Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T15:23:57.687Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Antisocial development: A holistic approach

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 March 2009

Håkan Stattin  and
David Magnusson
Håkan Stattin*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Örebro University
David Magnusson
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Stockholm University
*
Prof. H. Stattin, Dept. of Social Science, Orebro Univ., Box 923, 701 82 Orebro, Sweden (E-mail: [email protected]).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this study, we examine issues related to the development of antisocial behavior, using data from three ongoing Swedish longitudinal projects. A correlational strategy is contrasted with a configurational approach. The correlational analyses reveal quite high temporal rank-order stabilities of behavioral problems, for both sexes, and also long-term statistical connections between childhood problems and adolescent and adult adjustment problems. However, these associations are of a modest size. This is to be expected in view of the operation of processes of a more temporary nature and of the timing of adjustment problems. It is argued here that a configurational approach, simultaneously taking into consideration relevant aspects of the individuals' risk panorama, offers a perspective on developmental pathways that is not provided by common multivariate approaches. Results from this more person-centered approach show the strong impact of adolescent multirisk patterns on future criminality and on drug and alcohol abuse. Findings also reveal that individual personal resources in adolescence may quite strongly reduce the risk of developing future criminality and drug and alcohol abuse for multiproblem individuals.

Type
Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 8 , Issue 4: Developmental Pathways: Diversity in Process and Outcome , Fall 1996 , pp. 617 - 645
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Andersson, T., & Magnusson, D. (1990). Biological maturation in adolescence and the development of drinking habits and alcohol abuse among young males: A prospective longitudinal study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 19, 33–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andersson, T., Bergman, L. R., & Magnusson, D. (1989). Patterns of adjustment problems and alcohol abuse in early adulthood: A prospective longitudinal study. Development and Psychopathology, 1, 119–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anthony, E. J. (1974). The syndrome of the psychologically vulnerable child. In Anthony, E. & Koupernic, C., (Eds.). The child in his family: Children at psychiatric risk (pp. 3–10). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Antonovsky, A. (1987). Unraveling the mystery of health. How people manage stress and stay well. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Backteman, G., & Magnusson, D. (1981). Longitudinal stability of personality characteristics. Journal of Personality, 49, 148–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavior change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergman, L. R., & El-Khouri, B. M. (1995). SLEIPNER. A statistical package for studying patterns and classifications. Department of Psychology, University of Stockholm.Google Scholar
Bergman, L. R. (1993). Some methodological issues in longitudinal research: Looking forward. In Magnusson, D. & Casaer, P. (Eds.), Longitudinal research on individual development. Present status and future perspectives (pp. 217–241). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergman, L. R. (in press). A pattern-oriented approach to studying individual development: Snapshots and processes. In R. B. Cairns, L. R. Bergman, & J. Kagan (Eds.), The individual as a focus in developmental research. New York: Sage.Google Scholar
Bergman, L. R., & Magnusson, D. (1987). A person approach to the study of the development of adjustment problems: An empirical example and some research considerations. In Magnusson, D. & Öhman, A. (Eds.), Psychopathology: An interactional perspective (pp. 383–401). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Bliesner, T., & Lösel, F. (1992). Resilience in juveniles with high risk of delinquency. In Losel, F., Bender, D., & Bliesner, T. (Eds.), Psychology and law. International perspectives (pp. 62–75). Berlin: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Block, J. (1971). Lives through time. Berkeley, CA: Bancroft Books.Google Scholar
Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1980). The role of ego control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In Collins, W. A. (Ed.), Development of cognition, affect and social relations: The Minnesota symposium on child psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 39–101). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Blumstein, A., Cohen, J., Roth, J. A., & Visher, C. A. (1986). Criminal careers and “career criminals.” Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Caspi, A., & Moffit, T. (1991, April). Puberty and deviance in girls. Symposium paper read at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Seattle.Google Scholar
Cederblad, M., Dahlin, L., Hagnell, O., & Hanson, K. (in press). Salutogenetic childhood factors reported by middle-aged individuals. Follow-up of the children from the Lundby-study grown up in families experiencing three or more childhood psychiatric risk factors. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. (1993). Developmental psychopathology: Reactions, reflections, projections. Developmental Review, 13, 471–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Richters, J. E. (1993). Developmental considerations in the investigation of conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 331–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiLalla, L. F., & Gottesman, I. I. (1989). Heterogeneity of causes for delinquency and criminality: Lifespan perspectives. Development and Psychopathology, 1, 339–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dishion, T. J., Patterson, G. R., & Griesler, P. C. (in press), in L. R. Huesmann (Ed.), Current perspectives on aggressive behavior. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Elliot, D. S. (1990). Health enhancing and health compromising lifestyles. Washington, DC: Carnegie.Google Scholar
Farrington, D. P. (1983). Offending from 10 to 25 years of age. In Van Dusen, K. T. & Mednick, S. A. (Eds.), Prospective studies of crime and delinquency (pp. 1737). The Hague: Kluwer-Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Farrington, D. P. (1992). Criminal career research in the United Kingdom. British Journal of Criminology, 32, 521–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrington, D. P. (1994, June). Protective factors in the development of juvenile delinquency and adult crime. Invited lecture given at the Sixth Scientific Meeting of the Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, London.Google Scholar
Farrington, D. P., Gallagher, B., Morley, L., St Ledger, R. J., & West, D. J. (1988). Are there any successful men from criminogenic backgrounds? Psychiatry, 51, 116–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farrington, D. P., Loeber, R., Elliott, D. S., Hawkins, J. D., Kandel, D. B., Klein, M. W., McCord, J., Rowe, D. C., & Tremblay, R. E. (1990). Advancing knowledge about the onset of delinquency and crime. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, 13, 283–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garmezy, N. (1974). The study of competence in children at risk for severe psychopathology. In Anthony, E., & Koupernic, C. (Eds.), The child in his family: Children at psychiatric risk (pp. 77–97). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Garmezy, N., Masten, A. S., & Tellegen, A. (1984). The study of stress and competence in children: a building block for developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 97–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodwin, D. W., Schulsinger, F., Hermansen, L., Guze, S. B., & Winokur, G. (1975). Alcoholism and the hyperactive child syndrome. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 160, 349–352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenspan, S. (1981). Social competence and handicapped individuals: Practical implications and a proposed model. Advances in Special Education, 3, 41–82.Google Scholar
Hare, R. D., & Schalling, D. (1978). Psychopathic behavior: Approaches to research. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Hesselbrook, M. N., Hesselbrook, V. M., Babor, T. E., Stabenau, J. R., Meyer, R. E., & Weidenman, M. (1984). Antisocial behavior, psychopathology and problem drinking in the natural history of alcoholism. In Goodwin, D. W., Van Dusen, K. T., & Mednick, S. A. (Eds.), Longitudinal research in alcoholism (pp. 197–214). Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hewitt, L. E., & Jenkins, R. L. (1946). Fundamental patterns of nonadjustment, the dynamics of their origin. Springfield: State of Illinois.Google Scholar
Hodgins, S. (1994). Outcome at age 30 of subjects with conduct problems in childhood: Evidence for the feasibility of early childhood crime prevention. Department of Sociology, University of Stockholm.Google Scholar
Jessor, R. (1992). Risk behavior in adolescence: A psychosocial framework for understanding and action. Developmental Review, 12, 374–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jessor, R., & Jessor, S. L. (1977). Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Johansson, G., Frankenhaeuser, M., & Magnusson, D. (1973). Catecholamine output in school children as related to performance and adjustment. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 14, 20–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kagan, J., & Moss, H. A. (1962). Birth to maturity: A study of psychological development. New York: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kandel, E., Mednick, S. A., Kirkegaard-Sorenson, L., Hutchings, B., Knopf, J., Rosenberg, R., & Schulsinger, F. (1988). IQ as a protective factor for subjects at high risk for antisocial behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 224–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerr, M., Tremblay, R. E., Pagani-Kurtz, L., & Vitaro, F. (1996). Boys' behavioral inhibition protects against delinquency. Archives of General Psychiatry, in press.Google Scholar
Ketterlinus, R. D., Lamb, M. E., & Nitz, K. A. (1994). Adolescent nonsexual and sex-related problem behaviors: Their prevalence, consequences, and co-occurrence. In Ketterlinus, R. D. & Lamb, M. E. (Eds.), Adolescent problem behaviors. Issues and research. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
af Klinteberg, B., Anderson, T., Magnusson, D., & Stattin, H. (1993). Hyperactive behavior in childhood as related to subsequent alcohol problems and violent offending: A longitudinal study of male subjects. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 381–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
af Klinteberg, B., Schalling, D., & Magnusson, D. (1990). Childhood behaviour and adult personality in male and female subjects. European Journal of Personality, 4, 57–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobasa, S. (1979). Stressful life events, personality and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolvin, I., Miller, F. J. W., Fleeting, M., & Kolvin, P. A. (1988). Risk/protective factors for offending with particular reference to deprivation. In Rutter, M. (Ed.), Studies of psychosocial risk: the power of longitudinal data (pp. 77–95). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Krauth, J., & Lienert, G. A. (1982). Fundamentals and modifications of configural frequency analysis (CFA). Interdisciplinaria, 3, Issue 1.Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S. (1993). From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeBlane, M., & Frechette, M. (1989). Male criminal activity from childhood through youth. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lefcourt, H. M. (1982). Locus of control (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Levander, S., & Schalling, D. (1984, August). Psycho-endocrine differences within a group of juvenile delinquents as related to early childhood psychosocial stress and to follow-up data. Paper presented at the 4th conference on person-environment interaction “Psychopathology in the Perspective of Person-Environment Interaction,” Stockholm, Sweden.Google Scholar
Lidberg, L., Levander, S., Schalling, D., & Lidberg, Y. (1978). Urinary catecholamines, stress and psychopathy: A study of arrested men awaiting trial. Psychosomatic Medicine, 40, 116–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lilienfeld, S. O., & Waldman, I. D. (1990). The relationship between childhood Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and adult antisocial behavior reexamined—The problem of heterogeneity. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 669–726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loeber, R. (1982). The stability of antisocial and delinquent behavior: a review. Child Development, 53, 1431–1446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loeber, R. (1990). Development and risk factors of juvenile antisocial behavior and delinquency. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 1–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loeber, R., & Dishion, T. J. (1983). Early predictors of male delinquency: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 68–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Green, S. M. (1991). Age at onset of problem behaviour in boys and later disruptive and delinquent behaviours. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 1, 229–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loeber, R., Wung, P., Keenan, K., Giroux, B., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., van Kammen, W. B., & Maughan, B. (1993). Developmental pathways in disruptive child behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 103–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luthar, S. S. (1993). Annotation: Methodological and conceptual issues in research on childhood resilience. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 441–453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luthar, S. S., Zigler, E. (1992). Intelligence and social competence among high-risk adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 287–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magnusson, D. (1987). Adult delinquency and early conduct and physiology. In Magnusson, D. & Öhman, A. (Eds.), Psychopathology: An interactional perspective (pp. 221–234). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Magnusson, D. (1988). Individual development from an interactional perspective. In Magnusson, D. (Ed.), Paths through life (Vol. 1). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Magnusson, (in press). The logic and implications of a person approach. In R. B. Cairns, L. R. Bergman, & J. Kagan (Eds.), The individual as a focus in developmental research. New York: Sage.Google Scholar
Magnusson, D., & Allen, V. L. (1983). Implications and applications of an interactional perspective for human development. In Magnusson, D. & Allen, V. L. (Eds.), Human development: An interactional perspective (pp. 369–387). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Magnusson, D., Andersson, T., & Torestad, B. (1993). Methodological implications of a peephole perspective on personality. In Funder, D. C., Parke, R. D., Tomlinson-Keasey, C., & Widaman, K. (Eds.), Studying lives through time. Personality and development (pp. 207–220). Washington, DC: APA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magnusson, D., & Bergman, L. R. (1988). Individual and variable-based approaches to longitudinal research on early risk factors. In Rutter, M. (Ed.), Studies of psychosocial risk: The power of longitudinal data (pp. 45–61). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Magnusson, D., & Bergman, L. R. (1990). A pattern approach to the study of pathways from childhood to adulthood. In Robins, L. N. & Rutter, M. (Eds.), Straight and devious pathways from childhood to adulthood (pp. 101–115). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Magnusson, D., Dunér, A., & Zetterblom, G. (1975). Adjustment: A longitudinal study. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Magnusson, D., af Klinteberg, B., & Stattin, H. (1992). Autonomic activity/reactivity, behavior and crime in a longitudinal perspective. In McCord, J. (Ed.), Facts, frameworks, and forecasts. Advances in criminological theory (Vol. 3, pp. 287–318). New Brunswick: Transaction.Google Scholar
Magnusson, D., af Klinteberg, G., & Stattin, H. (1994). Juvenile and persistent offenders: Behavioral and physiological characteristics. In Ketterlinus, R. & Lamb, M. (Eds.), Adolescent problem behaviors (pp. 8191). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Magnusson, D., & Stattin, H. (in press). Person-context interaction theories. In R. Lerner (Ed.) & William Damon (Ed. in Chief), Theoretical models of human development. Vol. 1 of the Handbook of Child Psychology. (5th ed.). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Magnusson, D., Stattin, H., & Anderson, T. (1994). Comportement antisocial: Profils à risque à la preadoles-cence [Early adolescent risk patterns for antisocial development]. In Bolognini, M., Plancherel, B., Nunez, R., & Bettschart, W. (Eds.), Preadolescence: Theorie, recherche et clinique (pp. 239–252). Paris: ESF editeur.Google Scholar
Magnusson, D., Stattin, H., & Allen, V. L. (1985). Biological maturation and social development: A longitudinal study of some adjustment processes from mid-adolescence to adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 14, 267–283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magnusson, D., Stattin, H., & Allen, V. (1986). Differential maturation among girls and its relation to social adjustment: A longitudinal perspective. In Baltes, P., Featherman, D., & Lerner, R. (Eds.), Life span development (Vol. 7, pp. 134–172). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Magnusson, D., Stattin, H., & Duner, A. (1983). Aggression and criminality in a longitudinal perspective. In van Dusen, K. T. & Mednick, S. A. (Eds.), Prospective studies of crime and delinquency (pp. 277–301). Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masterpasqua, F. (1990). A competence paradigm for psychological practice. American Psychologist, 44, 1366–1371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCord, J. (1981). A longitudinal perspective on patterns of crime. Criminology, 19, 211–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 674–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1988). Self-reported delinquency, neuropsychological deficit, and history of attention deficit disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16, 553–569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Möller, K., & Stattin, H. (accepted upon revision). Marital relationship in mid-life and relationships with parents, peers and the opposite sex in adolescence: A prospective study. Journal of Marriage and the Family.Google Scholar
Olofsson, B. (1973). Unga lagöverträdare II. Hem, upp-fostran, skola och kamratmiljö i belysning av inter-vju-och uppföljningsdata. (Young delinquents II. Home, management, school and peer environment in the light of interview and follow-up data). SOU 1973: 25 (English summary).Google Scholar
Osborn, S. G., & West, D. J. (1978). The effectiveness of various predictors of criminal careers. Journal of Adolescence, 1, 101–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olweus, D. (1979). Stability of aggressive reaction patterns in males: A Review. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 852–875.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., & Dishion, T. J. (1992). Antisocial boys. Eugene, OR: Castalia.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R., & Yoerger, K. (1993). Developmental models for delinquent behavior. In Hodgins, S. (Ed.), Mental disorder and crime (pp. 140–172). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Pulkkinen, L., & Trembley, R. (1992). Patterns of boys' social adjustment in two cultures and at different ages: A longitudinal perspective. International Journal of Behavioural Development, 15, 527–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quay, H. C. (1986). Conduct disorders. In Quay, H. C. and Werry, J. S. (Eds.), Psychopathological disorders of childhood (pp. 35–72). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Radke-Yarrow, M., & Sherman, T. (1990). Hard growing children who survive. In Rolf, J., Masten, A. S., Cicchetti, D., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Weintraub, S. (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 97–119). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rae-Grant, N., Thomas, H., Offord, D. R., & Boyle, M. H. (1989). Risk, protective factors, and prevalence of behavioral and emotional disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 262–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richman, N., Stevenson, J., & Graham, P. J. (1982). Preschool to school: a behavioral study. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Richters, J. E., & Cicchetti, D. (1993). Toward a developmental perspective on conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robins, L. (1966). Deviant children grown up. Baltimore: William & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Robins, L. N., & Ratcliff, K. S. (1979). Risk factors in the continuation of childhood antisocial behavior into adulthood. International Journal of Mental Health, 7, 96–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rolf, J., Masten, A., Cicchetti, D., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Weintraub, S. (1990). Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbaum, M. (1988). Learned resourcefulness, stress and self-regulation. In Fisher, S. & Reason, J. (Eds.), Handbook of life stress, cognition and health (pp. 483–496). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 598–611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rutter, M. (1990). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. In Rolf, J., Masten, A., Cicchetti, D., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Weintraub, S. (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 181–214). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutter, M., & Giller, H. (1984). Juvenile delinquency. Trends and perspectives. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B. R., & Shearin, E. N. (1986). Social support as an individual difference variable: Its stability, origins, and relational aspects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 845–855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarnecki, J. (1985). Predicting social maladjustment. Stockholm boys grown up I. The National Council for Crime Prevention, Sweden, Research Report No. 17.Google Scholar
Silbereisen, R. K., & Kracke, B. (in press). Self-reported maturational timing and adaptation in adolescence. In G. Schulenberg, J. Maggs, & K. Hurrelmann (Eds.), Health risks and developmental transitions during adolescence.Google Scholar
Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., Yoshinobu, L., Gibb, J., Langelle, C., & Hamey, P. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570–585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stattin, H. (1996). The long-term impact of childhood externalizing problems for boys and girls. Department of Psychology, University of Stockholm.Google Scholar
Stattin, H., Gustafson, S. B., & Magnusson, D. (1989). Peer influences on adolescent drinking: A social transition perspective. Journal of Early Adolescence, 9, 227–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stattin, H., Janson, H., Klackenberg-Larsson, I., & Magnusson, D. (1995). Corporal punishment in everyday life: An intergenerational perspective. In McCord, J. (Ed.), Coercion and punishment in long-term perspectives (pp. 325–347). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stattin, H., & Klackenberg, G. (1992). Family discord in adolescence in the light of family discord in childhood: The maternal perspective. In Meeus, W., de Goede, M., Kox, W., & Hurrelman, K. (Eds.), Adolescence, careers, and cultures (pp. 143–161). Berlin: de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stattin, H., & Klackenberg-Larsson, I. (1990). The relationship between maternal attributes in the early life of the child and the child's future criminal behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 99–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stattin, H., & Klackenberg-Larsson, I. (1993). Early language and intelligence development and their relationship to future criminal behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 369–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stattin, H., & Magnusson, D. (1989a). The role of early aggressive behavior for the frequency, seriousness, and types of later crime. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 710–718.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stattin, H., & Magnusson, D. (1989b). Social transition in adolescence: A biosocial perspective. In de Ribaupierre, A. (Ed.), Transition mechanisms in child development: The longitudinal perspective (pp. 147–190). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stattin, H., & Magnusson, D. (1990). Pubertal maturation in female development. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Stattin, H., & Magnusson, D. (1991). Stability and change in criminal behavior up to age 30: Findings from a prospective, longitudinal study in Sweden. British Journal of Criminology, 31, 327–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stattin, H., & Magnusson, D. (1995). Onset of official delinquency: Its co-occurrence in time with educational, behavioral and interpersonal problems. British Journal of Criminology, 35, 417–449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stattin, H., Romelsjö, A., & Stenbacka, M. (in press). Personal resources as modifiers of the risk for future criminality: an analysis of protective factors in relation to 18-year-old boys. British Journal of Criminology.Google Scholar
Steinberg, L. (1987). Familial factors in delinquency: A developmental perspective. Journal of Adolescent Research, 2, 255–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Loeber, R., Farrington, D. P., Zhang, Q., van Kammen, W., & Maguin, E. (1993). The double edge of protective and risk factors for delinquency: Interrelations and developmental patterns. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 683–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorley, G. (1984). Review of follow-up and follow-back studies of childhood hyperactivity. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 116–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verhulst, F. C., Koot, J. M., & Berden, G. F. M. G. (1990). Four-year follow-up of an epidemiological sample. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 440–448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verhulst, F. C., & van der Ende, M. S. (1991). Six-year developmental course of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1982). Vulnerable but invincible: A longitudinal study of resilient children and youth. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
White, J. L., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1989). A prospective replication of protective effects of IQ in subjects at high risk for juvenile delinquency. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 719–724.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodman, D., Hinton, J., & O'Neil, M. (1977). Relationship between violence and catecholamines. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 45, 702.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zabczynska, E. (1977). A longitudinal study of development of juvenile delinquency. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 8, 239–245.Google Scholar
Zoccolillo, M., Pickles, A., Quinton, D., & Rutter, M. (1992). The outcome of childhood conduct disorder: implications for defining adult personality disorder and conduct disorder. Psychological Medicine, 22, 971–986.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed