Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-l4dxg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-10T18:05:59.310Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Building Healthy Children: A preventive intervention for high-risk young families

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 March 2021

Elizabeth M. Demeusy Open the ORCID record for Elizabeth M. Demeusy [Opens in a new window] ,
Elizabeth D. Handley ,
Jody Todd Manly ,
Robin Sturm  and
Sheree L. Toth
Elizabeth M. Demeusy
Affiliation:
Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
Elizabeth D. Handley
Affiliation:
Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
Jody Todd Manly
Affiliation:
Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
Robin Sturm
Affiliation:
Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
Sheree L. Toth*
Affiliation:
Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
*
Author for Correspondence: Dr. Sheree Toth, Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, 187 Edinburgh St., Rochester, NY, 14608; E-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Building Healthy Children (BHC) home-visiting preventive intervention was designed to provide concrete support and evidence-based intervention to young mothers and their infants who were at heightened risk for child maltreatment and poor developmental outcomes. This paper presents two studies examining the short- and long-term effectiveness of this program at promoting positive parenting and maternal mental health, while preventing child maltreatment and harsh parenting. It also examines the intervention's sustained effect on child symptomatology and self-regulation. At baseline, young mothers and their infants were randomly assigned to receive BHC or Enhanced Community Standard. Families were assessed longitudinally across four time points. Data were also collected from the child's teacher at follow-up. Mothers who received BHC evidenced significant reductions in depressive symptoms at mid-intervention, which was associated with improvements in parenting self-efficacy and stress as well as decreased child internalizing and externalizing symptoms at postintervention. The follow-up study found that BHC mothers exhibited less harsh and inconsistent parenting, and marginally less psychological aggression. BHC children also exhibited less externalizing behavior and self-regulatory difficulties across parent and teacher report. Following the impactful legacy of Dr. Edward Zigler, these findings underline the importance of early, evidence-based prevention to promote well-being in high-risk children and families.

Keywords

Building Healthy Childrenchild behaviorhome visitingpreventive interventionyoung mothers
Type
Special Issue Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 33 , Special Issue 2: Honoring the Legacy of Ed Zigler's Lifetime Contributions to Science, Society, and Child Wellbeing , May 2021 , pp. 598 - 613
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abidin, R. R. (1990). Parenting stress index-short form. Charlottesville, VA: Pediatric Psychology Press. doi:10.1037/t02445-000Google Scholar
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2000). Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms & profiles: An integrated system of multi-informant assessment; Child behavior checklist for ages 1 1/2-5; Language development survey; Caregiver-teacher report form. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.Google Scholar
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.Google Scholar
APSAC Taskforce. (2019). The investigation and determination of suspected psychological maltreatment in children and adolescents. Columbus, OH: The American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC). Retrieved from https://www.apsac.org/guidelines.Google Scholar
August, G. J., & Gewirtz, A. (2019). Moving toward a precision-based, personalized framework for prevention science: Introduction to the special issue. Prevention Science, 20, 1–9. doi:10.1007/s11121-018-0955-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avellar, S. A., & Supplee, L. H. (2013). Effectiveness of home visiting in improving child health and reducing child maltreatment. Pediatrics, 132(Supplement 2), S90–S99. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1021gCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnett, D., Manly, J. T., & Cicchetti, D. (1993). Defining child maltreatment: The interface between policy and research. Child Abuse, Child Development, and Social Policy, 8, 7–73. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511665707.014Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T., & Cicchetti, D. (2019). Emotion dysregulation and emerging psychopathology: A transdiagnostic, transdisciplinary perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 31, 799–804. doi:10.1017/s0954579419000671CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. doi:10.1037/t00742-000Google Scholar
Beeber, L. S., Schwartz, T. A., Holditch-Davis, D., Canuso, R., Lewis, V., & Hall, H. W. (2013). Parenting enhancement, interpersonal psychotherapy to reduce depression in low-income mothers of infants and toddlers: A randomized trial. Nursing Research, 62, 82. doi:10.1097/nnr.0b013e31828324c2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., … Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 169–190. doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00541-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Binggeli, N. J., Hart, S. N., & Brassard, M. R. (2001). Psychological maltreatment of children. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Bolger, K. E., Patterson, C. J., & Kupersmidt, J. B. (1998). Peer relationships and self-esteem among children who have been maltreated. Child Development, 69, 1171–1197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological models of human development. Readings on the Development of Children, 2, 37–43.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014). Child maltreatment: Facts at a glance. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2017). About Teen Pregnancy. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/teenpregnancy/about/.Google Scholar
Chen, E., Martin, A. D., & Matthews, K. A. (2006). Understanding health disparities: The role of race and socioeconomic status in children's health. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 702–708. doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.048124CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D. (1984). The emergence of developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55(1), 1–7. doi:10.2307/1129830.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D., & Carlson, V. (1989). Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511665707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Toth, S. L. (2006). Fostering secure attachment in infants in maltreating families through preventive interventions. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 623–649. doi:10.1017/s0954579406060329CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (1995). A developmental psychopathology perspective on child abuse and neglect. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 541–565. doi:10.1097/00004583-199505000-00008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2005). Child maltreatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 409–438. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144029CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2016). Child maltreatment and developmental psychopathology: A multilevel perspective. Developmental Psychopathology, Maladaptation and Psychopathology, 3, 457. doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy311Google Scholar
Cole, P. M., Hall, S. E., & Hajal, N. (2017). Emotion dysregulation as a vulnerability to psychopathology. In Beauchaine, T. P. & Hinshaw, S. P. (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychopathology (3rd ed., pp. 346–386). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Cowell, R. A., Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Toth, S. L. (2015). Childhood maltreatment and its effect on neurocognitive functioning: Timing and chronicity matter. Development and Psychopathology, 27, 521–533. doi:10.1017/s0954579415000139CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cuijpers, P., Weitz, E., Karyotaki, E., Garber, J., & Andersson, G. (2015). The effects of psychological treatment of maternal depression on children and parental functioning: A meta-analysis. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24, 237–245. doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0660-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deater-Deckard, K., Ivy, L., & Petrill, S. A. (2006). Maternal warmth moderates the link between physical punishment and child externalizing problems: A parent-offspring behavior genetic analysis. Parenting: Science and Practice, 6, 59–78. doi:10.1207/s15327922par0601_3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeKlyen, M., & Greenberg, M. T.. (2008). Attachment and psychopathology in childhood. In Cassidy, J. & Shaver, P. R. (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (Vol. 2, pp. 637–665). New York, NY: The Gillford Press.Google Scholar
Demeusy, E., Rogosch, F., Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. (2018, November). The effect of maternal history of childhood maltreatment on future parenting and child behavior. Poster presented at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies 34th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Dixon, L., Browne, K., & Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. (2005). Risk factors of parents abused as children: A mediational analysis of the intergenerational continuity of child maltreatment (Part I). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 47–57. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00339.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drotar, D., Robinson, J., Jeavons, L., & Lester Kirchner, H. (2009). A randomized, controlled evaluation of early intervention: The Born to Learn curriculum. Child: Care, Health and Development, 35, 643–649. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2008.00915.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duberstein, P. R., Ward, E. A., Chaudron, L. H., He, H., Toth, S. L., Wang, W., … Talbot, N. L. (2018). Effectiveness of interpersonal psychotherapy-trauma for depressed women with childhood abuse histories. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86, 868. doi:10.1037/ccp0000335CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubowitz, H., Pitts, S. C., Litrownik, A. J., Cox, C. E., Runyan, D, & Black, M. M. (2005). Defining child neglect based on child protective services data. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(5), 493–511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duggan, A. K., Berlin, L. J., Cassidy, J., Burrell, L., & Tandon, S. D. (2009). Examining maternal depression and attachment insecurity as moderators of the impacts of home visiting for at-risk mothers and infants. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 788. doi:10.1037/a0015709CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eckenrode, J., Ganzel, B., Henderson, C. R. Jr, Smith, E., Olds, D. L., Powers, J., … Sidora, K. (2000). Preventing child abuse and neglect with a program of nurse home visitation: The limiting effects of domestic violence. JAMA, 284, 1385–1391. doi:10.1001/jama.284.11.1385CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erath, S. A., El-Sheikh, M., & Mark Cummings, E. (2009). Harsh parenting and child externalizing behavior: Skin conductance level reactivity as a moderator. Child Development, 80, 578–592. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01280.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 245–258. doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S. L. (2013). Violence, crime, and abuse exposure in a national sample of children and youth: An update. JAMA Pediatrics, 167, 614–621. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flaherty, S. C., & Sadler, L. S. (2011). A review of attachment theory in the context of adolescent parenting. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 25, 114–121. doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2010.02.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flay, B. R., Biglan, A., Boruch, R. F., Castro, F. G., Gottfredson, D., Kellam, S., … Ji, P. (2005). Standards of evidence: Criteria for efficacy, effectiveness and dissemination. Prevention Science, 6, 151–175. doi:10.1007/s11121-005-5553-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furstenberg, F. F. Jr, Levine, J. A., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1990). The children of teenage mothers: Patterns of early childbearing in two generations. Family Planning Perspectives, 22(2), 54–61. doi:10.2307/2135509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garner, A. S. (2013). Home visiting and the biology of toxic stress: Opportunities to address early childhood adversity. Pediatrics, 132(Supplement 2), S65–S73. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1021dCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gershoff, E. T. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 539. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.539CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gillham, J. E., Shatté, A. J., & Reivich, K. (2001). Needed for prevention research: Long-term follow up and the Evaluation of mediators, moderators, and lay providers. Prevention & Treatment, 4, Article 9c. doi:10.1037/1522-3736.4.1.49cCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Guy, S. C., & Kenworthy, L. (2016). Behavior rating inventory of executive function, (BRIEF-2). Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resource. doi:10.4324/9781003076391-76Google Scholar
Halfon, N., Berkowitz, G., & Klee, L. (1992). Mental health service utilization by children in foster care in California. Pediatrics, 89, 1238–1244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammen, C., & Brennan, P. A. (2003). Severity, chronicity, and timing of maternal depression and risk for adolescent offspring diagnoses in a community sample. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 253–258. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.3.253CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Handley, E. D., Michl-Petzing, L. C., Rogosch, F. A., Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2017). Developmental cascade effects of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed mothers: Longitudinal associations with toddler attachment, temperament, and maternal parenting efficacy. Development and Psychopathology, 29, 601–615. doi:10.1017/s0954579417000219CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harden, K. P., Lynch, S. K., Turkheimer, E., Emery, R. E., D'onofrio, B. M., Slutske, W. S., … Martin, N. G. (2007). A behavior genetic investigation of adolescent motherhood and offspring mental health problems. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 667. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.4.667CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hart, S. N., & Brassard, M. R. (1987). A major threat to children's mental health: Psychological maltreatment. American Psychologist, 42, 160. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.42.2.160CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, A., Degnan, K. A., Calkins, S. D., & Keane, S. P. (2006). Profiles of externalizing behavior problems for boys and girls across preschool: The roles of emotion regulation and inattention. Developmental Psychology, 42, 913. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.913CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodgkinson, S., Beers, L., Southammakosane, C., & Lewin, A. (2014). Addressing the mental health needs of pregnant and parenting adolescents. Pediatrics, 133(1), 114–122. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-0927.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horowitz, J. L., Garber, J., Ciesla, J. A., Young, J. F., & Mufson, L. (2007). Prevention of depressive symptoms in adolescents: A randomized trial of cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal prevention programs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 693. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.5.693CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horton, C. (2003). Protective factors literature review: Early care and education programs and the prevention of child abuse and neglect. Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Social Policy.Google Scholar
Howard, K. S., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2009). The role of home-visiting programs in preventing child abuse and neglect. The Future of Children, 19, 119–146. doi:10.1353/foc.0.0032CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hu, L, & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hussey, J. M., Chang, J. J., & Kotch, J. B. (2006). Child maltreatment in the United States: Prevalence, risk factors, and adolescent health consequences. Pediatrics, 118, 933–942. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2452CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, T. L., & Prinz, R. J. (2005). Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 341–363. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.12.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kellam, S. G., & Langevin, D. J. (2003). A framework for understanding “evidence” in prevention research and programs. Prevention Science, 4, 137–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lei, H., Nahum-Shani, I., Lynch, K., Oslin, D., & Murphy, S. A. (2012). A “SMART” design for building individualized treatment sequences. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 21–48. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143152CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewin, A., Mitchell, S. J., & Ronzio, C. R. (2013). Developmental differences in parenting behavior: Comparing adolescent, emerging adult, and adult mothers. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 59, 23–49. doi:10.1353/mpq.2013.0003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, A. F., Ippen, C. G., & Van Horn, P. (2006). Child–parent psychotherapy: 6-month follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 913–918. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000222784.03735.92CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, A. F., Ippen, C. G., & Van Horn, P. (2015). Don't hit my mommy: A manual for child–parent psychotherapy with young children exposed to violence and other trauma (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Zero to Three. doi:10.1002/imhj.21816Google Scholar
Lieberman, A. F., & Van Horn, P. (2005). Don't hit my mommy!: A manual for child–parent psychotherapy with young witnesses of family violence. Washington, DC: Zero to Three. doi:10.33212/att.v13n1.2019.127.Google Scholar
Lieberman, A. F., Van Horn, P., & Ippen, C. G. (2005). Toward evidence-based treatment: Child–parent psychotherapy with preschoolers exposed to marital violence. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 1241–1248. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000181047.59702.58CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, L., & Wang, M. (2015). Parenting stress and children's problem behavior in China: The mediating role of parental psychological aggression. Journal of Family Psychology, 29, 20. doi:10.1037/fam0000047CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lovejoy, M. C., Graczyk, P. A., O'Hare, E., & Neuman, G. (2000). Maternal depression and parenting behavior: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 561–592. doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(98)00100-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luthar, S. S., & Eisenberg, N. (2017). Resilient adaptation among at-risk children: Harnessing science toward maximizing salutary environments. Child Development, 88, 337–349. doi:10.1111/cdev.12737CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luthar, S. S., & Zigler, E. (1991). Vulnerability and competence: A review of research on resilience in childhood. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61, 6–22. doi:10.1037/h0079218CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyons-Ruth, K., & Melnick, S. (2004). Dose–response effect of mother–infant clinical home visiting on aggressive behavior problems in kindergarten. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 699–707. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000122730.72597.07CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacLeod, J., & Nelson, G. (2000). Programs for the promotion of family wellness and the prevention of child maltreatment: A meta-analytic review. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24, 1127–1149. doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(00)00178-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madigan, S., Wade, M., Tarabulsy, G., Jenkins, J. M., & Shouldice, M. (2014). Association between abuse history and adolescent pregnancy: A meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55, 151–159. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.05.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manly, J. T., Kim, J. E., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2001). Dimensions of child maltreatment and children's adjustment: Contributions of developmental timing and subtype. Development and Psychopathology, 13(4), 759–782.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markowitz, J. C., Petkova, E., Neria, Y., Van Meter, P. E., Zhao, Y., Hembree, E., … Marshall, R. D. (2015). Is exposure necessary? A randomized clinical trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 430–440. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14070908CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, J. A., Hamilton, B. E., Osterman, M. J., Driscoll, A. K., & Mathews, T. J. (2017). Births: Final data for 2015. National vital statistics report; vol 66, no 1. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.Google Scholar
Meltzer-Brody, S., Bledsoe-Mansori, S. E., Johnson, N., Killian, C., Hamer, R. M., Jackson, C., … Thorp, J. (2013). A prospective study of perinatal depression and trauma history in pregnant minority adolescents. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 208, 211–e1. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.12.020CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mesman, J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2012). Unequal in opportunity, equal in process: Parental sensitivity promotes positive child development in ethnic minority families. Child Development Perspectives, 6, 239–250. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00223.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mikton, C., & Butchart, A. (2009). Child maltreatment prevention: A systematic review of reviews. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 87, 353–361. doi:10.2471/blt.08.057075CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller-Perrin, C. L., Perrin, R. D., & Kocur, J. L. (2009). Parental physical and psychological aggression: Psychological symptoms in young adults. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.12.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, M. R., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2002). Adolescent parenthood. Handbook of Parenting, 3, 173–214.Google Scholar
Morton, N., & Browne, K. D. (1998). Theory and observation of attachment and its relation to child maltreatment: A review. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22, 1093–1104. doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(98)00088-xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mufson, L., Dorta, K. P., Moreau, D., & Weissman, M. M. (2004a). Interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. doi:10.1093/sw/40.5.713Google Scholar
Mufson, L., Dorta, K. P., Wickramaratne, P., Nomura, Y., Olfson, M., & Weissman, M. M. (2004b). A randomized effectiveness trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 577–584. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.6.577CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mufson, L., Weissman, M. M., Moreau, D., & Garfinkel, R. (1999). Efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 573–579. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.6.573CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mulcahy, R., Reay, R. E., Wilkinson, R. B., & Owen, C. (2010). A randomised control trial for the effectiveness of group interpersonal psychotherapy for postnatal depression. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 13, 125–139. doi:10.1007/s00737-009-0101-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Research Council. (2014). New directions in child abuse and neglect research. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Nievar, M. A., Van Egeren, L. A., & Pollard, S. (2010). A meta-analysis of home visiting programs: Moderators of improvements in maternal behavior. Infant Mental Health Journal, 31, 499–520. doi:10.1002/imhj.20269CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noll, J. G., Shenk, C. E., & Putnam, K. T. (2008). Childhood sexual abuse and adolescent pregnancy: A meta-analytic update. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34, 366–378. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsn098CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olds, D. L. (2006). The nurse–family partnership: An evidence-based preventive intervention. Infant Mental Health Journal, 27, 5–25. doi:10.1002/imhj.20077CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olds, D. L. (2008). Preventing child maltreatment and crime with prenatal and infancy support of parents: The nurse-family partnership. Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 9, 2–24. doi:10.1080/14043850802450096CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olds, D. L., Eckenrode, J., Henderson, C. R., Kitzman, H., Powers, J., Cole, R., … Luckey, D. (1997). Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect: Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized trial. JAMA, 278, 637–643. doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550080047038CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olds, D. L., Sadler, L., & Kitzman, H. (2007). Programs for parents of infants and toddlers: Recent evidence from randomized trials. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 355–391. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01702.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Owen, M. T., & Mulvihill, B. A. (1994). Benefits of a parent education and support program in the first three years. Family Relations, 43(2), 206–212. doi:10.2307/585324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paradis, H. A., Sandler, M., Manly, J. T., & Valentine, L. (2013). Building Healthy Children: Evidence-based home visitation integrated with pediatric medical homes. Pediatrics, 132(Supplement 2), S174–S179. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1021rCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parents as Teachers National Center. (1999). Born to learn curriculum (prenatal to 3 years). St. Louis, MO: Author.Google Scholar
Perryman Group. (2014). Suffer the little children: An assessment of the economic cost of child maltreatment. Waco, TX: The Perryman Group. Retrieved from: https://www.perrymangroup.com/media/uploads/reports/perryman-suffer-the-little-children-11-2014.pdf.Google Scholar
Pfannenstiel, J., Lambson, T., Yarnell, V., & Research and Training Associates Inc., & United States of America. (1991). Second wave study of the Parents as Teachers program: Executive summary. St. Louis, MO: Parents as Teachers National Center.Google Scholar
Pfannenstiel, J., Lambson, T., & Yarnell, V. (1996). The parents as teachers program: Longitudinal follow up to the second wave study. Overland Park, KS: Research & Training Associates.Google Scholar
Pfannenstiel, J., & Seltzer, D. (1989). New parents as teachers: Evaluation of an early parent education program. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 4, 1–18. doi:10.1016/s0885-2006(89)90025-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, J. L., & Emde, R. N. (2004). Mental health moderators of Early Head Start on parenting and child development: Maternal depression and relationship attitudes. Parenting: Science and Practice, 4, 73–97. doi:10.1207/s15327922par0401_4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodriguez, C. (2010). Parent–child aggression: Association with child abuse potential and parenting styles. Violence and Victims, 25, 728–741. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.25.6.728CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rossello, J., & Bernal, G. (1999). The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal treatments for depression in Puerto Rican adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 734. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.67.5.734CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roth, A., & Fonagy, P. (2013). What works for whom?: A critical review of psychotherapy research. New York, NY: Guilford Publications.Google Scholar
Russotti, J., Rogosch, F. A., Handley, E. D., Douthit, K. Z., Marquis, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2020). Teen childbearing and offspring internalizing symptoms: The mediating role of child maltreatment. Development and Psychopathology, 1–13. doi:10.1017/s0954579420000413Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 316. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1987.tb03541.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaw, D. S., Gilliom, M., Ingoldsby, E. M., & Nagin, D. S. (2003). Trajectories leading to school-age conduct problems. Developmental Psychology, 39, 189. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.2.189CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school-age children: The development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33, 906. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.906CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1998). Reactive aggression among maltreated children: The contributions of attention and emotion dysregulation. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 381–395. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2704_2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shonkoff, J. P., & Fisher, P. A. (2013). Rethinking evidence-based practice and two-generation programs to create the future of early childhood policy. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 1635–1653. doi:10.1017/s0954579413000813CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sidebotham, P., Heron, J., & Team, A. S. (2006). Child maltreatment in the “children of the nineties”: A cohort study of risk factors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 497–522. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.11.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spinazzola, J., Hodgdon, H., Liang, L.-J., Ford, J. D., Layne, C. M., Pynoos, R., … Kisiel, C. (2014). Unseen wounds: The contribution of psychological maltreatment to child and adolescent mental health and risk outcomes. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(S1), S18. doi:10.1037/a0037766CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sroufe, L. A. (2005). Attachment and development: A prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood. Attachment & Human Development, 7, 349–367. doi:10.1080/14616730500365928CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stams, G.-J. J., Juffer, F., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2002). Maternal sensitivity, infant attachment, and temperament in early childhood predict adjustment in middle childhood: The case of adopted children and their biologically unrelated parents. Developmental Psychology, 38, 806. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.5.806CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stith, S. M., Liu, T., Davies, L. C., Boykin, E. L., Alder, M. C., Harris, J. M., … Dees, J. (2009). Risk factors in child maltreatment: A meta-analytic review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14, 13–29. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2006.03.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Straus, M. A., & Field, C. J. (2003). Psychological aggression by American parents: National data on prevalence, chronicity, and severity. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 795–808. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00795.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., & Warren, W. L. (2003). The conflict tactics scales handbook: Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2): CTS: Parent-Child Version (CTSPC). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.Google Scholar
Supplee, L. H., & Duggan, A. (2019). Innovative research methods to advance precision in home visiting for more efficient and effective programs. Child Development Perspectives, 13, 173–179. doi:10.1111/cdep.12334CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sweet, M. A., & Appelbaum, M. I. (2004). Is home visiting an effective strategy? A meta-analytic review of home visiting programs for families with young children. Child Development, 75, 1435–1456. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00750.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szigethy, E. M., & Ruiz, P. (2001). Depression among pregnant adolescents: An integrated treatment approach. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 22–27. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.1.22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teti, D. M., & Gelfand, D. M. (1991). Behavioral competence among mothers of infants in the first year: The mediational role of maternal self-efficacy. Child Development, 62, 918–929. doi:10.2307/1131143CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teti, D. M., & Gelfand, D. M. (1999). Maternal cognitions as mediators of child outcomes in the context of postpartum depression. In Postpartum depression and child development (p. 136). In Murray, L. & Cooper, P. J. (Eds.), Postpartum depression and child development (pp. 136–164). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, R., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2011). Accumulating evidence for parent–child interaction therapy in the prevention of child maltreatment. Child Development, 82, 177–192. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01548.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tofighi, D., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2011). RMediation: An R package for mediation analysis confidence intervals. Behavior Research Methods, 43, 692–700. doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0076-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toth, S. L., & Manly, J. T. (2011). Bridging research and practice: Challenges and successes in implementing evidence-based preventive intervention strategies for child maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35, 633–636. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.05.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toth, S. L., Maughan, A., Manly, J. T., Spagnola, M., & Cicchetti, D. (2002). The relative efficacy of two interventions in altering maltreated preschool children's representational models: Implications for attachment theory. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 877–908. doi:10.1017/s095457940200411xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toth, S. L., Rogosch, F. A., Manly, J. T., & Cicchetti, D. (2006). The efficacy of toddler–parent psychotherapy to reorganize attachment in the young offspring of mothers with major depressive disorder: A randomized preventive trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 1006. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.6.1006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toth, S. L., Rogosch, F. A., Oshri, A., Gravener-Davis, J., Sturm, R., & Morgan-López, A. A. (2013). The efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy for depression among economically disadvantaged mothers. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 1065–1078. doi:10.1017/s0954579413000370CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
USDHHS (US Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children's Bureau). (2020). Child Maltreatment 2018. doi:10.1037/e303422003-014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vachon, D. D., Krueger, R. F., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2015). Different forms of child maltreatment have comparable consequences among children from low-income families. JAMA Psychiatry, 72, 1135. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1792CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veltkamp, L. J., & Miller, T. W. (1994). Clinical handbook of child abuse and neglect. Madison, CT: International Universities Press, Inc.Google Scholar
Wagner, M., & Clayton, S. (1999). The parents as teachers program: Results from two demonstrations. The Future of Children, 9(1), 91–115. doi:10.2307/1602723.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wagner, M., Spiker, D., & Linn, M. I. (2002). The effectiveness of the parents as teachers program with low-income parents and children. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 22, 67–81. doi:10.1177/02711214020220020101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, E. A., Gelfand, A., Katon, W. J., Koss, M. P., Von Korff, M., Berstein, D., & Russo, J. (1999). Adult health status of women with histories of childhood abuse and neglect. The American Journal of Medicine, 107, 332–339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webster-Stratton, C. (1998). Preventing conduct problems in Head Start children: Strengthening parenting competencies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 715. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.66.5.715CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weisz, J. R., & Jensen, P. S. (1999). Efficacy and effectiveness of child and adolescent psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Mental Health Services Research, 1, 125–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, J. F., Mufson, L., & Davies, M. (2006). Efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy-adolescent skills training: An indicated preventive intervention for depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 1254–1262. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01667.xGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zigler, E., & Finn-Stevenson, M. (2007). From research to policy and practice: The school of the 21st century. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 175–181. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.77.2.175CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zigler, E., Taussig, C., & Black, K. (1992). Early childhood intervention: A promising preventative for juvenile delinquency. American Psychologist, 47, 997. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.47.8.997CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zigler, E., & Trickett, P. K. (1978). IQ, social competence, and evaluation of early childhood intervention programs. American Psychologist, 33, 789. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.33.9.789CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zigler, E., & Valentine, J. (1979). Project head start: A Legacy of the war on poverty. New York, NY: The Free Press, A Division of Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.Google Scholar