Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T13:14:22.859Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Risk factors and temporal patterns of disordered eating differ in adolescent boys and girls: Testing gender-specific appearance anxiety models

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2020

Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck Open the ORCID record for Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck [Opens in a new window] ,
Haley J. Webb ,
Jessica Kerin ,
Allison M. Waters  and
Lara J. Farrell
Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck*
Affiliation:
School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
Haley J. Webb
Affiliation:
School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
Jessica Kerin
Affiliation:
School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
Allison M. Waters
Affiliation:
School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
Lara J. Farrell
Affiliation:
School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
*
Author for correspondence: Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck, School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Parklands Dr, G40_7.86 SouthportQLD4222, Australia; E-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Adolescent dieting and disordered eating (DE) are risks for clinical eating disorders. In this five-wave longitudinal study, we tested gender-specific models linking early risk factors to temporal patterns of DE, considering appearance anxiety as a mediator. Participants were 384 Australian students (age 10 to 13; 45% boys) who reported their purging and skipping meals, experience with appearance-related teasing, media pressure, and appearance anxiety. Parents reported pubertal maturation and height/weight was measured. Gender differences in temporal patterns of DE were found and predictive models were tested using latent-variable growth curve and path models. Boys’ DE was generally stable over time; girls showed stability in purging but an average increase in skipping meals. Peer teasing, media pressure, and pubertal maturation were associated with more elevated initial DE in girls, and pubertal maturation was associated with a steeper increase in DE. For boys, body mass index had a direct positive association with DE. Appearance anxiety was associated with more DE, but there was only one significant indirect effect via anxiety, which was for boys’ pubertal maturation. Findings support the dominant role of social interactions and messages, as well as pubertal maturation, for girls’ DE and the prominence of physical risk factors for explaining boys’ DE.

Keywords

appearancebody dysmorphic symptomsbody imagedisordered eatingeating disorderspeer victimization
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 33 , Issue 3 , August 2021 , pp. 856 - 867
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness-of-fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borch, C., Hyde, A., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2011). The role of attractiveness and aggression in high school popularity. Social Psychology of Education, 14, 23–39. doi:10.1007/s11218-010-9131-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brixval, C. S., Rayce, S. L., Rasmussen, M., Holstein, B. E., & Due, P. (2012). Overweight, body image and bullying—An epidemiological study of 11- to 15-year olds. European Journal of Public Health, 22, 126–130. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckr010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brosof, L. C., & Levinson, C. A. (2017). Social appearance concern and dietary restraint as mediators between perfectionism and binge eating: A six-month three-wave longitudinal study. Appetite, 108, 335–342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Bollen, K. A. & Long, J. S. (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Bucchianeri, M. M., Arikian, A. J., Hannan, P. J., Eisenberg, M. E., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2013). Body dissatisfaction from adolescence to young adulthood: Findings from a 10-year longitudinal study. Body Image, 10, 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.09.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, H. A., Guller, L., & Smith, G. T. (2016). Developmental trajectories of compensatory exercise and fasting behavior across the middle school years. Appetite, 107, 330–338. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.08.098CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fairburn, C. G., Welsh, S. L., Doll, H. A., Davies, B. A., & O'Connor, M. E. (1997). Risk factors for bulimia nervosa: A community-based case-control study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 509–517.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fairweather-Schmidt, A. K., & Wade, T. D. (2017). Weight-related peer-teasing moderates genetic and environmental risk and disordered eating: Twin study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 210, 350–355. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.116.184648CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fildes, J., Robbins, A., Cave, L., Perrens, B., & Wearring, A. (2014). Mission Australia's 2014 Youth Survey Report. Melbourne: Mission Australia.Google Scholar
Frisén, A., Lunde, C., & Berg, A. I. (2015). Developmental patterns in body esteem from late childhood to young adulthood: A growth curve analysis. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12, 99–115. doi:10.1080/17405629.2014.951033CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, R. M., Brown, D. L., & Boice, R. (2012). Using Amazon's Mechanical Turk website to measure accuracy of body size estimation and body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 9, 532–534. doi:10.1016/bodyim.2012.06.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garner, D. M., Olmstead, M. P., & Polivy, J. (1983). Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2, 15–34. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(198321)2:2<15::AID-EAT2260020203>3.0.CO;2-63.0.CO;2-6>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garner, D. M., Olmsted, M. P., Bohr, Y., & Garfinkel, P. E. (1982). The Eating Attitudes Test: Psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychological Medicine, 12, 871–878.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graber, J. A., Brooks-Gunn, J., Paikoff, R. L., & Warren, M. P. (1994). Prediction of eating problems: An 8-year study of adolescent girls. Developmental Psychology, 30, 823–834. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.30.6.823CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, J. L., Markowitz, S., Petronko, M. R., Taylor, C. E., Wilhelm, S., & Wilson, G. T. (2010). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adolescent body dysmorphic disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 17, 248–258. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2010.02.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, B., & Tiggemann, M. (2008). The effect of thin ideal media images on women's self-objectification, mood, and body image. Sex Roles, 58, 649–657. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9379-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, T. A., Flora, D. B., Palyo, S. A., Fresco, D. M., Hollie, C., & Heimberg, R. G. (2008). Development and examination of the social appearance concern scale. Assessment, 15, 48–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harter, S. (2012). Revised Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents: Manual and questionnaires. Unpublished manuscript, University of Denver.Google Scholar
Haynos, A. F., Watts, A. W., Loth, K. A., Pearson, C. M., & Neumark-Stzainer, D. (2016). Factors predicting an escalation of restrictive eating during adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59, 391–396. doi:10.1016/j.adohealth.2016.03.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helfert, S., & Warschburger, P. (2013). The face of appearance-related social pressure: Gender, age and body mass variations in peer and parental pressure during adolescence. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 17, 16. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-7-16CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinrichsen, H., Waller, G., & Van Gerko, K. (2004). Social anxiety and agoraphobia in the eating disorders: Associations with eating attitudes and behaviors. Eating Behaviors, 5, 285–290. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2004.04.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, G., & Tiggemann, M. (2016). A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes. Body Image, 17, 100–110. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.02.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, T., & Chen, H. (2011). Risk factors for disordered eating during early and middle adolescence: Prospective evidence from mainland Chinese boys and girls. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 454–464. doi:10.1037/a0022122CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, D. (2000). Structural equation modeling: Foundations and extensions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Keery, H., Boutelle, K., van den Berg, P., & Thompson, J. K. (2005). The impact of appearance-related teasing by family members. Journal of Adolescent Health, 37, 120–127. doi:10.1016/j.adolhealth.2008.08.015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinasz, K., Accurso, E. C., Kass, A. E., & Le Grange, D. (2016). Sex differences in the clinical presentation of eating disorders in youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58, 410–416. doi:10.1016/j.adohealth.2015.11.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klump, K. L. (2013). Puberty as a critical risk period for eating disorders: A review of human and animal studies. Hormones and Behavior, 64, 399–410. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.02.019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Latzer, Y., Spivak-Lavi, Z., & Katz, R. (2015). Disordered eating and media exposure among adolescent girls: The role of parental involvement and sense of empowerment. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 20, 375–391. doi:10.1080/02673843.2015.1014925CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavell, C. H., Webb, H. J., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Farrell, L. J. (2018). A prospective study of adolescents’ body dysmorphic symptoms: Peer victimization and the direct and protective roles of emotion regulation and mindfulness. Body Image, 24, 17–25. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.11.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levinson, C. A., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2012). Social anxiety and eating disorder comorbidity: The role of negative social evaluation fears. Eating Behaviors, 13, 27–35. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.11.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levinson, C. A., Rodebaugh, T. L., White, E. K., Menatti, A. R., Weeks, J. W., Iacovino, J. M., & Warren, C. S. (2013). Social appearance concern, perfectionism, and fear of negative evaluation: Distinct or shared risk factors for social anxiety and eating disorders? Appetite, 67, 125–133. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.04.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Libbey, H. P., Story, M. T., Neumark-Sztainer, D. R., & Boutelle, K. N. (2008). Teasing, disordered eating behaviors, and psychological morbidities among overweight adolescents. Obesity, 16, S24–S29. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.455CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mastro, S., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Webb, H., Farrell, L., & Waters, A. (2016). Young adolescents’ body dysmorphic symptoms: Social problems, self-perceptions and comorbidities. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 8, 50–55. doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2015.12.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCabe, M. P., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2004). Body image among males across the lifespan: A review of past literature. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 56, 675–685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNicholas, F., Dooley, B., McNamara, N., & Lennon, R. (2012). The impact of self-reported pubertal status and pubertal timing on disordered eating in Irish adolescents. European Eating Disorder Review, 20, 355–362. doi:10.1002/erv.2171CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menzel, J. E., Schaefer, L. M., Burke, N. L., Mayhew, L. L., Brannick, M. T., & Thompson, J. K. (2010). Appearance-related teasing, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating: A meta-analysis. Body Image, 7, 261–270. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.05.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muris, P., Meesters, C., van de Blom, W., & Mayer, B. (2005). Biological, psychological, and sociocultural correlates of body change strategies and eating problems in adolescent boys and girls. Eating Behaviors, 6, 11–22. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2004.03.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, S. B., Accurso, E. C., Griffiths, S., & Nagata, J. M. (2018). Boys, biceps, and bradycardia: The hidden dangers of muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62, 352–355. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.09.025CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Bauer, K. W., Friend, S., Hannan, P. J., Story, M., & Berge, J. M. (2010). Family weight talk and dieting: How much do they matter for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors in adolescent girls? Journal of Adolescent Health, 47, 270–276. doi:10.1016/jadolhealth.2010.02.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Wall, M., Larson, N. I., Eisenberg, M. E., & Loth, K. (2011). Dieting and disordered eating behaviors from adolescence to young adulthood: Findings from a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 111, 1004–1011. doi:10/101/j.jada.2001.04.012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ostrovsky, N. W., Swencionis, C., Wylie-Rosett, J., & Isasi, C. R. (2013). Social anxiety and disordered overeating: An association among overweight and obese individuals. Eating Behaviours, 14, 145–148. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.01.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petersen, A. C., Crockett, L., Richards, M., & Boxer, A. (1988). A self-report measure of pubertal status: Reliability, validity, and initial norms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 17, 117–133. doi:10.1007/BF01537962CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petersen, A. C., & Taylor, B. (1980). The biological approach to adolescence: Biological change and psychological adaptation. In Adelson, J. (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Phares, V., Steinberg, A., & Thompson, J. K. (2004). Gender differences in peer and parental influences: Body image disturbance, self-worth, and psychological functioning in preadolescent children. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 421–429. doi:10.1023/B:JOYO.0000037634.18749.20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piran, N. (2010). A feminist perspective on risk factor research and on the prevention of eating disorders. Eating Disorders, 18, 183–198. doi:10.1080/10640261003719435CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ricciardelli, L. A. (2016). Eating disorders and boys and men. In Wade, T. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of feeding and eating disorders. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Ricciardelli, L. A., McCabe, M. P., Williams, R. J., & Thompson, J. K. (2007). The role of ethnicity and culture in body image and disordered eating among males. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 582–606. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.01.016CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ricciardelli, L. A., & Yager, Z. (2016). Adolescence and body image: From developmental to preventing dissatisfaction. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Roberts, C., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Lavell, C., Gregertsen, E. C., Miyamoto, T., & Farrell, L. J. (2018). The Appearance Anxiety Inventory: Factor structure and associations with appearance-based rejection sensitivity and social anxiety. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 19, 124–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodgers, R. F., Paxton, S. J., & McLean, S. A. (2014). A biopsychosocial model of body image concerns and disordered eating in early adolescent girls. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 814–823. doi:10.1007/s10964-013-0013-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenblum, G. D., & Lewis, M. (1999). The relations among body image, physical attractiveness and body mass in adolescence. Child Development, 70, 50–64. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rousseau, A., Rodgers, R. F., & Eggermont, S. (2017). A biopsychosocial model for understanding media internalization and appearance dissatisfaction among preadolescent boys and girls. Communication Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0093650217729996Google Scholar
Rousseau, A., Trekels, J., & Eggermont, S. (2018). Preadolescents’ reliance on and internalization of media appearance ideals: Triggers and consequences. Journal of Early Adolescence, 38, 1074–1099. doi:10.1177/0272431617714330CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sawaoka, T., Barnes, R. D., Blomquist, K. K., Masheb, R. M., & Grilo, C. M. (2002). Social anxiety and self-consciousness in binge eating disorder: Associations with eating disorder psychopathology. Comparative Psychiatry, 53, 740–745. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2001.10.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharpe, H., Griffiths, S., Choo, T., Eisenberg, M. E., Mitchison, D., Wall, M., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2018). The relative importance of dissatisfaction, overvaluation and preoccupation with weight and shape for predicting onset of disordered eating behaviors and depressive symptoms over 15 years. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51, 1168–1175. doi:10.1002/eat.22936CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shroff, H., & Thompson, J. K. (2006). Peer influences, body-image dissatisfaction, eating dysfunction and self-esteem in adolescent girls. Journal of Health Psychology, 11, 533–551. doi:10.1177/1359105306065015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slater, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2010). Gender differences in adolescent sport participation, teasing, self-objectification and body image concerns. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 455–464. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.06.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smink, F. R. E., van Hoeken, D., Dijkstra, J. K., Deen, M., Oldehinkel, A. J., & Hoek, H. W. (2018). Self-esteem and peer-perceived social status in early adolescence and prediction of eating pathology in young adulthood. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51, 851–861. doi:10.1002/eat.22875CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smolak, L., & Levine, M. P. (2015). Body image, disordered eating, and eating disorders: Connections and disconnects. In Smolak, L. & Levine, M. P. (Eds.), The Wiley handbook of eating disorders, assessment, prevention, treatment, policy, and future directions (pp. 1–10). New York: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sommerville, L. H. (2013). The teenage brain: Sensitivity to social evaluation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 121–127. doi:10.1177/0963721413476512CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stice, E. (2003). Puberty and body image. In Hayward, C. (Ed.), Gender differences at puberty (pp. 61–76). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stice, E., & Whitenton, K. (2002). Risk factors for body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls: A longitudinal investigation. Developmental Psychology, 38, 669–678. doi:10.1037//0012-1649.38.5.669CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Striegel-Moore, R. H., & Cachelin, F. M. (1999). Body image concerns and disordered eating in adolescent girls: Risk and protective factors. In Johnson, N. G., Roberts, M. C., & Worell, J. (Eds.), Beyond appearance: A new look at adolescent girls (pp. 85–108). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Striegel-Moore, R. H., Rosselli, F., Perrin, N., DeBar, L., Wilson, T., May, A., & Kraemer, H. C. (2009). Gender difference in the prevalence of eating disorder symptoms. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 42, 471–474. doi:10.1002/eat.20625CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, J. K., Cattarin, J., Fowler, B., & Fisher, E. (1995). The Perception of Teasing Scale (POTS): A revision and extension of the Physical Appearance Related Teasing Scale (PARTS). Journal of Personality Assessment, 65, 146–157. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6501_11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, J. K., Heinberg, L. J., Altabe, M. N., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999). Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment and treatment of body image disturbance. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, K. A., Kelly, N. R., Schvery, N. A., Brady, S. M., Courville, A. B., Tanofsky-Kraff, M., . . . Shomaker, L. B. (2017). Internalization of appearance ideals mediates the relationship between appearance-related pressures from peers and emotional eating among adolescent boys and girls. Eating Behaviors, 24, 66–73. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.12.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, J. K., & Stice, E. (2001). Thin-ideal internalization: Mounting evidence for a new risk factor for body-image disturbance and eating pathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 181–183. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00144CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiggemann, M. (2011). Sociocultural perspectives on human appearance and body image. In Cash, T. & Smolak, L. (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention (pp. 12–19). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Turel, T., Jameson, M., Gitimu, P., Rowlands, Z., Mincher, J., & Pohle-Krauza, R. (2018). Disordered eating: Influence of body image, sociocultural attitudes, appearance anxiety and depression—A focus on college males and a gender comparison. Cogent Psychology, 5, 1483062. doi:10.1080/23311908.2018.1483062CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tylka, T. L., & Sabik, N. J. (2010). Integrating social comparison theory and self-esteem within objectification theory to predict women's disordered eating. Sex Roles, 63, 18–31. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9785-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uhlmann, L. R., Donovan, C. L., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Bell, H. S., & Ramme, R. A. (2018). The fit beauty ideal: A healthy alternative to thinness or a wolf in sheep's clothing? Body Image, 25, 23–30. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.01.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veale, D. (2004). Advances in a cognitive behavioral model of Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Body Image, 1, 113–125. doi:10.1016/S1740-1445(03)00009-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veale, D., Eshkevari, E., Kanakam, N., Ellison, N., Costa, A., & Werner, T. (2014). The Appearance Anxiety Inventory: Validation of a process measure in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 42, 605–616. doi:10.1017/S1352465813000556CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webb, H. J., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2014). The role of friends and peers in adolescent body dissatisfaction: A review and critique of 15 years of research. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24, 564–590. doi:10.1111/jora.1208CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, H. J., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Donovan, C. L. (2014). The appearance culture between friends and adolescent appearance-based rejection sensitivity. Journal of Adolescence, 37, 347–358. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.02.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webb, H. J., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Farrell, L., Waters, A., Nesdale, D., & Downey, G. (2017). “Pretty pressure” from peers, parents, and the media: A longitudinal study of appearance-based rejection sensitivity. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 27, 718–735. doi:10.1111/jora.12310CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webb, H. J., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Mastro, S., Farrell, L., Waters, A. W., & Lavell, C. (2015). Adolescents’ body dysmorphic symptoms: Associations with same- and cross-sex peer teasing via appearance-based rejection sensitivity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 1161–1173. doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9971-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webb, H. J., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Mastro, S. (2016). Stress exposure and generation: A conjoint longitudinal model of body dysmorphic symptoms, peer acceptance, popularity, and relational victimization. Body Image, 18, 14–18. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.04.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wertheim, E. H., Paxton, S. J., & Blaney, S. (2004). Risk factors for the development of body image disturbances. In Thompson, J. K. (Ed.), Handbook of eating disorders and obesity (pp. 695–717). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Wiklund, C. A., Kuja-Halkola, R., Thornton, L. M., Balter, K., Welch, E., & Bulik, C. M. (2018). Childhood body mass index and development of eating disorder traits across adolescence. European Journal of Eating Disorders Review, 26, 462–471. doi:10.1002/erv.2612CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Webb, H. J., Farrell, L. J., & Waters, A. M. (2018). Girls' and boys' trajectories of appearance anxiety from age 10 to 15 years are associated with earlier maturation and appearance-related teasing. Development and Psychopathology, 30, 337–350. doi:10.1017/S0954579417000657CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed