Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T18:21:00.124Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Biologically flavored perspectives on Garmezian resilience

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 April 2012

Daniel R. Hanson*
Affiliation:
Marshfield Clinic University of Minnesota
Irving I. Gottesman
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Daniel R. Hanson, Marshfield Clinic, Riverview Center, 1000 Starr Avenue, Eau Claire, WI 54703; E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected].

Abstract

Norman Garmezy devoted the better part of four decades developing and promoting the construct of resilience for developmental psychopathology. He proposed resilience as a paradigm to guide the understanding of how people can transcend adversity and go on to live healthy, productive lives. This tribute to Norman starts with a look at the early context for his work during his distinguished tenure in the Department of Psychology at the University of Minnesota. Resilience constructs are then compared from interdisciplinary perspectives across a variety of biological and physical sciences. All of these perspectives lead to similar conclusions: resilience is not a thing but a process. Furthermore, the processes are the product of energy-hungry systems. Finally, these insights are applied to difficult to modify maladaptive behaviors raising the question of a dark side to resilience.

Type
Special Section Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamski, A. J., & Westrum, R. (2003). Requisite imagination. The fine art of anticipating what might go wrong. In Hollnagel, E. (Ed.), Handbook of cognitive task design (pp. 193220). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Campbell, D., & Fiske, D. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait–multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannon, W. B. (1935). The wisdom of the body. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Chang, J. J., Chen, J. J., & Brownson, R. C. (2003). The role of repeat victimization in adolescent delinquent behaviors and recidivism. Journal of Adolescent Health, 32, 272280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chavda, N., Kantharia, N. D., & Jaykaran, . (2011). Effects of fluoxetine and escitalopram on C-reactive protein in patients of depression. Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics, 2, 1116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D. (2010). Resilience under conditions of extreme stress: A multilevel perspective. World Psychiatry, 9, 145154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D. (2011). Allostatic load. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 723724.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 281302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalziell, E. P., & McManus, S. T. (2004). Resilience, vulnerability, and adaptive capacity: Implications for system performance. Paper presented at the 1st International Forum for Engineering Decision Making (IFED), Stoos, Switzerland. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2809Google Scholar
Danese, A., Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Milne, B. J., Polanczyk, G., Pariante, C. M., et al. (2009). Adverse childhood experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease: Depression, inflammation, and clustering of metabolic risk markers. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163, 11351143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Meyer, T., (2011). Telomere length integrates psychological factors in the successful aging story, but what about the biology? Psychosomatic Medicine, 73, 524527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Epel, E., Daubenmier, J., Moskowitz, J. T., Folkman, S., & Blackburn, E. (2009). Can meditation slow rate of cellular aging? Cognitive stress, mindfulness, and telomeres. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1172, 3453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R. K., & Turner, H. A. (2007). Poly-victimization: A neglected component in child victimization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 726.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flatt, T. (2005). The evolutionary genetics of canalization. Quarterly Review of Biology, 80, 287316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ford, J. D., Elhai, J. D., Connor, D. F., & Frueh, B. C. (2010). Poly-victimization and risk of posttraumatic, depressive, and substance use disorders and involvement in delinquency in a national sample of adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46, 545552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garmezy, N., & Masten, A. S. (1986). Stress, competence, and resilience: Common frontiers for therapist and psychopathologist. Behavior Therapy, 17, 500521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garmezy, N., Masten, A. S., & Tellegan, A. (1984). The study of stress and competence in children: A building block of developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 97111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garmezy, N., & Rutter, M. (1983). Stress, coping, and development in children. New York: McGraw–Hill.Google Scholar
Garmezy, N., & Streitman, S. (1974). Children at risk: The search for the antecedents of schizophrenia. Part I. Conceptual models and research methods. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 8, 1490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gottesman, I. I. (1974). Developmental genetics and ontogenetic psychology: Overdue detente and propositions from a matchmaker. In Pick, A. D. & Pick, H. L. Jr. (Eds.), Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology (Vol. 8, pp. 5580). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Gottesman, I. I., & Bertelsen, A. (1989). Confirming unexpressed genotypes for schizophrenia. Risks in the offspring of Fischer's Danish identical and fraternal discordant twins. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 867872.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottesman, I. I., & Hanson, D. R. (2005). Human development: Biological and genetic processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 263286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottesman, I. I., & Hanson, D. R. (2007). Choreographing genetic, epigenetic, and stochastic steps in the dances of developmental psychopathology. In Masten, A. S. (Ed.), Multilevel dynamics in developmental psychopathology: Pathways to the future. Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology (Vol. 34, pp. 2744). Mahwah NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Hanson, D. R., & Gottesman, I. I. (2005). Theories of schizophrenia: A genetic–inflammatory–vascular synthesis. BMC Medical Genetics, 6. Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2350/1476/1477CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haro, J. M., Novick, D., Bertsch, J., Karagianis, J., Dossenbach, M., & Jones, P. B. (2011). Cross-national clinical and functional remission rates: Worldwide Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (W-SOHO) study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 199, 194201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hathaway, S. R., & McKinley, J. C. (1943). The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (rev. ed.). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Herrman, H., Stewart, D. E., Diaz-Granados, N., Berger, E. L., Jackson, B., & Yuen, T. (2011). What is resilience? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56, 258265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4, 123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollnagel, E., & Woods, D. D. (2006). Epilogue: Resilience engineering precepts. In Hollnagel, E.Woods, D. D., & Leveson, N. (Eds.), Resilience engineering: Concepts and precepts (pp. 347358). Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing.Google Scholar
Ideker, T., Galitski, T., & Hood, L. (2001). A new approach to decoding life: Systems biology. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, 2, 343372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarrett, T. (2008). Warrior resilience training in Operation Iraqi Freedom: Combining rational emotive behavior therapy, resiliency, and positive psychology. U.S. Army Medical Department Journal, 3238.Google ScholarPubMed
Jurgens, H. A., & Johnson, R. W. (2012). Dysregulated neuronal-microglial cross-talk during aging, stress and inflammation. Experimental Neurology, 233, 4048.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaminsky, Z. A., Tang, T., Wang, S. C., Ptak, C., Oh, G. H., Wong, A. H., et al. (2009). DNA methylation profiles in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Nature Genetics, 41, 240245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khairova, R. A., Machado-Vieira, R., Du, J., & Manji, H. K. (2009). A potential role for pro-inflammatory cytokines in regulating synaptic plasticity in major depressive disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 12, 561578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuipers, S. D., Trentani, A., Den Boer, J. A., & Ter Horst, G. J. (2003). Molecular correlates of impaired prefrontal plasticity in response to chronic stress. Journal of Neurochemistry, 85, 13121323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, X., McGue, M., & Gottesman, II. (2012). Two sources of genetic liability to depression: Interpreting the relationship between stress sensitivity and depression under a multifactorial polygenic model. Behavior Genetics, 42, 268277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, J., Epel, E., & Blackburn, E. (2012). Telomeres and lifestyle factors: Roles in cellular aging. Mutation Research, 730, 8589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71, 543562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masten, A. S. (2011). Resilience in children threatened by extreme adversity: Frameworks for research, practice, and translational synergy. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 493506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGorry, P. (2011). Transition to adulthood: The critical period for pre-emptive, disease-modifying care for schizophrenia and related disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 524530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, A. H., Maletic, V., & Raison, C. L. (2009). Inflammation and its discontents: The role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 65, 732741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muller, N., & Schwarz, M. J. (2010). Immune system and schizophrenia. Current Immunology Reviews, 6, 213220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niendam, T. A., Jalbrzikowski, M., & Bearden, C. E. (2009). Exploring predictors of outcome in the psychosis prodrome: Implications for early identification and intervention. Neuropsychology Review, 19, 280293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Donovan, A., Pantell, M. S., Puterman, E., Dhabhar, F. S., Blackburn, E. H., Yaffe, K., et al. (2011). Cumulative inflammatory load is associated with short leukocyte telomere length in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. PLoS One, 6, e19687.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pianta, R. C., & Walsh, D. J. (1998). Applying the construct of resilience in schools: Cautions from a developmental systems perspective. School Psychology Review, 27, 407417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polusny, M. A., Erbes, C. R., Murdoch, M., Arbisi, P. A., Thuras, P., & Rath, M. B. (2010). Prospective risk factors for new-onset post-traumatic stress disorder in National Guard soldiers deployed to Iraq. Psychological Medicine, 41, 687698.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robins, L. E., & Regier, D. A. (1991). Psychiatric disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Rolf, J., Masten, A. S., Cicchetti, D., Nuechterlein, K. & Weintraub, S. (Eds.). (1990). Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutter, M. (2000). Resilience reconsidered: Conceptual considerations, empirical findings, and policy implications. In Shonkoff, J. P. & Meisels, S. J. (Eds.), Handbook of early childhood intervention (2nd ed., pp. 651682). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutter, M. (2006). Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmalhausen, I. (1949 (reprinted 1986)). Factors of evolution: The theory of stabilizing selection. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Schofield, W., & Balian, L. (1959). A comparative study of the personal histories of schizophrenic and nonpsychiatric patients. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59, 216225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seery, M. D. (2011). Resilience: A silver lining to experiencing adverse live events? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 390394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegal, M. L., & Bergman, A. (2002). Waddington's canalization revisited: Developmental stability and evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 1052810532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slavich, G. M., O'Donovan, A., Epel, E. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2010). Black sheep get the blues: A psychobiological model of social rejection and depression. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 3945.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slavich, G. M., Way, B. M., Eisenberger, N. I., & Taylor, S. E. (2010). Neural sensitivity to social rejection is associated with inflammatory responses to social stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 1481714822.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sparkman, N. L., & Johnson, R. W. (2008). Neuroinflammation associated with aging sensitizes the brain to the effects of infection or stress. Neuroimmunomodulation, 15, 323330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stearns, S. C. (2002). Progress on canalization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 1022910230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Os, J., Burns, T., Cavallaro, R., Leucht, S., Peuskens, J., Helldin, L. et al. (2006). Standardized remission criteria in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113, 9195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Varadhan, R., Seplaki, C. L., Xue, Q. L., Bandeen-Roche, K., & Fried, L. P. (2008). Stimulus-response paradigm for characterizing the loss of resilience in homeostatic regulation associated with frailty. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 129, 666670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waddington, C. H. (1942). Canalization of development and the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Nature, 150, 563565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, B., Holling, C. S., Carpenter, S. R., & Kinzig, A. (2004). Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social–ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 9, Article 5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waller, N. G., Yonce, L. J., Meehl, P. E., Grove, W. E., Faust, D., & Lenzenweger, M. F. (2006). A Paul Meehl reader: Essays on the practice of scientific psychology. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Watt, N. F., Anthony, J., & Wynne, L. C. (Eds.). (1984). Children at risk for schizophrenia: A longitudinal perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar