child Development, 60, 14371452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, S. B. (1990). Behavior problems in preschool children: Clinical and developmental issues. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Campbell, S. B. (1991). Longitudinal studies of active and aggressive preschoolers: Individual differences in early behavior and outcome. In Cicchetti, D. & Toth, S. L. (Eds.), Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology, Vol. 2: Internalizing and externalizing expressions of dysfunction (pp. 5790). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Campbell, S. B., Breaux, A. M., Ewing, L. J., & Szumowski, E. K. (1986). Correlates and prediction of hyperactivity and aggression: A longitudinal study of parent-referred problem preschoolers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 217234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D. (1984). The emergence of developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coie, J. (1990). Toward a theory of peer rejection. In Asher, S. R. & Coie, J. D. (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood (pp. 365402). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Coie, J. D., Dodge, K. A., & Kupersmidt, J. (1990). Peer group behavior and social status. In Asher, S. R. & Coie, J. D. (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood (pp. 1759). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Coie, J. D., & Krehbiel, G. (1984). Effects of academic tutoring on the social status of low-achieving, socially rejected children. Child Development, 55, 14651478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coie, J. D., & Krehbiel, G. K. (1990). Adapting intervention to the problems of aggressive and disruptive rejected children. In Asher, S. R. & Coie, J. D. (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood (pp. 309337). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Coie, J. D., Lochman, J. E., Terry, R., & Hyman, C. (1992). Predicting early adolescent disorder from childhood aggression and peer rejection. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 783792.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Comer, J. P. (1980). School power. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Cook, E. T., Greenberg, M. T., & Kusche, C. A. (1992). The relations between emotional understanding, intellectual functioning, and disruptive behavior problems in elementary school aged children. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., & Loeber, R. (1985). Adolescent marijuana and alcohol use: The role of parents and peers revisited. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 11, 1115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dishion, T. J., Patterson, G. R., & Skinner, M. S. (1989, 04). A process model for the role of peers in adolescent social adjustment. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development,Kansas City, MO.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A. (1986). A social information processing model of social competence in children. In Perlmutter, M. (Ed.), Minnesota Symposium in Child Psychology (pp. 7125). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A. (1989). Enhancing social relationships. In Mash, E. J. & Barkley, R. J. (Eds.), Behavioral treatment of childhood disorders (pp. 222244). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A. (1990). Nature versus nurture in childhood conduct disorder: Is it time to ask a different question. Developmental Psychology, 26, 698701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1990). Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science, 250, 16781683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social information processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children's peer groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 11461158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodge, K. A., Coie, J. D., & Brakke, N. P. (1982). Behavior patterns of socially rejected and neglected preadolescents: The roles of social approach and aggression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 389409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodge, K. A., & Frame, C. L. (1982). Social cognitive biases and deficits in aggressive boys. Child Development, 53, 620635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodge, K. A., Murphy, R. R., & Buchsbaum, K. (1984). The assessment of intention-cue detection skills in children: Implications for developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 163173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., McClaskey, C. L., & Brown, M. (1986). Social competence in children. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 51(2, Serial No. 213).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dumas, J. E., & Wahler, R. G. (1983). Predictors of treatment outcome in parent training: Mother insularity and socioeconomic disadvantage. Behavioral Assessment, 5, 301313.Google Scholar
Dunst, C. J., Trivette, C. M., & Deal, A. (1989). Enabling and empowering families: Principles and guidelines for practice. Cambridge, MA: Brookline Book.Google Scholar
Eccles, J. E., Midgley, C. M., & Adler, T. F. (1984). Age-related changes in the school environment: Effects on achievement motivation. In Nicholls, J. R. (Ed.), The development of achievement motivation (pp. 283331). Greenwood, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Ageton, S. S. (1985). Explaining delinquency and drug use. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Forehand, R., & McMahon, R. J. (1981). Helping the noncompliant child: A clinician's guide to parent training. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
French, D. L., & Waas, G. A. (1985). Behavior problems of peer-rejected elementary-age children: Parent and teacher perspectives. Child Development, 56, 246252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordon, R. (1983). An operational definition of prevention. Public Health Reports, 98, 107109.Google Scholar
Greenberg, M. T., & Kusche, C. A. (in press). Promoting social and emotional development in deaf children: The PATHS Project. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Greenberg, M. T., Kusche, C. A., & Cook, E. T. (1991, 04). Improving children's understanding of emotions: The effects of the PATHS Curriculum. Paper presented at the Society for Research in Child Development,Seattle, WA.Google Scholar
Greenberg, M. T., Kusche, C. A., & Speltz, M. (1991). Emotional regulation, self-control and psychopathology: The role of relationships in early childhood. In Cicchetti, D. & Toth, S. (Eds.), Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology (Vol. 2, pp. 2166). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Greenberg, M. T., Speltz, M. L., & DeKlyen, M. (in press). Toward a conceptual model for understanding the early development of disruptive behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology.Google Scholar
Greenberg, M. T., Speltz, M. L., DeKlyen, M., & Endriga, M. C. (1991). Attachment security in preschoolers with and without externalizing problems: A replication. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 413430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haley, J. (1978). Problem solving therapy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Hanf, C. (1969). A two-stage program for modifying maternal controlling during mother-child (M-C) interaction. Paper presented at the meeting of the Western Psychological Association,Vancouver, BC.Google Scholar
Hartup, W. W. (1983). Peer relations. In Hetherington, E. M. (Ed.), & Mussen, P. H. (Series Ed.), Hand book of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality and social development (pp. 103196). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Hawkins, J. D., & Weis, J. G. (1985). The social development model: An integrated approach to delinquency prevention. Journal of Primary Prevention, 6, 7395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hops, H., Walker, H. M., Fleischman, D. H., Nagoshi, J. T., Omura, R. T., Skindrud, K., & Taylor, J. (1978). Class: A standardized in-class program for acting-out children. II. Field test evaluations. Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 636644.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hymel, S., Wagner, E., & Butler, L. J. (1990). Reputational bias: View from the peer group. In Asher, S. R. & Coie, J. D. (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood (pp. 156186). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kandel, D. B. (1973). Adolescent marijuana use: Role of parents and peers. Science, 181, 10671081.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kazdin, A. E. (1985). Treatment of antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.Google Scholar
Kazdin, A. E. (1987). Treatment of antisocial behavior in children: Current status and future directions. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 187203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kazdin, A. E. (1990, 06). Prevention of conduct disorder. Paper presented at the National Conference on Prevention Research,National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD.Google Scholar
Kellam, S. G., & Ensminger, M. E. (1980). Theory and method in child psychiatric epidemiology. In Earls, F. (Ed.), Studies of children. New York: Prodist.Google Scholar
Kohlberg, L. A., Lacrosse, J., & Ricks, D. (1972). The predictability of adult mental health from childhood behavior. In Wolman, B. (Ed.), Manual of child psychopathology (pp. 12171283). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Kupersmidt, J. B., Coie, J. D., & Dodge, K. A. (1990). The role of poor peer relationships in the development of disorder. In Asher, S. R. & Coie, J. D. (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood (pp. 274308). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kusche, C. A., & Greenberg, M. T. (in press). The PATHS Curriculum. Seattle, WA: EXCEL.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ladd, G. (1981). Effectiveness of a social learning method for enhancing children's social interaction and peer acceptance. Child Development, 52, 171178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ladd, G. W. (1985). Documenting the effects of social skill training with children: Process and outcome assessment. In Schneider, B. H., Rubin, K. H., & Ledingham, J. E. (Eds.), Children's peer relations: Issues in assessment and intervention (pp. 243269). New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Ladd, G. W., Price, J. M., & Hart, C. H. (1990). Preschoolers' behavioral orientations and patterns of peer contact: Predictive of peer status? In Asher, S. R. & Coie, J. E. (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood (pp. 90115). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Li, A. K. F. (1985). Early rejected status and later social adjustment: A 3-year follow-up. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13, 567577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lochman, J. E. (1987). Self and peer perceptions and attributional biases of aggressive and nonaggressive boys in dyadic interactions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 404410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lochman, J. E., Burch, P. R., Curry, J. F., & Lampron, L. B. (1984). Treatment and generalization effects of cognitive-behavioral and goal-setting interventions with aggressive boys. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 915916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lochman, J. E., & Curry, J. F. (1986). Effects of social problem-solving training and self-instruction training with aggressive boys. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 15, 159164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lochman, J. E., & Lampron, L. B. (1986). Situational social problem solving skills and self-esteem of aggressive and nonaggressive boys. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 605617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lochman, J. E., Lampron, L. B., & Rabiner, D. L. (1989). Format differences and salience effects in assessment of social problem-solving skills of aggressive and nonaggressive boys. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 18, 230236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loeber, R. (1990). Development and risk factors of juvenile antisocial behavior and delinquency. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 141.Google Scholar
Loeber, R. (1991). Antisocial behavior: More enduring than changeable? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 393397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loeber, R., & Baicker-Mckee, C. (1990). The changing manifestations of disruption/antisocial behavior from childhood to early adulthood: Evolution or tautology? Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Loeber, R., & Dishion, T. J. (1983). Early predictors of male delinquency: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 74, 6899.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loeber, R., Lahey, B. B., & Thomas, C. (1991). Diagnostic conundrum of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 379390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loeber, R., & Schmalling, K. B. (1985). The utility of differentiating between mixed and pure forms of antisocial child behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13, 315336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lytton, H. (1990). Child and parent effects in boys' conduct disorder: A re-interpretation. Developmental Psychology, 26, 683697.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maziade, M., Cote, R., Bernier, H., Boutin, P., & Thivierge, J. (1989). Significance of extreme temperament in infancy for clinical status in pre-school years II. British Journal of Psychiatry, 14, 544551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGee, R., Silva, P. A., & Williams, S. (1984). Perinatal, neurological, environmental, and developmental characteristics of seven-year-old children with stable behavioral problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 25, 573586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMahon, R. J., & Forehand, R. (1984). Parent training for the noncompliant child: Treatment out come, generalization, and adjunctive therapy processes. In Dangel, R. F. & Polster, R. A. (Eds.), Parent training: Foundations of research and practice (pp. 298378). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
McMahon, R. J., & Wells, K. C. (1989). Conduct disorders. In Mash, E. J. & Barkley, R. A. (Eds.), Treatment of childhood disorders (pp. 73134). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Meltzer, L. J., Levine, M. D., Karniski, W., Palfreg, J. S., & Clarke, S. (1984). An analysis of the learning style of adolescent delinquents. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 17, 600608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, G. E., & Prinz, R. J. (1990). Enhancements of social learning family interventions for childhood conduct disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 291307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moffitt, T. E. (1990). Juvenile delinquency and attention deficit disorder: Boy's developmental trajectories from age 3 to age 15. Child Development, 61, 893910.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1988). Self-reported delinquency, neuropsychological deficit, and history of attention deficit disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16, 553569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oden, S., & Asher, S. R. (1977). Coaching children in social skills. Child Development, 48, 495506.Google Scholar
Offord, D. R. (1982). Family backgrounds of male and female delinquents. In Gunn, J. & Farrington, D. P. (Eds.), Delinquency and the criminal justice system. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Offord, D. R. (1989). Conduct disorder: Risk factors and prevention. In Shaffer, D., Philip, I., & Enzer, N. B. (Eds.), Prevention of mental disorders, alcohol and other drug use in children and adolescents. Rockville, MD: Office for Substance Abuse Prevention.Google Scholar
Offord, D. R., Alder, R. J., & Boyle, M. H. (1986). Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of conduct disorder. American Journal of Social Psychiatry, 6, 272278.Google Scholar
Parke, R. D., MacDonald, K., Beitel, A., & Bhavnagri, N. (1988). The interrelationships among families, fathers, and peers. In Peters, R. & McMahon, R. J. (Eds.), Social learning and systems approaches to marriage and the family (pp. 1744). New York: Bruner/Mazel.Google Scholar
Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1987). Peer relations and later personal adjustment: Are low-accepted children at risk? Psychological Bulletin, 102, 357389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castalia.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R. (1983). Stress: A change agent for family process. In Garmezy, N. & Rutter, M. (Eds.), Stress, coping and development in children (pp. 235264). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R. (1986). Performance models for antisocial boys. American Psychologist, 41, 432444.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, G. R., & Bank, C. L. (1989). Some amplifying mechanisms for pathologic processes in families. In Gunnar, M. & Thelen, E. (Eds.), Systems and development: Symposia on Child Psychology (pp. 167210). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R., DeBaryshe, B. D., & Ramsey, E. (1989). A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior. American Psychologist, 44, 329335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pennington, B. F. (1991). Diagnosing learning disorders. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Perry, D. G., Perry, L. C., & Rasmussen, P. (1986). Cognitive social learning mediators of aggression. Child Development, 57, 700711.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pope, A. W., Bierman, K. L., & Mumma, G. H. (1989). Relations between hyperactive and aggressive behaviors and peer relations at three elementary grade levels. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 17, 253267.Google Scholar
Prinz, R. J., & Miller, G. E. (1991). Issues in understanding and treating childhood conduct problems in disadvantaged populations. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20, 379385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richman, N., Stevenson, J., & Graham, P. J. (1982). Preschool to school: A behavioral study. London: Academic.Google Scholar
Robins, L. N. (1966). Deviant children grown up: A sociological and psychiatric study of sociopathic personality. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Robins, L. (1978). Sturdy childhood predictors of adult antisocial behavior: Replications from longitudinal studies. Psychological Medicine, 8, 611622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robins, L., West, P. A., & Herjanic, B. (1975). Arrests and delinquency on two generations: A study of Black urban families and their children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 16, 125140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rutter, M. (1990). Intergenerational continuities and discontinuities in serious parenting difficulties. In Cicchetti, D. & Carlson, V. (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect (pp. 317348). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rutter, M., & Giller, H. (1983). Juvenile delinquency: Trends and perspectives. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Rutter, M., Maughan, B., Mortimore, P., Ouston, J., & Smith, A. (1979). Fifteen thousand hours: Secondary schools and their effects on children. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Satterfield, J. K., Hoppe, C. M., & Schell, A. M. (1982). A prospective study of delinquency in 110 adolescent boys with attention deficit disorder and 88 normal adolescent boys. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 795798.Google ScholarPubMed
Shure, M. B., & Spivack, G. (1978). Problem-solving techniques in child rearing. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Strain, P. S., Lambert, D. L., Kerr, M. M., Stagg, V., & Lenkner, D. A. (1983). Naturalistic assessment of children's compliance to teacher's requests and consequences for compliance. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 16, 243249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallach, M. A., & Wallach, L. (1976). Teaching all children to read. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wasik, B. H., Bryant, D. M., & Lyons, C. M. (1990). Home visiting: Procedures for helping families. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Webster-Stratton, C. (1989). The parents and children series. Eugene, OR: Castalia.Google Scholar
Webster-Stratton, C. (1990). Stress: A potential disrupter of parent perceptions and family interactions. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 302312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, E., & Smith, S. (1977). Kauai's children come of age. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Werthamer-Larsson, L., Kellam, S., & Wheeler, L. (1991). Effects of first-grade classroom environment on shy behavior, aggressive behavior, and concentration problems. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 585602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
West, D. J., & Farrington, D. P. (1973). Who becomes delinquent? London: Heinemann Educational.Google Scholar