Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T16:24:48.852Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The psychobiology of undersocialized aggressive conduct disorder: A theoretical perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 October 2008

Herbert C. Quay*
Affiliation:
University of Miami
*
Address correspondence to: Herbert C. Quay, 2525 Gulf of Mexico Drive, Apt. 5C, Longboat Key, FL 34228.

Abstract

Undersocialized aggressive conduct disorder is conceptualized within the framework for personality and motivation of Jeffrey Gray. The disorder is seen as reflecting a dominance of the reward system over the behavioral inhibition system. Evidence for this conceptualizing coming from behavioral, psychophysiological, biochemical, and pharmacological studies is reviewed. Relevant findings from these studies include perseverative responding for reward, indices of inefficient noradrenergic and serotonergic functioning, and electrodermal underresponding. Additional research to test the proposed hypothesis is suggested.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. M. (1981). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4–18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: Author.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.), Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Arnett, P. A., Nichols, S. L., Helmle, K., & Newman, J. P. (1989). Passive avoidance learning and learning in a classroom situation in conduct disordered adolescents. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association,Chicago.Google Scholar
Barkley, R. A., McMurray, M. B., Edelbrock, C. S., & Robbins, K. (1989). The response of aggressive and nonaggressive ADHD children to two doses of methylphenidate. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 873881.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borkovec, T. M. (1970). Autonomic reactivity to sensory stimulation in psychopathic, neurotic and normal juveile delinquents. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 35, 217227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowden, C. L., Deutsch, C. K., & Swanson, J. M. (1988). Plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase and platelet monoamine oxidase in attention deficit disorder and conduct disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 171174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, G. L., Ballanger, J. C., Minichiello, M. D., & Goodwin, F. K. (1979). Human aggression and its relationship to cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 3-methoxy–4-hydroxyphenyloglycol, and homovanillic acid. In Sandler, M. (Ed.), Psychopharmacology of aggression (pp. 131148). New York: Raven.Google Scholar
Brown, G. L., Ebert, M. H., Goyer, P. F., Jimerson, D. C., Klein, W. J., Bunney, W. E., & Goodwin, F. K. (1982). Aggression, suicide, and serotonin: Relationships to CDF amine metabolites. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 741746.Google Scholar
Brown, R. F. (1988). Probability learning and psychophysiological reactivity in psychopathic (undersocialized aggressive) preadolescent males. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL.Google Scholar
Campbell, M., Cohen, I. L., & Small, A. M. (1982). Drugs in aggressive behavior. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 21, 107117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, M., Small, A. M., Green, W. H., Jennings, S. J., Perry, R., Bennett, W. G., & Anderson, L. (1984). Behavioral efficacy of haloperidol and lithium carbonate. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 650656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cassens, G., Roffman, M., Kuruc, A., Orsulak, P. J., & Schildkraut, J. J. (1980). Alterations in brain norepinephrine induced by environmental stimuli previously paired with inescapable shock. Science, 209, 11381139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ciaranello, R. J., & Boehme, R. E. (1981). Biochemical genetics of neurotransmitter enzymes and receptors: Relationships to schizophrenia and other major psychiatric disorders. Clinical Genetics, 19, 358372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cocarro, E. F., Siever, L. J., Klar, H. M., Maurer, G., Cochrane, K., Cooper, T. B., Mohs, R. C., & Davis, K. L. (1989). Serotonergic studies in patients with affective and personality disorders: Correlates with suicidal and impulsive aggressive behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 587599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conners, C. K. (1973). Rating scales for use in drug studies with children [Special issue]. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, (Pharmacotherapy of Children), 24–84.Google Scholar
Daugherty, T. K., & Quay, H. C. (1991). Response perseveration and delayed responding in childhood behavior disorders. Journal of Child Psychiatry and Psychology, 32, 453461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daugherty, T. K., Quay, H. C., & Ramos, L. (1991). Response perseveration, inhibitory control, and central dopaminergic activity in childhood behavior disorders. Unpublished manuscript, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL.Google Scholar
Delameter, A. M., & Lahey, B. B. (1983). Physiological correlates of conduct problems and anxiety in hyperactive and learning-disabled children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11, 85100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeLong, G. R., & Aldershot, A. L. (1987). Long-term experience with lithium treatment in childhood: Correlation with clinical diagnosis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 389394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Depue, R. A., & Spoont, M. R. (1987). Conceptualizing a serotonin trait: A behavioral dimension of constraint. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 487, 4762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children's peer groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 11461158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodge, K. A., Price, J. M., Bacharowski, J. A., & Newman, J. P. (1990). Hostile attribution bias in severely aggressive adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 385392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edelbrock, C. S., Reade, R., Plomin, R., & Thompson, L. A. (1992). Genetics and environmental effects on competence and problem behavior in childhood and early adolescence. Manuscript submitted for publication.Google Scholar
Ellis, P. L. (1982). Empathy: A factor in antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 10, 123134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eron, L. D., & Huesmann, L. R. (1990). The stability of aggressive behavior — Even unto the third generation. In Lewis, M. & Miller, S. M. (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (pp. 147156). New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowles, D. C. (1980). The three arousal model: Implications of Gray's two-factor learning theory for heart rate, electrodermal activity, and psychopathy. Psychophysiology, 17, 87104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fowles, D. C. (1986). The eccrine system and electrodermal activity. In Coles, M. G. H., Donchin, E., & Porges, S. W. (Eds.), Psychophysiology: Systems, processes and applications. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Fowles, D. C. (1988). Psychophysiology and psychopathy: A motivational approach. Psychophysiology, 25, 373391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorenstein, E. E., & Newman, J. P. (1980). Disinhibitory psychopathology: A new perspective and model for research. Psychological Review, 87, 301315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gray, J. A. (1982a). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the function of the septohippocampal system. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1982b). Precis of the neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septohippocampal system. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5, 469534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1987a). Perspectives on anxiety and impulsivity: A commentary. Journal of Research in Personality, 21, 493509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1987b). The psychology of fear and stress. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hare, R. D. (1970). Psychopathy: Theory and research. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Henn, F. A., Bardwell, R., & Jenkins, R. L. (1980). Juvenile delinquents revisited. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 11601163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hetherington, E. M., & Martin, B. (1986). Family factors and psychopathology in children. In Quay, H. C. & Werry, J. S. (Eds.), Psychopathological disorders of childhood (3rd ed., pp. 332390). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Hewitt, L. E., & Jenkins, R. L. (1946). Fundamental patterns of maladjustment, the dynamics of their origin. Springfield: State of Illinois.Google Scholar
Jurkovic, G. J., & Prentice, N. M. (1977). Relation of moral and cognitive development to dimensions of juvenile delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86, 414420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalantari, M., Yule, W., & Gardner, F. (1990, 01). Oversensitivity to reward in preschool conduct disordered children. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology,Costa Mesa, CA.Google Scholar
Karson, S. (1983). Spontaneous eye-blink rates and dopaminergic systems. Brain, 106, 643653.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kruesi, M. J. P., Hibbs, E. D., Zahn, T. P., Keysor, C. S., Hamburger, S. D., Bartko, J. J., & Rapoport, J. L. (in press). A two year prospective follow-up study of children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders: Prediction by CSF 5-HIAA, HVA, and autonomic measures. Archives of General Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Kruesi, M. J. P., Rapoport, J. L., Hamburger, S. D., Hibbs, E. D., Potter, W. Z., Lenare, M., & Brown, G. L. (1990). Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites, aggression, and impulsivity in disruptive behavior disorders of children and adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 419426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, C. E. (1991). Neurochemical mechanisms of chronic antisocial behavior (psychopathy): A literature review. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179, 720727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maas, J. W., Koslow, S. H., Davis, J., Katz, M., Frazer, A., Bowden, C. L., Berman, N., Gibbons, R., Stokes, P., & Landis, D. H. (1987). Catecholamine metabolism and disposition in healthy and depressed subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 337344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. C. (1989). Delay of gratification in children. Science, 244, 933938.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mueller, H. F., & Shamsie, S. J. (1967, 06). Classification of behavior disorders in adolescent and EEG findings. Paper presented at the 17th annual meeting of the Canadian Psychiatric Association,Quebec City.Google Scholar
Newman, J. P., Patterson, C. M., & Kosson, D. S. (1987). Response perseveration in psychopaths. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 145148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olds, J., & Milner, P. (1954). Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of the rat brain. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 47, 419427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orris, J. B. (1969). Visual monitoring performance in three subgroups of male delinquents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 74, 227229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oxenstierna, G., Edman, G., Iselius, L., Oreland, L., Ross, S. B., & Sedvall, G. (1986). Concentrations of monoamine metabolite in the cerebrospinal fluid of twins and unrelated individuals—A genetic study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 20, 1929.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, C. M., & Newman, J. P. (1990). Reflectivity and learning from aversive events: Toward a psychological mechanism for the syndromes of disinhibition. Unpublished manuscript, University of Wisconsin, Madison.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castalia.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R. (1986). The contribution of siblings to training for fighting: A microsocial analysis. In Olweus, D., Block, J., & Radke-Yarrow, M. (Eds.), Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior: Research, theories, and issues (pp. 235262). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Pliszka, S. R. (1989). Effect of anxiety on cognition, behavior, and stimulant response in ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 882887.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pliszka, S. R., Rogeness, G. A., Hatch, J. P., Borcherding, S., & Maas, J. W. (1992). A preliminary test of Quay's model of the psychobiology of ADHD. Unpublished manuscript, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Plomin, R., Nitz, K., & Rowe, D. C. (1990). Behavioral genetics and aggressive behavior in childhood. In Lewis, M. & Miller, S. M. (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (pp. 119133). New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, J. M., & Dodge, K. A. (1989). Proactive and reactive aggression in childhood: Relations to peer status and social context dimensions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 17, 455471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quay, H. C. (1986). Conduct disorders. In Quay, H. C. & Werry, J. S. (Eds.), Psychopathological disorders of childhood (3rd ed., pp. 3572). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Quay, H. C. (1988a). Attention deficit disorder and the behavioral inhibition system: The relevance of the neuropsychological theory of Jeffrey A. Gray. In Bloomingdale, L. M. & Sergeant, J. (Eds.), Attention deficit disorder: Criteria, cognition, intervention (pp. 117125). Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Quay, H. C. (1988b). The behavioral reward and inhibition systems in childhood behavior disorders. In Bloomingdale, L. M. (Ed.), Attention deficit disorder (Vol. 3, pp. 176186). Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Quay, H. C., & Levinson, R. B. (1967). The prediction of the institutional adjustment of four subgroups of delinquent boys. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Quay, H. C., & Peterson, D. R. (1987). Manual for the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist. (Available from H. C. Quay, 2525 Gulf of Mexico Drive, Apt. 5C, Longboat Key, FL 34228)Google Scholar
Raine, A., & Venables, P. H. (1984). Electrodermal non-responding, antisocial behavior and schizoid tendencies in adolescents. Psychophysiology, 21, 424433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raine, A., Venables, P. H., & Williams, M. A. (1990). Autonomic orienting responses in 15-year-old male subjects and criminal behavior at age 24. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 933937.Google ScholarPubMed
Rogeness, G. A., Hernandez, J. M., Macedo, C. A., Amrung, S. A., & Hoppe, S. K. (1986). Near-zero plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase and conduct disorders in emotionally disturbed boys. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25, 521527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogeness, G. A., Hernandez, J. M., Macedo, C. A., & Mitchell, E. C. (1982). Biochemical differences in children with conduct disorder socialized and undersocialized. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 307311.Google ScholarPubMed
Rogeness, G. A., Hernandez, J. M., Macedo, C. A., Mitchell, E. L., Amrung, S. A., & Harris, W. R. (1984). Clinical characteristics of emotionally disturbed boys with very low activities of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 23, 203208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogeness, G. A., Javors, M., Maas, J. W., & Macedo, C. A. (1990). Catecholamines and diagnoses in children. Journal of the American Academy of Children and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 234241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogeness, G. A., Javors, M. A., Maas, J. W., Macedo, C. A., & Fischer, L. (1987). Plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, HVA, MHPG, and conduct disorder in emotionally disturbed boys. Biological Psychiatry, 22, 11551158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogeness, G. A., Maas, J. W., Javors, M. A., Macedo, C. A., Harris, W. R., & Hoppe, S. K. (1988). Diagnoses, catecholamine metabolism, and plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 121125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rutter, M., Bolton, P., Harrington, R., LeCouteur, A., MacDonald, H., & Simonoff, E. (1990a). Genetic factors in child psychiatric disorders. I. A review of research strategies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutter, M., MacDonald, H., Harrington, R., LeCouteur, A., Bolton, P., & Bailey, A. (1990b). Genetic factors in child psychiatric disorders. II. Empirical findings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 3983.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scerbo, A., Raine, A., O'Brien, M., Chan, C. J., Rhea, C., & Smiley, N. (1990). Reward dominance and passive avoidance learning in adolescent psychopaths. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 451464.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmidt, K., Solanto, M. W., & Bridger, W. H. (1985). Electrodermal activity of undersocialized aggressive children: A pilot study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26, 653660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shapiro, S. K., Quay, H. C., Hogan, A. E., & Schwartz, K. P. (1988). Response perseveration and delayed responding in undersocialized aggressive conduct disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 371373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheard, M. H., Marini, J. L., Bridges, C. I., & Wagner, E. (1976). The effect of lithium on impulsive, aggressive behavior in man. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 14091413.Google ScholarPubMed
Shoda, Y., Mischel, W., & Peake, P. K. (1990). Predicting adolescent cognitive and self-regulatory competencies from preschool delay of gratification: Identifying diagnostic conditions. Developmental Psychology, 26, 978986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siddle, D. A. T., Nicol, A. R., & Foggitt, R. H. (1973). Habituation and over-extinction of the GSRT component of the orienting response in anti-social adolescents. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 12, 303308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siever, L. J., & Davis, K. L. (1991). A psychobiological perspective on the personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 16471658.Google ScholarPubMed
Skrzypek, G. J. (1969). Effect of perceptual isolation and arousal on anxiety, complexity preference, and novelty preference in psychopathic and neurotic delinquents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 74, 321329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soubrie, P. (1986). Reconciling the role of central serotonin neurons in human and animal behavior. The Brain and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 319364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stellar, J. R., & Stellar, E. (1985). The neurobiology of motivation and reward. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, J. T., Myers, W. C., Burket, R. C., & Lyles, W. B. (1990). A review of the pharmacotherapy of aggression in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 269277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stoff, D. M., Friedman, E., Pollock, L., Vitiello, B., Kendall, P. C., & Bridger, W. H. (1989). Elevated platelet MAO is related to impulsivity in disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 754760.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stoff, D. M., Pollock, L., Vitiello, B., Behar, D., & Bridger, W. H. (1987). Reduction of (3H)-imipramine binding sites on platelets of conduct-disordered children. Neuropsychopharmacology, 1, 5562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Virkunnen, M., deJong, J., Bartko, J., Goodwin, F. K., & Linnoila, M. (1989). Relationship of psychobiological variables to recidivism in violent offenders and impulsive fire setters: A follow-up study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 600603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Virkunnen, M., deJong, J., Bartko, J., & Linnoila, M. (1989). Psychobiological concomitants of history of suicide attempts among violent offenders and impulsive fire setters. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 604606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitiello, B., Shiman, H., Behar, D., Stoff, D., Bridger, W. H., & Friedman, E. (1991). Platelet imiprimine binding and serotonin uptake in obsessive-compulsive patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 84, 2932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waid, W. W., & Orne, M. T. (1982). Reduced electrodermal response to conflict, failure to inhibit dominant behavior and delinquency proneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 769774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, J. S., Lahey, B. B., Russo, M. F., Frick, P. J., Christ, M. A. G., McBurnett, K., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Green, S. (1991). Anxiety, inhibition, and conduct disorder in children: I. Relations to social impairments. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 187191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinshilbaum, R. M., Raymond, F. A., Elveback, L. R., & Weidman, W. H. (1973). Serum DBH activity: Sibling: sibling correlation. Science, 181, 943945.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werry, J. S., & Aman, M. G. (1975). Methylphenidate and haloperidol in children: Effects on attention, memory and activity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 790795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, J. G., Cohen, D., Anderson, G. M., & Shaywitz, B. A. (1984). Neurotransmitter ontogeny as perspective for studies of child development and pathology. In Greenhill, L. L. & Shopsin, B. (Eds.), The psychobiology of childhood (pp. 5184). New York: Spectrum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar