Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T16:54:58.316Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Bidirectional and transactional relationships between parenting styles and child symptoms of ADHD, ODD, depression, and anxiety over 6 years

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 June 2021

Anna E. S. Allmann Open the ORCID record for Anna E. S. Allmann [Opens in a new window] ,
Daniel N. Klein  and
Daniel C. Kopala-Sibley
Anna E. S. Allmann*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
Daniel N. Klein
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
Daniel C. Kopala-Sibley
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
*
Author for Correspondence: Anna E.S. Allmann, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University; E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

It is well established that mothers’ parenting impacts children's adjustment. However, much less is known about how children's psychopathology impacts their mothers’ parenting and how parenting and child symptoms relate either bidirectionally (i.e., a relationship in both directions over two time points) or transactionally (i.e., a process that unfolds over time) to one another over a span of several years. In addition, relatively little research addresses the role of fathers’ parenting in the development of children's symptoms and, conversely, how children may elicit certain types of parenting from fathers. In this study, data were collected from 491 families on mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles (authoritarianism, authoritativeness, permissiveness, and overprotectiveness) and children's symptoms of psychopathology (attention deficit, oppositional defiant, depression, and anxiety) when children were age 3, 6, and 9 years old. Cross-lagged panel analyses revealed that parents and children affected one another in a bidirectional and transactional fashion over the course of the six years studied. Results suggest that children's symptoms may compound over time partially because they reduce exposure to adaptive and increase exposure to maladaptive parenting styles. Likewise, maladaptive parenting may persist over time due to the persistence of children's symptoms.

Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 34 , Issue 4 , October 2022 , pp. 1400 - 1411
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. M. (2018). Achenbach system of empirically based assessment (ASEBA). In Kreutzer, J., DeLuca, J., & Caplan, B. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of clinical neuropsychology (pp. 1–7). Cham: Springer.Google Scholar
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2000). Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms and profiles: An integrated system of multi-informant assessment. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. (2001). Manual for ASEBA school age forms & profiles. Burlington, VT: University of VT, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.Google Scholar
Alderfer, M. A., Fiese, B. H., Gold, J. I., Cutuli, J. J., Holmbeck, G. N., Goldbeck, L., … Patterson, J. (2008). Evidence-based assessment in pediatric psychology: Family measures. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 33, 1046–1061.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (1993). Depressive comorbidity in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1779–1791.Google ScholarPubMed
Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43–88.Google ScholarPubMed
Baumrind, D. (1968). Authoritarian versus Authoritative parental control. Adolescence, 3, 255–272.Google Scholar
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4, 1–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 83–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berry, D., & Willoughby, M. T. (2017). On the practical interpretability of cross-lagged panel models: Rethinking a developmental workhorse. Child Development, 88, 1186–1206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bollen, K. A., & Stine, R. (1990). Direct and indirect effects: Classical and bootstrap estimates of variability. Sociological Methodology, 20, 15–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brady, E. U., & Kendall, P. C. (1992). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, J. D., Pardini, D. A., & Loeber, R. (2008). Reciprocal relationships between parenting behavior and disruptive psychopathology from childhood through adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 679–692.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Callaghan, B. L., & Tottenham, N. (2016). The neuro-environmental loop of plasticity: A cross-species analysis of parental effects on emotion circuitry development following typical and adverse caregiving. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41, 163–176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carmines, E. G., & McIver, J. P. (1981). Analyzing models with unobserved variables: Analysis of covariance structures. In Bohrnstedt, G. W. & Borgatta, E. F. (Eds.), Social measurement: Current issues (pp. 65–115). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Collins, W. A., Maccoby, E. E., Steinberger, L., Hetherington, E. M., & Bornstein, M. H. (2000). Contemporary research on parenting: The case for nature and nurture. American Psychologist, 55, 218–232.Google ScholarPubMed
Combs-Ronto, L. A., Olson, S. L., Lunkenheimer, E. S., & Sameroff, A. J. (2009). Interactions between maternal parenting and children's early disruptive behavior: Bidirectional associations across the transition from preschool to school entry. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 1151–1163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cox, M. J., & Harter, K. S. M. (2003). Parent-child relationships. In Bornstein, M. H., Davidson, L., Keyes, C. L. M. & Moore, K. A. (Eds.), Crosscurrents in contemporary psychology. Well-being: Positive development across the life course (pp. 191–204). Washington, DC: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.Google Scholar
Cummings, C. M., Caporino, N. E., & Kendall, P. C. (2014). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 years after. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 816–845.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Giudice, M. (2014). Middle childhood: An evolutionary-developmental synthesis. Child Development Perspectives, 8, 193–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebesutani, C., Bernstein, A., Nakamura, B. J., Chorpita, B. F., Higa-McMillan, C. K., Weisz, J. R., & Research Network on Youth Mental Health. (2010). Concurrent validity of the child behavior checklist DSM-oriented scales: Correspondence with DSM diagnoses and comparison to syndrome scales. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 373–384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egger, H. L., & Emde, R. N. (2011). Developmentally sensitive diagnostic criteria for mental health disorders in early childhood: The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders—IV, the research diagnostic criteria—preschool age, and the diagnostic classification of mental health and developmental disorders of infancy and early childhood—revised. American Psychologist, 66, 95–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gere, M. K., Villabø, M. A., Torgersen, S., & Kendall, P. C. (2012). Overprotective parenting and child anxiety: The role of co-occurring child behavior problems. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 642–649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gouze, K. R., Hopkins, J., Bryant, F. B., & Lavigne, J. V. (2017). Parenting and anxiety: Bi-directional relations in young children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45, 1169–1180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hastings, P. D., & Rubin, K. H. (1999). Predicting mothers’ beliefs about preschool-aged children's social behavior: Evidence for maternal attitudes moderating child effects. Child Development, 70, 722–741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawes, D. J., Dadds, M. R., Frost, A. D., & Hasking, P. A. (2011). Do childhood callous-unemotional traits drive change in parenting practices? Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 40, 507–518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes, A. F., & Rockwood, N. J. (2017). Regression-based statistical mediation and moderation analysis in clinical research: Observations, recommendations, and implementation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 98, 39–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hipwell, A., Keenan, K., Kasza, K., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Bean, T. (2008). Reciprocal influences between girls’ conduct problems and depression, and parental punishment and warmth: A six year prospective analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 663–677.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hollingshead, A. B. (1975). Four factor index of social status. Unpublished manuscript. New Haven, CT: Yale University.Google Scholar
Hoyle, R. H., & Panter, A. T. (1995). Writing about structural equation models. In Hoyle, F. H. (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 158–176). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Hudson, J. L., Doyle, A. M., & Gar, N. (2009). Child and maternal influence on parenting behavior in clinically anxious children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38, 256–262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, D. N., & Finsaas, M. C. (2017). The stony brook temperament study: Early antecedents and pathways to emotional disorders. Child Development Perspectives, 11, 257–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kline, R. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Kopala-Sibley, D. C., Jelinek, C., Allmann, A. E. S., & Klein, D. N. (2017). Parental depressive history, parenting styles, and child psychopathology over six years: The contribution of each parent's depressive history to the other's parenting styles. Development and Psychopathology, 29, 1469–1482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langevin, R., Stack, D. M., Dickson, D. J., & Serbin, L. A. (2020). Transactional associations between children's socioemotional difficulties and parental aggression toward the child over a ten-year period in a lower-income population. Journal of Family Violence, 1–15.Google Scholar
Larzelere, R. E., Morris, A. S. E., & Harrist, A. W. (2013). Authoritative parenting: Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, S. M., Daniels, M. H., & Kissinger, D. B. (2006). Parental influences on adolescent adjustment: Parenting styles versus parenting practices. The Family Journal, 14, 253–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leijten, P., Raaijmakers, M. A., de Castro, B. O., & Matthys, W. (2013). Does socioeconomic status matter? A meta-analysis on parent training effectiveness for disruptive child behavior. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42, 384–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., & Seeley, J. R. (1995). Adolescent psychopathology: III. The clinical consequences of comorbidity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 510–519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Little, R. J., & Rubin, D. B. (1989). The analysis of social science data with missing values. Sociological Methods & Research, 18, 292–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markon, K. E., Chmielewski, M., & Miller, C. J. (2011). The reliability and validity of discrete and continuous measures of psychopathology: A quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 856.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noordermeer, S. D., Luman, M., Weeda, W. D., Buitelaar, J. K., Richards, J. S., Hartman, C. A., … Oosterlaan, J. (2017). Risk factors for comorbid oppositional defiant disorder in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 1155–1164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olivari, M. G., Tagliabue, S., & Confalonieri, E. (2013). Parenting style and dimensions questionnaire: A review of reliability and validity. Marriage & Family Review, 49, 465–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A parental bonding instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive family processes. Eugene, OR: Castalia.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R., & Reid, J. R. (1970). Reciprocity and coercion: Two facets of social systems. In Neuringer, C. & Michael, J. L. (Eds.), Behavior modification in clinical psychology (pp. 133–177). New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1970.Google Scholar
Rapee, R. M. (1997). Potential role of childrearing practices in the development of anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 47–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reitz, E., Deković, M., & Meijer, A. M. (2006). Relations between parenting and externalizing and internalizing problem behaviour in early adolescence: Child behaviour as moderator and predictor. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 419–436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, C. C., Mandelco, B., Olsen, S. F., & Hart, C. H. (2001). The parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire (PSDQ). In Perlmutter, B. F., Touliatos, J. & Holden, G. W. (Eds.), Handbook of family measurement techniques: Vol. 3. Instruments & Index (pp. 319–321). Thousand Oaks: Sage.Google Scholar
Robinson, C. C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F., & Hart, C. H. (1995). Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting practices: Development of a new measure. Psychological Reports, 77, 819–830.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roubinov, D. S., Epel, E. S., Adler, N. E., Laraia, B. A., & Bush, N. R. (2019). Transactions between maternal and child depressive symptoms emerge early in life. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 1–11.Google ScholarPubMed
Rubin, K. H., Nelson, L. J., Hastings, P., & Asendorpf, J. (1999). The transaction between parents’ perceptions of their children's shyness and their parenting styles. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 23, 937–957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sameroff, A. (1975). Transactional models in early social relations. Human Development, 18, 65–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaefer, E. S. (1965). A configurational analysis of children's reports of parent behavior. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 29, 552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schludermann, E., & Schludermann, S. (1970). Replicability of factors in children's report of parent behavior (CRPBI). Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 76, 239–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverman, W. K., Kurtines, W. M., Jaccard, J., & Pina, A. A. (2009). Directionality of change in youth anxiety treatment involving parents: An initial examination. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, R. A. (2000). The legacy of early attachments. Child Development, 71, 145–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trentacosta, C. J., Waller, R., Neiderhiser, J. M., Shaw, D. S., Natsuaki, M. N., Ganiban, J. M., … Hyde, L. W. (2019). Callous-unemotional behaviors and harsh parenting: Reciprocal associations across early childhood and moderation by inherited risk. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47, 811–823.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, J. J., McLeod, B. D., Sigman, M., Hwang, W. C., & Chu, B. C. (2003). Parenting and childhood anxiety: Theory, empirical findings, and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 134–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yan, N., Ansari, A., & Peng, P. (2020). Reconsidering the relation between parental functioning and child externalizing behaviors: A meta-analysis on child-driven effects. Journal of Family Psychology. Advanced online publication. doi:10.1037/fam0000805Google ScholarPubMed
Yan, N., Ansari, A., & Wang, Y. (2019). Intrusive parenting and child externalizing behaviors across childhood: The antecedents and consequences of child-driven effects. Journal of Family Psychology, 33, 661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Allmann et al. supplementary material

Allmann et al. supplementary material 1

Download Allmann et al. supplementary material(File)
File 22 KB
Supplementary material: File

Allmann et al. supplementary material

Allmann et al. supplementary material 2

Download Allmann et al. supplementary material(File)
File 106.3 KB