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Proactive and reactive aggression: Developmental trajectories and longitudinal associations with callous–unemotional traits, impulsivity, and internalizing emotions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 April 2023

Erin P. Vaughan Open the ORCID record for Erin P. Vaughan [Opens in a new window] ,
Julianne S. Speck ,
Paul J. Frick ,
Toni M. Walker ,
Emily L. Robertson ,
James V. Ray ,
Tina D. Wall Myers ,
Laura C. Thornton ,
Laurence Steinberg  and
Elizabeth Cauffman Open the ORCID record for Elizabeth Cauffman [Opens in a new window]
Erin P. Vaughan*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
Julianne S. Speck
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
Paul J. Frick
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
Toni M. Walker
Affiliation:
Harris County Juvenile Probation Department, Houston, USA
Emily L. Robertson
Affiliation:
Florida International University, Miami, USA
James V. Ray
Affiliation:
University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA
Tina D. Wall Myers
Affiliation:
Louisiana Department of Health, Baton Rouge, USA
Laura C. Thornton
Affiliation:
ABT Associates, Cambridge, MA, USA
Laurence Steinberg
Affiliation:
Temple University & King Abdulaziz University, Philadelphia, USA
Elizabeth Cauffman
Affiliation:
University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
*
Corresponding author: Erin P. Vaughan, email: [email protected]
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Abstract

Research on proactive and reactive aggression has identified covariates unique to each function of aggression, but hypothesized correlates have often not been tested with consideration of developmental changes in or the overlap between the types of aggression. The present study examines the unique developmental trajectories of proactive and reactive aggression over adolescence and young adulthood and tests these trajectories’ associations with key covariates: callous–unemotional (CU) traits, impulsivity, and internalizing emotions. In a sample of 1,211 justice-involved males (ages 15–22), quadratic growth models (i.e., intercepts, linear slopes, and quadratic slopes) of each type of aggression were regressed onto quadratic growth models of the covariates while controlling for the other type of aggression. After accounting for the level of reactive aggression, the level of proactive aggression was predicted by the level of CU traits. However, change in proactive aggression over time was not related to the change in any covariates. After accounting for proactive aggression, reactive aggression was predicted by impulsivity, both at the initial level and in change over time. Results support that proactive and reactive aggression are unique constructs with separate developmental trajectories and distinct covariates.

Keywords

callous–unemotional traitsimpulsivityinternalizing emotionsproactive aggressionreactive aggression
Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 36 , Issue 3 , August 2024 , pp. 1090 - 1098
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

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