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The changing impact of genes and environment on brain development during childhood and adolescence: Initial findings from a neuroimaging study of pediatric twins

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 October 2008

Rhoshel K. Lenroot  and
Jay N. Giedd
Rhoshel K. Lenroot
Affiliation:
National Institutes of Mental Health
Jay N. Giedd*
Affiliation:
National Institutes of Mental Health
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Jay N. Giedd, Child Psychiatry Branch, Brain Imaging Unit, National Institutes of Mental Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1600, Building 10, Room 4C110, Bethesda, MD 20892-1600; E-mail: [email protected].
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Abstract

Human brain development is created through continuing complex interactions of genetic and environmental influences. The challenge of linking specific genetic or environmental risk factors to typical or atypical behaviors has led to interest in using brain structural features as an intermediate phenotype. Twin studies in adults have found that many aspects of brain anatomy are highly heritable, demonstrating that genetic factors provide a significant contribution to variation in brain structures. Less is known about the relative impact of genes and environment while the brain is actively developing. We summarize results from the ongoing National Institute of Mental Health child and adolescent twin study that suggest that heritability of different brain areas changes over the course of development in a regionally specific fashion. Areas associated with more complex reasoning abilities become increasingly heritable with maturation. The potential mechanisms by which gene–environment interactions may affect heritability values during development is discussed.

Type
Research Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 20 , Special Issue 4: Imaging Brain Systems in Normality and Psychopathology , Fall 2008 , pp. 1161 - 1175
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

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Footnotes

This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institutes of Mental Health.

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