Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T10:26:58.518Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Affective family interactions and their associations with adolescent depression: A dynamic network approach

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2017

Nadja Bodner ,
Peter Kuppens ,
Nicholas B. Allen ,
Lisa B. Sheeber  and
Eva Ceulemans
Nadja Bodner*
Affiliation:
University of Leuven
Peter Kuppens
Affiliation:
University of Leuven
Nicholas B. Allen
Affiliation:
University of Oregon
Lisa B. Sheeber
Affiliation:
Oregon Research Institute
Eva Ceulemans
Affiliation:
University of Leuven
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Nadja Bodner, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3713, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; E-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The prevalence of depression rises steeply during adolescence. Family processes have been identified as one of the important factors that contribute to affect (dys)regulation during adolescence. In this study, we explored the affect expressed by mothers, fathers, and adolescents during a problem-solving interaction and investigated whether the patterns of the affective interactions differed between families with depressed adolescents and families with nondepressed adolescents. A network approach was used to depict the frequencies of different affects, concurrent expressions of affect, and the temporal sequencing of affective behaviors among family members. The findings show that families of depressed adolescents express more anger than families of nondepressed adolescents during the interaction. These expressions of anger co-occur and interact across time more often in families with a depressed adolescent than in other families, creating a more self-sustaining network of angry negative affect in depressed families. Moreover, parents’ angry and adolescents’ dysphoric affect follow each other more often in depressed families. Taken together, these patterns reveal a particular family dynamic that may contribute to vulnerability to, or maintenance of, adolescent depressive disorders. Our findings underline the importance of studying affective family interactions to understand adolescent depression.

Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 30 , Issue 4 , October 2018 , pp. 1459 - 1473
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

The research leading to the results reported in this paper was sponsored in part by a research grant from the Fund for Scientific Research–Flanders (FWO, Project No. G066316N to Eva Ceulemans and Francis Tuerlinckx), by the Belgian Federal Science Policy within the framework of the Interuniversity Attraction Poles program (IAP/P7/06), and by the Research Council of the University of Leuven (GOA/15/003). Data collection was funded by the US National Institute of Mental Health (Grant MH065340).

References

Aldana, M., Coppersmith, S., & Kadanoff, L. P. (2003). Boolean dynamics with random couplings. In Kaplan, E., Marsden, J. E., & Sreenivasan, K. R. (Eds.), Perspectives and problems in nonlinear science (pp. 23–89). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Allen, N. B., Kuppens, P., & Sheeber, L. B. (2012). Heart rate responses to parental behavior in depressed adolescents. Biological Psychology, 90, 80–87. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.02.013Google Scholar
Allen, N. B., & Sheeber, L. B. (Eds.). (2008a). Adolescent emotional development and the emergence of depressive disorders. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Allen, N. B., & Sheeber, L. B. (2008b). The importance of affective development for the emergence of depressive disorders during adolescence. In Allen, N. B. & Sheeber, L. B. (Eds.), Adolescent emotional development and the emergence of depressive disorders (pp. 3–10). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author.Google Scholar
Barabási, A.-L. (2011). The network takeover. Nature Physics, 8, 14–16. doi:10.1038/nphys2188Google Scholar
Beardslee, W. R., Versage, E. M., & Gladstone, T. R. (1998). Children of affectively ill parents: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1134–1141.Google Scholar
Birmaher, B., Ryan, N. D., Williamson, D. E., Brent, D. A., Kaufman, J., Dahl, R. E., … Nelson, B. R. (1996). Childhood and adolescent depression: A review of the past 10 years. Part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1427–1439.Google Scholar
Blakemore, S.-J. (2012). Imaging brain development: The adolescent brain. NeuroImage, 61, 397–406. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.080Google Scholar
Borsboom, D., & Cramer, A. O. J. (2013). Network analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 91–121. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608Google Scholar
Brenning, K., Soenens, B., Braet, C., & Bosmans, G. (2012). Attachment and depressive symptoms in middle childhood and early adolescence: Testing the validity of the emotion regulation model of attachment. Personal Relationships, 19, 445–464. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01372.xGoogle Scholar
Bringmann, L. F., Pe, M. L., Vissers, N., Ceulemans, E., Borsboom, D., Vanpaemel, W., … Kuppens, P. (2016). Assessing temporal emotion dynamics using networks. Assessment. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1073191116645909Google Scholar
Bringmann, L. F., Vissers, N., Wichers, M., Geschwind, N., Kuppens, P., Peeters, F., … Tuerlinckx, F. (2013). A network approach to psychopathology: New insights into clinical longitudinal data. PLOS ONE, 8, e60188. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060188Google Scholar
Brumariu, L. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2010). Parent–child attachment and internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence: A review of empirical findings and future directions. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 177–203. doi:10.1017/S0954579409990344Google Scholar
Buckholdt, K. E., Parra, G. R., & Jobe-Shields, L. (2014). Intergenerational transmission of emotion dysregulation through parental invalidation of emotions: Implications for adolescent internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 324–332. doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9768-4Google Scholar
Bulteel, K., Tuerlinckx, F., Brose, A., & Ceulemans, E. (2016a). Clustering vector autoregressive models: Capturing qualitative differences in within-person dynamics. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01540Google Scholar
Bulteel, K., Tuerlinckx, F., Brose, A., & Ceulemans, E. (2016b). Using raw VAR regression coefficients to build networks can be misleading. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 51, 330–344. doi:10.1080/00273171.2016.1150151Google Scholar
Cabrieto, J., Tuerlinckx, F., Kuppens, P., Grassmann, M., & Ceulemans, E. (2017). Detecting correlation changes in multivariate time series: A comparison of four non-parametric change point detection methods. Behavior Research Methods, 49, 988–1005. doi:10.3758/s13428-016-0754-9Google Scholar
Chaplin, T. M. (2006). Anger, happiness, and sadness: Associations with depressive symptoms in late adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 977–986. doi:10.1007/s10964-006-9033-xGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. (1998). The development of depression in children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 53, 221–241.Google Scholar
Cole, D. A., & Rehm, L. P. (1986). Family interaction patterns and childhood depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 297–314.Google Scholar
Costello, E. J., Erkanli, A., & Angold, A. (2006). Is there an epidemic of child or adolescent depression? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 1263–1271. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01682.xGoogle Scholar
Cummings, E. M., Davies, P., & Campbell, S. B. (2000). Developmental psychopathology and family process: Theory, research, and clinical implications. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Dahl, R. E. (2004). Adolescent brain development: A period of vulnerabilities and opportunities. Keynote Address. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 102, 1–22. doi:10.1196/annals.1308.001Google Scholar
Davies, P. T., & Cicchetti, D. (2004). Toward an integration of family systems and developmental psychopathology approaches. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 477–481. doi:10.1017/S0954579404004626Google Scholar
Davies, P. T., & Cummings, E. M. (1994). Marital conflict and child adjustment: An emotional security hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 387–411. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.387Google Scholar
Davis, B., Hops, H., Alpert, A., & Sheeber, L. B. (1998). Child responses to parental conflict and their effect on adjustment: A study of triadic relations. Journal of Family Psychology, 12, 163–177.Google Scholar
Davis, B., Sheeber, L., Hops, H., & Tildesley, E. (2000). Adolescent responses to depressive parental behaviors in problem-solving interactions: Implications for depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 451–465. doi:10.1023/A:1005183622729Google Scholar
DeRose, L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2008). Pubertal development in early adolescence: Implications for affective processes. In Allen, N. B. & Sheeber, L. B. (Eds.), Adolescent emotional development and the emergence of depressive disorders (pp. 56–73). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dujardin, A., Santens, T., Braet, C., De Raedt, R., Vos, P., Maes, B., & Bosmans, G. (2016). Middle childhood support-seeking behavior during stress: Links with self-reported attachment and future depressive symptoms. Child Development, 87, 326–340. doi:10.1111/cdev.12491Google Scholar
Epskamp, S., Cramer, A. O. J., Waldorp, L. J., Schmittmann, V. D., & Borsboom, D. (2012). qgraph: Network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data. Journal of Statistical Software, 48, 1–18.Google Scholar
Fried, E. I., & Nesse, R. M. (2015). Depression is not a consistent syndrome: An investigation of unique symptom patterns in the STAR*D study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 172, 96–102. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.010Google Scholar
Fried, E. I., van Borkulo, C. D., Cramer, A. O. J., Boschloo, L., Schoevers, R. A., & Borsboom, D. (2017). Mental disorders as networks of problems: A review of recent insights. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52, 1–10. doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1319-zGoogle Scholar
Gjerde, P. F. (1986). The interpersonal structure of family interaction settings: Parent–adolescent relations in dyads and triads. Developmental Psychology, 22, 297–304.Google Scholar
Gottman, J. M. (Ed.). (2002). The mathematics of marriage: Dynamic nonlinear models. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 243–268.Google Scholar
Granic, I., Hollenstein, T., Dishion, T. J., & Patterson, G. R. (2003). Longitudinal analysis of flexibility and reorganization in early adolescence: A dynamic systems study of family interactions. Developmental Psychology, 39, 606–617. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.3.606Google Scholar
Haefner, J. (2014). An application of Bowen family systems theory. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 35, 835–841. doi:10.3109/01612840.2014.921257Google Scholar
Hamaker, E. L., Ceulemans, E., Grasman, R. P. P. P., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2015). Modeling affect dynamics: State of the art and future challenges. Emotion Review, 7, 316–322. doi:10.1177/1754073915590619Google Scholar
Hollenstein, T. (2007). State space grids: Analyzing dynamics across development. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31, 384–396. doi:10.1177/0165025407077765Google Scholar
Hollenstein, T. (2013). State space grids: Depicting dynamics across development. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Hollenstein, T., Allen, N. B., & Sheeber, L. (2016). Affective patterns in triadic family interactions: Associations with adolescent depression. Development and Psychopathology, 28, 85–96. doi:10.1017/S0954579415000309Google Scholar
Hops, H., Biglan, A., Tolman, A., Arthur, J., & Longoria, N. (1995). Living in Family Environments (LIFE) coding system: Reference manual for coders. Eugene, OR: Oregon Research Institute.Google Scholar
Hunter, E. C., Hessler, D. M., & Fainsilber Katz, L. (2008). Familial processes related to affective development. In Allen, N. B. & Sheeber, L. (Eds.), Adolescent emotional development and the emergence of depressive disorders (pp. 262–277). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ingram, R. E., Trenary, L., Odom, M., Berry, L., & Nelson, T. (2007). Cognitive, affective and social mechanisms in depression risk: Cognition, hostility, and coping style. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 78–94. doi:10.1080/02699930600950778Google Scholar
Jaccard, P. (1912). The distribution of the flora in the alpine zone. New Phytologist, 11, 37–50. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1912.tb05611.xGoogle Scholar
Joormann, J., & Vanderlind, W. M. (2014). Emotion regulation in depression: The role of biased cognition and reduced cognitive control. Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 402–421. doi:10.1177/2167702614536163Google Scholar
Katz, L. F., Maliken, A. C., & Stettler, N. M. (2012). Parental meta-emotion philosophy: A review of research and theoretical framework. Child Development Perspectives, 6, 417–422. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00244.xGoogle Scholar
Katz, L. F., Shortt, J. W., Allen, N. B., Davis, B., Hunter, E., Leve, C., & Sheeber, L. (2014). Parental emotion socialization in clinically depressed adolescents: Enhancing and dampening positive affect. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42, 205–215. doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9784-2Google Scholar
Kauffman, S. A. (1969). Metabolic stability and epigenesis in randomly constructed genetic nets. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 22, 437–467. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(69)90015-0Google Scholar
Kazdin, A. E., & Weisz, J. R. (1998). Identifying and developing empirically supported child and adolescent treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 19–36. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.66.1.19Google Scholar
Kesek, A., Zelazo, P. D., & Lewis, M. D. (2008). The development of executive cognitive function and emotion regulation in adolescence. In Allen, N. B. & Sheeber, L. B. (Eds.), Adolescent emotional development and the emergence of depressive disorders (pp. 135–155). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kuppens, P., Allen, N. B., & Sheeber, L. B. (2010). Emotional inertia and psychological maladjustment. Psychological Science, 21, 984–991. doi:10.1177/0956797610372634Google Scholar
Lewinsohn, P. M., Clarke, G. N., Seeley, J. R., & Rohde, P. (1994). Major depression in community adolescents: Age at onset, episode duration, and time to recurrence. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 809–818. doi:10.1097/00004583-199407000-00006Google Scholar
Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., Klein, D. N., & Seeley, J. R. (1999). Natural course of adolescent major depressive disorder: I. Continuity into young adulthood. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 56–63. doi:10.1097/00004583-199901000-00020Google Scholar
Lewis, M. D., Lamey, A. V., & Douglas, L. (1999). A new dynamic systems method for the analysis of early socioemotional development. Developmental Science, 2, 457–475. doi:10.1111/1467-7687.00090Google Scholar
Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., Kunnen, S. E., & van Geert, P. L. C. (2009). Here we go again: A dynamic systems perspective on emotional rigidity across parent–adolescent conflicts. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1364–1375. doi:10.1037/a0016713Google Scholar
Lipps, G., Lowe, G. A., Gibson, R. C., Halliday, S., Morris, A., Clarke, N., & Wilson, R. N. (2012). Parenting and depressive symptoms among adolescents in four Caribbean societies. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6, 31. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-6-31Google Scholar
Loon, L. M. A. V., de Ven, M. O. M. V., Doesum, K. T. M. V., Witteman, C. L. M., & Hosman, C. M. H. (2014). The relation between parental mental illness and adolescent mental health: The role of family factors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 1201–1214. doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9781-7Google Scholar
Lumino, R., Ragozini, G., van Duijn, M., & Vitale, M. P. (2016). A mixed-methods approach for analysing social support and social anchorage of single mothers’ personal networks. Quality & Quantity. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s11135-016-0439-6Google Scholar
Main, A., Paxton, A., & Dale, R. (2016). An exploratory analysis of emotion dynamics between mothers and adolescents during conflict discussions. Emotion, 16, 913–928. doi:10.1037/emo0000180Google Scholar
Milevsky, A., Schlechter, M., Netter, S., & Keehn, D. (2007). Maternal and paternal parenting styles in adolescents: Associations with self-esteem, depression and life-satisfaction. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16, 39–47. doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9066-5Google Scholar
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families & family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16, 361–388. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.xGoogle Scholar
Orvaschel, H., & Puig-Antich, J. (1994). Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children—Epidemiologic version 5 (KSADS-E-5). Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Nova Southeastern University.Google Scholar
Parkinson, B. (1996). Emotions are social. British Journal of Psychology, 87, 663–683. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1996.tb02615.xGoogle Scholar
Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive family process (Vol. 3). Eugene, OR: Castalia.Google Scholar
Pe, M. L., Kircanski, K., Thompson, R. J., Bringmann, L. F., Tuerlinckx, F., Mestdagh, M., … Gotlib, I. H. (2015). Emotion-network density in major depressive disorder. Clinical Psychological Science, 3, 292–300. doi:10.1177/2167702614540645Google Scholar
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401. doi:10.1177/014662167700100306Google Scholar
Ramsey, M. A., & Gentzler, A. L. (2015). An upward spiral: Bidirectional associations between positive affect and positive aspects of close relationships across the life span. Developmental Review, 36, 58–104. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2015.01.003Google Scholar
Restifo, K., & Bögels, S. (2009). Family processes in the development of youth depression: Translating the evidence to treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 294–316. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.02.005Google Scholar
Scaramella, L. V., & Leve, L. D. (2004). Clarifying parent–child reciprocities during early childhood: The early childhood coercion model. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 7, 89–107. doi:10.1023/B:CCFP.0000030287.13160.a3Google Scholar
Schumacher, M., Roßner, R., & Vach, W. (1996). Neural networks and logistic regression: Part I. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 21, 661–682. doi:10.1016/0167-9473(95)00032-1Google Scholar
Schwartz, O. S., Sheeber, L. B., Dudgeon, P., & Allen, N. B. (2012). Emotion socialization within the family environment and adolescent depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 447–453. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.05.002Google Scholar
Schwartz, O. S., Simmons, J. G., Whittle, S., Byrne, M. L., Yap, M. B. H., Sheeber, L. B., & Allen, N. B. (2017). Affective parenting behaviors, adolescent depression, and brain development: A review of findings from the Oregon Adolescent Development Study. Child Development Perspectives, 11, 90–96. doi:10.1111/cdep.12215Google Scholar
Seeley, J. R., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2008). Epidemiology of mood disorders during adolescence: Implications for lifetime risk. In Allen, N. B. & Sheeber, L. B. (Eds.), Adolescent emotional development and the emergence of depressive disorders (pp. 33–55). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sheeber, L. B., Allen, N., Davis, B., & Sorensen, E. (2000). Regulation of negative affect during mother–child problem-solving interactions: Adolescent depressive status and family processes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 467–479. doi:10.1023/A:1005135706799Google Scholar
Sheeber, L. B., Allen, N. B., Leve, C., Davis, B., Shortt, J. W., & Katz, L. F. (2009). Dynamics of affective experience and behavior in depressed adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1419–1427. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02148.xGoogle Scholar
Sheeber, L. B., Davis, B., Leve, C., Hops, H., & Tildesley, E. (2007). Adolescents’ relationships with their mothers and fathers: Associations with depressive disorder and subdiagnostic symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 144–154. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.116.1.144Google Scholar
Sheeber, L. B., Hops, H., Andrews, J., Alpert, T., & Davis, B. (1998). Interactional processes in families with depressed and non-depressed adolescents: Reinforcement of depressive behavior. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 417–427.Google Scholar
Sheeber, L. B., Kuppens, P., Shortt, J. W., Katz, L. F., Davis, B., & Allen, N. B. (2012). Depression is associated with the escalation of adolescents’ dysphoric behavior during interactions with parents. Emotion, 12, 913–918. doi:10.1037/a0025784Google Scholar
Steinberg, L. (2005). Cognitive and affective development in adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 69–74. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.005Google Scholar
Thompson, M. C., McKowen, J. W., & Rosenbaum Asarnow, J. (2008). Adolescent mood disorders and familial processes. In Allen, N. B. & Sheeber, L. B. (Eds.), Adolescent emotional development and the emergence of depressive disorders (pp. 280–297). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
van Borkulo, C. D., Borsboom, D., Epskamp, S., Blanken, T. F., Boschloo, L., Schoevers, R. A., & Waldorp, L. J. (2014). A new method for constructing networks from binary data. Scientific Reports, 4. doi:10.1038/srep05918Google Scholar
Van Kleef, G. A., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2010). An interpersonal approach to emotion in social decision making: The emotions as social information model. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 45–96. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(10)42002-XGoogle Scholar
van Roekel, E., Masselink, M., Vrijen, C., Heininga, V. E., Bak, T., Nederhof, E., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2016). Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial to explore the effects of personalized lifestyle advices and tandem skydives on pleasure in anhedonic young adults. BMC Psychiatry, 16. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0880-zGoogle Scholar
Verboom, C. E., Sijtsema, J. J., Verhulst, F. C., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Ormel, J. (2014). Longitudinal associations between depressive problems, academic performance, and social functioning in adolescent boys and girls. Developmental Psychology, 50, 247–257. doi:10.1037/a0032547Google Scholar
Walls, T. A., & Schafer, J. L. (2005). Models for intensive longitudinal data. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wenze, S. J., Gunthert, K. C., & Forand, N. R. (2007). Influence of dysphoria on positive and negative cognitive reactivity to daily mood fluctuations. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 915–927. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.08.010Google Scholar
Werner-Seidler, A., Banks, R., Dunn, B. D., & Moulds, M. L. (2013). An investigation of the relationship between positive affect regulation and depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51, 46–56. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.11.001Google Scholar
Wigman, J. T. W., van Os, J., Borsboom, D., Wardenaar, K. J., Epskamp, S., Klippel, A., … Wichers. (2015). Exploring the underlying structure of mental disorders: Cross-diagnostic differences and similarities from a network perspective using both a top-down and a bottom-up approach. Psychological Medicine, 45, 2375–2387. doi:10.1017/S0033291715000331Google Scholar
Yap, M. B. H., Allen, N. B., & Ladouceur, C. D. (2008). Maternal socialization of positive affect: The impact of invalidation on adolescent emotion regulation and depressive symptomatology. Child Development, 79, 1415–1431. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01196.xGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Bodner et al supplementary material

Figures S1-S6

Download Bodner et al supplementary material(File)
File 490.3 KB
Supplementary material: File

Bodner et al supplementary material

Tables S1-S3

Download Bodner et al supplementary material(File)
File 30.3 KB
Supplementary material: File

Bodner et al supplementary material

Tables

Download Bodner et al supplementary material(File)
File 20.6 KB