Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T21:59:48.271Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Absence of spontaneous action anticipation by false belief attribution in children with autism spectrum disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2010

Atsushi Senju*
Affiliation:
University of London
Victoria Southgate
Affiliation:
University of London
Yui Miura
Affiliation:
Kyoto University
Tomoko Matsui
Affiliation:
Kyoto University
Toshikazu Hasegawa
Affiliation:
University of Tokyo
Yoshikuni Tojo
Affiliation:
Ibaraki University
Hiroo Osanai
Affiliation:
Musashino Higashi Gakuen
Gergely Csibra
Affiliation:
University of London Central European University, Budapest
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Atsushi Senju, Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, School of Psychology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK; E-mail: [email protected].

Abstract

Recently, a series of studies demonstrated false belief understanding in young children through completely nonverbal measures. These studies have revealed that children younger than 3 years of age, who consistently fail the standard verbal false belief test, can anticipate others' actions based on their attributed false beliefs. The current study examined whether children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), who are known to have difficulties in the verbal false belief test, may also show such action anticipation in a nonverbal false belief test. We presented video stimuli of an actor watching an object being hidden in a box. The object was then displaced while the actor was looking away. We recorded children's eye movements and coded whether they spontaneously anticipated the actor's subsequent behavior, which could only have been predicted if they had attributed a false belief to her. Although typically developing children correctly anticipated the action, children with ASD failed to show such action anticipation. The results suggest that children with ASD have an impairment in false belief attribution, which is independent of their verbal ability.

Type
Regular Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abell, F., Happe, F., & Frith, U. (2000). Do triangles play tricks? Attribution of mental states to animated shapes in normal and abnormal development. Cognitive Development, 15, 116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adolphs, R., Gosselin, F., Buchanan, T. W., Tranel, D., Schyns, P., & Damasio, A. R. (2005). A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature, 433, 6872.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Astington, J. W., & Jenkins, J. M. (1999). A longitudinal study of the relation between language and theory-of-mind development. Developmental Psychology, 35, 13111320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S., Jolliffe, T., Mortimore, C., & Robertson, M. (1997). Another advanced test of theory of mind: Evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or asperger syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 813822.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognition, 21, 3746.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 241251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berument, S. K., Rutter, M., Lord, C., Pickles, A., & Bailey, A. (1999). Autism Screening Questionnaire: Diagnostic validity. British Journal of Psychiatry, 175, 444451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birch, S. A., & Bloom, P. (2003). Children are cursed: An asymmetric bias in mental-state attribution. Psychological Science, 14, 283286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bloom, P., & German, T. P. (2000). Two reasons to abandon the false belief task as a test of theory of mind. Cognition, 77, B25B31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burack, J. A., Iarocci, G., Bowler, D., & Mottron, L. (2002). Benefits and pitfalls in the merging of disciplines: The example of developmental psychopathology and the study of persons with autism. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 225237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Csibra, G., & Southgate, V. (2006). Evidence for infants understanding of false beliefs should not be dismissed. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dairoku, H., Senju, A., Hayashi, E., Tojo, Y., & Ichikawa, H. (2004). Development of Japanese version of autism screening questionnaire. Kokuritsu Tokushu Kyoiku Kenkyusho Ippan Kenkyu Houkokusho, 7, 1934.Google Scholar
Dawson, G., Webb, S. J., & McPartland, J. (2005). Understanding the nature of face processing impairment in autism: Insights from behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27, 403424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennett, D. (1978). Cognition and consciousness in nonhuman species—Comment. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1, 568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fine, C., Lumsden, J., & Blair, R. J. R. (2001). Dissociation between “theory of mind” and executive functions in a patient with early left amygdala damage. Brain, 124, 287298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Happé, F. G. (1995). The role of age and verbal ability in the theory of mind task performance of subjects with autism. Child Development, 66, 843855.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, M. H. (2005). Subcortical face processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6, 766774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kikuchi, Y., Senju, A., Tojo, Y., Osanai, H., & Hasegawa, T. (2009). Face does not capture special attention in children with autism spectrum disorder: A change blindness study. Child Development, 80, 14211433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klin, A., Lin, D. J., Gorrindo, P., Ramsay, G., & Jones, W. (2009). Two-year-olds with autism orient to non-social contingencies rather than biological motion. Nature, 459, 257261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leslie, A. M., Friedman, O., & German, T. P. (2004). Core mechanisms in “theory of mind.” Trends in Cognitive Science, 8, 528533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minshew, N. J., Goldstein, G., & Siegel, D. J. (1997). Neuropsychologic functioning in autism: Profile of a complex information processing disorder. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 3, 303316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Onishi, K. H., & Baillargeon, R. (2005). Do 15-month-old infants understand false beliefs? Science, 308, 255258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osterling, J. A., Dawson, G., & Munson, J. A. (2002). Early recognition of 1-year-old infants with autism spectrum disorder versus mental retardation. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 239251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ozonoff, S., & Miller, J. N. (1995). Teaching theory of mind: A new approach to social skills training for individuals with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 25, 415433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1991). Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: Relationship to theory of mind. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 10811105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perner, J. (1995). The many faces of belief: Reflections on Fodor's and the child's theory of mind. Cognition, 57, 241269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perner, J., & Ruffman, T. (2005). Psychology. Infants' insight into the mind: how deep? Science, 308, 214216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1, 515526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raven, J. C. (1956). Coloured Progressive Matrices. London: Lewis.Google Scholar
Ruffman, T., Garnham, W., & Rideout, P. (2001). Social understanding in autism: Eye gaze as a measure of core insights. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 10831094.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, J., Saltmarsh, R., & Hill, E. (1999). What do executive factors contribute to the failure on false belief tasks by children with autism? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 859868.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russo, N., Flanagan, T., Iarocci, G., Berringer, D., Zelazo, P. D., & Burack, J. A. (2007). Deconstructing executive deficits among persons with autism: Implications for cognitive neuroscience. Brain and Cognition, 65, 7786.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saxe, R., Carey, S., & Kanwisher, N. (2004). Understanding other minds: Linking developmental psychology and functional neuroimaging. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 87124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schultz, R. T. (2005). Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: The role of the amygdala and fusiform face area. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23, 125141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Senju, A., Southgate, V., White, S., & Frith, U. (2009). Mindblind eyes: An absence of spontaneous theory of mind in Asperger syndrome. Science, 325, 883885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Southgate, V., Senju, A., & Csibra, G. (2007). Action anticipation through attribution of false belief by 2-year-olds. Psychological Science, 18, 587592.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spezio, M. L., Huang, P.-Y. S., Castelli, F., & Adolphs, R. (2007). Amygdala damage impairs eye contact during conversations with real people. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 39943997.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sugishita, M., & Yamazaki, Y. (1993). Japanese Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices. Tokyo: Nihon Bunka Kagakusya.Google Scholar
Stone, V. E., Baron-Cohen, S., Calder, A., Keane, J., & Young, A. (2003). Acquired theory of mind impairments in individuals with bilateral amygdala lesions. Neuropsychologia, 41, 209220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tager-Flusberg, H. (1981). On the nature of linguistic functioning in early infantile autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 11, 4556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tager-Flusberg, H. (2000). Language and understanding minds: Connections in autism. In Baron-Cohen, S., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Cohen, D. J. (Eds.), Understanding other minds: Perspectives from developmental cognitive neuroscience (2nd ed., pp.124149). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tager-Flusberg, H. (2001). A re-examination of the theory of mind hypothesis of autism. In Burack, J., Charman, T., Yirmiya, N., & Zelazo, P. (Eds.), The development of autism: Perspectives from theory and research (pp. 173193). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Ueno, K., Nadeo, T., & Iinaga, K. (1991). Kaiga goi hattatsu kensa [Picture Vocabulary Test]. Tokyo: Nihon Bunka Kagakusha.Google Scholar
von Hofsten, C., Dahlström, E., & Fredricksson, Y. (2005). 12-month-old infants' perception of attention direction in static video images. Infancy, 8, 655684.Google Scholar
Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition, 13, 103128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zelazo, P. D., Jacques, C., Burack, J. A., & Frye, D. (2002). The relation between theory of mind and rule use: Evidence from persons with autism-spectrum disorders. Infant and Child Development, 11, 171195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar