Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T03:58:58.608Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Child maltreatment, adaptive functioning, and polygenic risk: A structural equation mixture model

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 March 2019

Eric L. Thibodeau*
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota
Katherine E. Masyn
Affiliation:
Georgia State University
Fred A. Rogosch
Affiliation:
Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester
Dante Cicchetti*
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Eric L. Thibodeau or Dante Cicchetti, Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 E. River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455; E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected].
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Eric L. Thibodeau or Dante Cicchetti, Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 E. River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455; E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected].

Abstract

This study used a structural equation mixture model to examine associations between child maltreatment, polygenic risk, and indices of adaptive functioning. Children aged 6 to 13 years (N = 1,004), half maltreated, half nonmaltreated, were recruited to attend a research day camp. Multi-informant indicators of prosocial behavior, antisocial behavior, withdrawn behavior, and depression were collected and used in a latent class analysis. Four classes emerged, characterizing “well-adjusted,” “externalizing,” “internalizing,” and “socially dominant” groups. Twelve genetic variants, previously reported in the Gene × Environment literature, were modeled as one weighted polygenic risk score. Large main effects between maltreatment and adaptive functioning were observed (Wald = 35.3, df = 3, p < .0001), along with evidence of a small Gene × Environment effect (Wald = 13.5, df = 3, p = .004), adjusting for sex, age, and covariate interaction effects.

Type
Regular Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Eric L. Thibodeau is now a postdoctoral research associate in the Psychology Department at the University of Minnesota.

Funding received from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA17741), the National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH083979), the Jacobs Foundation, and the Spunk Fund, Inc., awarded to Dante Cicchetti supported this research. We wish to acknowledge Ann Masten, Gerald August, Kathleen Thomas, and William Oetting for critiquing the manuscript.

References

Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2014). Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: Three-step approaches using M plus. Structural Equation Modeling, 21, 329341.Google Scholar
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2011). Differential susceptibility to rearing environment depending on dopamine-related genes: New evidence and a meta-analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 3952.Google Scholar
Barnett, D., Manly, J. T., & Cicchetti, D. (1993). Defining child maltreatment: The interface between policy and research. In Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (Eds.), Child abuse, child development, and social policy (pp. 773). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Beaver, K. M. (2008). The interaction between genetic risk and childhood sexual abuse in the prediction of adolescent violent behavior. Sexual Abuse: a Journal of Research and Treatment, 20, 426443.Google Scholar
Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2009). Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 885.Google Scholar
Block, J. H., & Block, J. H., & Keyes, S. (1988). Longitudinally foretelling drug usage in adolescence: Early childhood personality and environmental precursors. Child Development, 59, 336355.Google Scholar
Bonanno, G. A., Mancini, A. D., Horton, J. L., Powell, T. M., LeardMann, C. A., Boyko, E. J., … Smith, T. C. (2012). Trajectories of trauma symptoms and resilience in deployed US military service members: Prospective cohort study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 200, 317323.Google Scholar
Border, R., & Keller, M. C. (2017). Commentary: Fundamental problems with candidate gene-by-environment interaction studies—Reflections on Moore and Thoemmes (2016). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58, 328330.Google Scholar
Bornstein, M. H., Hahn, C. S., & Haynes, O. M. (2010). Social competence, externalizing, and internalizing behavioral adjustment from early childhood through early adolescence: Developmental cascades. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 717735.Google Scholar
Byrd, A. L., & Manuck, S. B. (2014). MAOA, childhood maltreatment, and antisocial behavior: Meta-analysis of a gene-environment interaction. Biological Psychiatry, 75, 917.Google Scholar
Canli, T., & Lesch, K. P. (2007). Long story short: The serotonin transporter in emotion regulation and social cognition. Nature Neuroscience, 10, 11031109.Google Scholar
Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W., … Poulton, R. (2002). Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science, 297, 851854.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. (2013). Annual research review: Resilient functioning in maltreated children—Past, present, and future perspectives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 402422.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. (2016). Socioemotional, personality, and biological development: Illustrations from a multilevel developmental psychopathology perspective on child maltreatment. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 187211.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (1996). Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 597600.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2012). Gene × Environment interaction and resilience: Effects of child maltreatment and serotonin, corticotropin releasing hormone, dopamine, and oxytocin genes. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 411427.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Oshri, A. (2011). Interactive effects of corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1, serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region, and child maltreatment on diurnal cortisol regulation and internalizing symptomatology. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 11251138.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Thibodeau, E. L. (2012). The effects of child maltreatment on early signs of antisocial behavior: Genetic moderation by tryptophan hydroxylase, serotonin transporter, and monoamine oxidase A genes. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 907928.Google Scholar
Coie, J. D., & Dodge, K. A. (1983). Continuities and changes in children's social status: A five-year longitudinal study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29, 261282.Google Scholar
Colder, C. R., Scalco, M., Trucco, E. M., Read, J. P., Lengua, L. J., Wieczorek, W. F., & Hawk, L. W. Jr. (2013). Prospective associations of internalizing and externalizing problems and their co-occurrence with early adolescent substance use. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 667677.Google Scholar
Coltman, T., Devinney, T. M., Midgley, D. F., & Venaik, S. (2008). Formative versus reflective measurement models: Two applications of formative measurement. Journal of Business Research, 61, 12501262.Google Scholar
Cutuli, J. J., Raby, K. L., Cicchetti, D., Englund, M. M., & Egeland, B. (2013). Contributions of maltreatment and serotonin transporter genotype to depression in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 149, 3037.Google Scholar
DeYoung, C., Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., Gray, J., Eastman, M., & Grigorenko, E. (2011). Sources of cognitive exploration: Genetic variation in the prefrontal dopamine system predicts Openness/Intellect. Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 364371.Google Scholar
Dudbridge, F. (2013). Power and predictive accuracy of polygenic risk scores. PLOS Genetics, 9, e1003348.Google Scholar
Duncan, L. E., & Keller, M. C. (2011). A critical review of the first 10 years of candidate gene-by-environment interaction research in psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 10411049.Google Scholar
Edwards, K. M., Probst, D. R., Rodenhizer-Stämpfli, K. A., Gidycz, C. A., & Tansill, E. C. (2014). Multiplicity of child maltreatment and biopsychosocial outcomes in young adulthood: The moderating role of resiliency characteristics among female survivors. Child Maltreatment, 19, 188198.Google Scholar
Grace, J. B., & Bollen, K. A. (2008). Representing general theoretical concepts in structural equation models: The role of composite variables. Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 15, 191213.Google Scholar
Haskett, M. E., Nears, K., Ward, C., & McPherson, A. (2006). Diversity in adjustment of maltreated children: Predictors of resilient functioning. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 796812.Google Scholar
Hawley, P. H. (1999). The ontogenesis of social dominance: A strategy-based evolutionary perspective. Developmental Review, 19, 97132.Google Scholar
Hostinar, C. E., Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2014). Oxytocin receptor gene polymorphism, perceived social support, and psychological symptoms in maltreated adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 26, 465477.Google Scholar
Jaffee, S. R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Polo-Tomás, M., & Taylor, A. (2007). Individual, family, and neighborhood factors distinguish resilient from non-resilient maltreated children: A cumulative stressors model. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 231253.Google Scholar
Jaffee, S. R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Taylor, A. (2004). Physical maltreatment victim to antisocial child: Evidence of an environmentally mediated process. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 44.Google Scholar
Keller, M. C. (2014). Gene × environment interaction studies have not properly controlled for potential confounders: The problem and the (simple) solution. Biological Psychiatry, 75, 1824.Google Scholar
Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2003). Social self-efficacy and behavior problems in maltreated and nonmaltreated children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 106117.Google Scholar
Kovacs, M. (1992). The children's depression inventory: A self-rated depression scale for school-aged youngsters. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. (Original work published 1982)Google Scholar
Ladd, G. W., & Burgess, K. B. (1999). Charting the relationship trajectories of aggressive, withdrawn, and aggressive/withdrawn children during early grade school. Child Development, 70, 910929.Google Scholar
Lewis, B. F. (2003). A critique of literature on the underrepresentation of African Americans in science: Directions for future research. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering, 9, 361–374.Google Scholar
Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 151173.Google Scholar
Luthar, S. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2000). The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 857885.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S. (2015). Ordinary magic: Resilience in development. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S., Hubbard, J. J., Gest, S. D., Tellegen, A., Garmezy, N., & Ramirez, M. (1999). Competence in the context of adversity: Pathways to resilience and maladaptation from childhood to late adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 143169.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S., Roisman, G. I., Long, J. D., Burt, K. B., Obradović, J., Riley, J. R., … Tellegen, A. (2005). Developmental cascades: Linking academic achievement and externalizing and internalizing symptoms over 20 years. Developmental Psychology, 41, 733.Google Scholar
Masyn, K. E. (2013). Latent class analysis and finite mixture modeling. In Little, T. D. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of quantitative methods in psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 551611). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mendez, J. L., Fantuzzo, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2002). Profiles of social competence among low-income African American preschool children. Child Development, 73, 10851100.Google Scholar
Monroe, S. M., & Simons, A. D. (1991). Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: Implications for the depressive disorders. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 406.Google Scholar
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2012). Mplus user's guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles: Author.Google Scholar
Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 535569.Google Scholar
Pekarik, E. G., Prinz, R. J., Liebert, D. E., Weintraub, S., & Neale, J. M. (1976). The Pupil Evaluation Inventory: A sociometric technique for assessing children's social behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 4, 8397.Google Scholar
Pluess, M. (2015). Individual differences in environmental sensitivity. Child Development Perspectives, 9, 138143.Google Scholar
Risch, N., Herrell, R., Lehner, T., Liang, K. Y., Eaves, L., Hoh, J., … Merikangas, K. R. (2009). Interaction between the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), stressful life events, and risk of depression: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 301, 24622471.Google Scholar
Roisman, G. I., Newman, D. A., Fraley, R. C., Haltigan, J. D., Groh, A. M., & Haydon, K. C. (2012). Distinguishing differential susceptibility from diathesis–stress: Recommendations for evaluating interaction effects. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 389409.Google Scholar
Roy, A., Gorodetsky, E., Yuan, Q., Goldman, D., & Enoch, M. A. (2010). Interaction of FKBP5, a stress-related gene, with childhood trauma increases the risk for attempting suicide. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 16741683.Google Scholar
Ryan, N. D., Puig-Antich, J., Ambrosini, P., Rabinovich, H., Robinson, D., Nelson, B., … Twomey, J. (1987). The clinical picture of major depression in children and adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 854861.Google Scholar
Sapienza, J. K., & Masten, A. S. (2011). Understanding and promoting resilience in children and youth. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 24, 267273.Google Scholar
Sharpley, C. F., Palanisamy, S. K., Glyde, N. S., Dillingham, P. W., & Agnew, L. L. (2014). An update on the interaction between the serotonin transporter promoter variant (5-HTTLPR), stress and depression, plus an exploration of non-confirming findings. Behavioural Brain Research, 273, 89105.Google Scholar
Sumner, J. A., McLaughlin, K. A., Walsh, K., Sheridan, M. A., & Koenen, K. C. (2014). CRHR1 genotype and history of maltreatment predict cortisol reactivity to stress in adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 43, 7180.Google Scholar
Teisl, M., Rogosch, F. A., Oshri, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2012). Differential expression of social dominance as a function of age and maltreatment experience. Developmental Psychology, 48, 575.Google Scholar
Thibodeau, E. L., Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2015). Child maltreatment, impulsivity, and antisocial behavior in African American children: Moderation effects from a cumulative dopaminergic gene index. Development and Psychopathology, 27(4, Pt. 2), 16211636.Google Scholar
Uher, R., & McGuffin, P. (2010). The moderation by the serotonin transporter gene of environmental adversity in the etiology of depression: 2009 update. Molecular Psychiatry, 15, 1822.Google Scholar
US Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children's Bureau. (2017). Child Maltreatment 2015. Available from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/research-data-technology/statistics-research/child-maltreatmentGoogle Scholar
Vachon, D. D., Krueger, R. F., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2015). Assessment of the harmful psychiatric and behavioral effects of different forms of child maltreatment. JAMA Psychiatry, 72, 11351142.Google Scholar
Wilsnack, S. C., Vogeltanz, N. D., Klassen, A. D., & Harris, T. R. (1997). Childhood sexual abuse and women's substance abuse: National survey findings. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58, 264271.Google Scholar
Wright, J. (1983). The structure and perception of behavioral consistency. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Stanford University).Google Scholar
Yaeger, R., Avila-Bront, A., Abdul, K., Nolan, P. C., Grann, V. R., Birchette, M. G., … Ziv, E. (2008). Comparing genetic ancestry and self-described race in African Americans born in the United States and in Africa. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 17, 13291338.Google Scholar
Yates, T. M., & Grey, I. K. (2012). Adapting to aging out: Profiles of risk and resilience among emancipated foster youth. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 475492.Google Scholar