Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T04:03:48.618Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Pathways to social-emotional functioning in the preschool period: The role of child temperament and maternal anxiety in boys and girls

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 July 2019

Hannah F. Behrendt Open the ORCID record for Hannah F. Behrendt [Opens in a new window] ,
Mark Wade ,
Laurie Bayet ,
Charles A. Nelson III  and
Michelle Bosquet Enlow
Hannah F. Behrendt
Affiliation:
Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Mark Wade
Affiliation:
Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Laurie Bayet
Affiliation:
Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Charles A. Nelson III
Affiliation:
Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA
Michelle Bosquet Enlow*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
*
Author for Correspondence: Michelle Bosquet Enlow, Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, AT-120.3, Mailstop BCH 3199, Boston, MA02115; E-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Individual differences in social-emotional functioning emerge early and have long-term implications for developmental adaptation and competency. Research is needed that specifies multiple early risk factors and outcomes simultaneously to demonstrate specificity. Using multigroup longitudinal path analysis in a sample of typically developing children (N = 541), we examined child temperament dimensions (surgency, negative affectivity, and regulation/effortful control) and maternal anxiety in infancy and age 2 as predictors of child externalizing, internalizing, dysregulation, and competence behaviors at age 3. Four primary patterns emerged. First, there was stability in temperament dimensions and maternal anxiety from infancy to age 3. Second, negative affectivity was implicated in internalizing problems and surgency in externalizing problems. Third, effortful control at age 2 was a potent mediator of maternal anxiety in infancy on age 3 outcomes. Fourth, there was suggestive evidence for transactional effects between maternal anxiety and child effortful control. Most pathways operated similarly for boys and girls, with some differences, particularly for surgency. These findings expand our understanding of the roles of specific temperamental domains and postnatal maternal anxiety in a range of social-emotional outcomes in the preschool period, and have implications for efforts to enhance the development of young children's social-emotional functioning and reduce risk for later psychopathology.

Keywords

maternal anxietypath modelsex differencessocial-emotional developmenttemperament
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 32 , Issue 3 , August 2020 , pp. 961 - 974
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abulizi, X., Pryor, L., Michel, G., Melchior, M., Van Der Waerden, J., & Eden Mother–Child Cohort Study Group. (2017). Temperament in infancy and behavioral and emotional problems at age 5.5: The EDEN mother-child cohort. PLOS ONE, 12, e0171971. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171971CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahmad, S. I., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2017). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, trait impulsivity, and externalizing behavior in a longitudinal sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45, 1077–1089. doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0226-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1979). Infant-mother attachment. American Psychologist, 34, 932–937. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.932CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Research Review: Genetic vulnerability or differential susceptibility in child development: The case of attachment. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 48, 1160–1173. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01801.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barker, E. D., Jaffee, S. R., Uher, R., & Maughan, B. (2011). The contribution of prenatal and postnatal maternal anxiety and depression to child maladjustment. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 696–702. doi:10.1002/da.20856CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., Zisner, A. R., & Sauder, C. L. (2017). Trait impulsivity and the externalizing spectrum. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13, 343–368. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093253CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bell, S. M., & Ainsworth, M. D. (1972). Infant crying and maternal responsiveness. Child Development, 43, 1171–1190. doi:10.2307/1127506CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 83–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernier, A., Calkins, S. D., & Bell, M. A. (2016). Longitudinal associations between the quality of mother–infant interactions and brain development across infancy. Child Development, 87, 1159–1174. doi:10.1111/cdev.12518CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bick, J., & Nelson, C. A. (2016). Early adverse experiences and the developing brain. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41, 177–196. doi:10.1038/npp.2015.252CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biringen, Z., Derscheid, D., Vliegen, N., Closson, L., & Easterbrooks, M. A. (2014). Emotional availability (EA): Theoretical background, empirical research using the EA Scales, and clinical applications. Developmental Review, 34, 114–167. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2014.01.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bornstein, M. H., Hahn, C. S., Putnick, D. L., & Pearson, R. (2018). Stability of child temperament: Multiple moderation by child and mother characteristics. British Journal of Developmental Psychology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1111/bjdp.12253Google ScholarPubMed
Bosquet, M., & Egeland, B. (2006). The development and maintenance of anxiety symptoms from infancy through adolescence in a longitudinal sample. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 517–550. doi:10.10170S0954579406060275CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books. (Work originally published 1969)Google Scholar
Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Owens, P. L., Schwab-Stone, M. E., Leventhal, J. M., Leaf, P. J., & Horwitz, S. M. (2003). Persistence of psychiatric disorders in pediatric settings. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 1360–1369. doi:10.1097/01.CHI.0000084834.67701.8aCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cabrera, N. J., Volling, B. L., & Barr, R. (2018). Fathers are parents, too! Widening the lens on parenting for children's development. Child Development Perspectives, 12, 152–157. doi:10.1111/cdep.12275CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, S. B., Spieker, S., Burchinal, M., Poe, M. D., & NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2006). Trajectories of aggression from toddlerhood to age 9 predict academic and social functioning through age 12. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 791–800. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01636.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, A. S., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Jones, S. M., & Little, T. D. (2003). The Infant–Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (ITSEA): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 495–514. doi:10.1023/A:1025449031360CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, A. S., Wagmiller, R. J., Gray, S. A., McCarthy, K. J., Horwitz, S. M., & Briggs-Gowan, M. J. (2010). Prevalence of DSM-IV disorder in a representative, healthy birth cohort at school entry: Sociodemographic risks and social adaptation. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 686–698. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.03.018Google Scholar
Coppola, G., Ponzetti, S., Aureli, T., & Vaughn, B. E. (2015). Patterns of emotion regulation at two years of age: Associations with mothers’ attachment in a fear eliciting situation. Attachment and Human Development, 18, 16–32. doi:10.1080/14616734.2015.1109676CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crandall, A., Deater-Deckard, K., & Riley, A. W. (2015). Maternal emotion and cognitive control capacities and parenting: A conceptual framework. Developmental Review, 36, 105–126. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2015.01.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crick, N. R., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2003). The development of psychopathology in females and males: Current progress and future challenges. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 719–742. doi:10.1017.S095457940300035XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dekker, M. C., Ferdinand, R. F., van Lang, N. D., Bongers, I. L., van der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2007). Developmental trajectories of depressive symptoms from early childhood to late adolescence: Gender differences and adult outcome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 657–666. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01742.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Pauw, S. S., & Mervielde, I. (2010). Temperament, personality and developmental psychopathology: A review based on the conceptual dimensions underlying childhood traits. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 41, 313–329. doi:10.1007/s10578-009-0171-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diener, M. L., & Kim, D. Y. (2004). Maternal and child predictors of preschool children's social competence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25, 3–24. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2003.11.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dougherty, L. R., Leppert, K. A., Merwin, S. M., Smith, V. C., Bufferd, S. J., & Kushner, M. R. (2015). Advances and directions in preschool mental health research. Child Development Perspectives, 9, 14–19. doi:10.1111/cdep.12099CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dougherty, L. R., Tolep, M. R., Bufferd, S. J., Olino, T. M., Dyson, M., Traditi, J., … Klein, D. N. (2013). Preschool anxiety disorders: Comprehensive assessment of clinical, demographic, temperamental, familial, and life stress correlates. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42, 577–589. doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.759225CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dozier, M., Peloso, E., Lewis, E., Laurenceau, J. P., & Levine, S. (2008). Effects of an attachment-based intervention on the cortisol production of infants and toddlers in foster care. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 845–859. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000400CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Easterbrooks, M. A., Bureau, J. F., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2012). Developmental correlates and predictors of emotional availability in mother–child interaction: A longitudinal study from infancy to middle childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 65–78. doi:10.1017/S0954579411000666CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edwards, R. C., & Hans, S. L. (2015). Infant risk factors associated with internalizing, externalizing, and co-occurring behavior problems in young children. Developmental Psychology, 51, 489–499. doi:10.1037/a0038800CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edwards, S. L., Rapee, R. M., & Kennedy, S. (2010). Prediction of anxiety symptoms in preschool-aged children: Examination of maternal and paternal perspectives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 313–321. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02160.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Eggum, N. D. (2010). Emotion-related self-regulation and its relation to children's maladjustment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 495–525. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131208CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Else-Quest, N. M., Hyde, J. S., Goldsmith, H. H., & Van Hulle, C. A. (2006). Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 33–72. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.33CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Englund, M. M., Kuo, S. I., Puig, J., & Collins, W. A. (2011). Early roots of adult competence: The significance of close relationships from infancy to early adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35, 490–496. doi:10.1177/0165025411422994CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Essex, M. J., Klein, M. H., Slattery, M. J., Goldsmith, H. H., & Kalin, N. H. (2010). Early risk factors and developmental pathways to chronic high inhibition and social anxiety disorder in adolescence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 40–46. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.07010051CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, R. (2007). Parent-infant synchrony and the construction of shared timing; physiological precursors, developmental outcomes, and risk conditions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 329–354. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01701.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, R. (2015). The adaptive human parental brain: Implications for children's social development. Trends in Neurosciences, 38, 387–399. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2015.04.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, R. (2017). The neurobiology of human attachment. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21, 80–99. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.11.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, R., Weller, A., Sirota, L., & Eidelman, A. I. (2002). Skin-to-Skin contact (Kangaroo care) promotes self-regulation in premature infants: Sleep-wake cyclicity, arousal modulation, and sustained exploration. Developmental Psychology, 38, 194–207. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01278.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (1997). Attachment and reflective function: Their role in self-organization. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 679–700. doi:10.1017/S0954579497001399CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forman, D. R., O'Hara, M. W., Larsen, K., Coy, K. C., Gorman, L. L., & Stuart, S. (2003). Infant emotionality: Observational methods and the validity of maternal reports. Infancy, 4, 541–565. doi:10.1207/S15327078IN0404_08CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gartstein, M. A., & Rothbart, M. K. (2003). Studying infant temperament via the revised infant behavior questionnaire. Infant Behavior and Development, 26, 64–86. doi:10.1016/S0163-6383(02)00169-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garvin, M. C., Tarullo, A. R., Van Ryzin, M., & Gunnar, M. R. (2012). Postadoption parenting and socioemotional development in postinstitutionalized children. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 35–48. doi:10.1017/S0954579411000642CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glasheen, C., Richardson, G. A., & Fabio, A. (2010). A systematic review of the effects of postnatal maternal anxiety on children. Archives of Womens Mental Health, 13, 61–74. doi:10.1007/s00737-009-0109-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, S. H., Rouse, M. H., Connell, A. M., Broth, M. R., Hall, C. M., & Heyward, D. (2011). Maternal depression and child psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 1–27. doi:10.1007/s10567-010-0080-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, J. H., Watson, G. R., & Stubbs, B. (2016). Anxiety disorders in postpartum women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 203, 292–331. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.033CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, K. A., Blissett, J., Antoniou, E. E., Zeegers, M. P., & McCleery, J. P. (2018). Effects of maternal depression in the Still-Face Paradigm: A meta-analysis. Infant Behavior and Development, 50, 154–164. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.12.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, K. A., McMahon, C., & Austin, M. P. (2008). Maternal anxiety during the transition to parenthood: A prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 108, 101–111. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.10.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graziano, P. A., & Hart, K. (2016). Beyond behavior modification: Benefits of social–emotional/self-regulation training for preschoolers with behavior problems. Journal of School Psychology, 58, 91–111. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2016.07.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halligan, S. L., Cooper, P. J., Fearon, P., Wheeler, S. L., Crosby, M., & Murray, L. (2013). The longitudinal development of emotion regulation capacities in children at risk for externalizing disorders. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 391–406. doi:10.1017/S0954579412001137CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hankin, B. L., Davis, E. P., Snyder, H., Young, J. F., Glynn, L. M., & Sandman, C. A. (2017). Temperament factors and dimensional, latent bifactor models of child psychopathology: Transdiagnostic and specific associations in two youth samples. Psychiatry Research, 252, 139–146. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.061CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karevold, E., Roysamb, E., Ystrom, E., & Mathiesen, K. S. (2009). Predictors and pathways from infancy to symptoms of anxiety and depression in early adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1051–1060. doi:10.1037/a0016123CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knickmeyer, R. C., Gouttard, S., Kang, C., Evans, D., Wilber, K., Smith, J. K., … Gilmore, J. H. (2008). A structural MRI study of human brain development from birth to 2 years. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 12176–12182. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3479-08.2008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., & Swank, P. R. (2006). Responsive parenting: Establishing early foundations for social, communication, and independent problem-solving skills. Developmental Psychology, 42, 627–642. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.4.627CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lavigne, J. V., Lebailly, S. A., Hopkins, J., Gouze, K. R., & Binns, H. J. (2009). The prevalence of ADHD, ODD, depression, and anxiety in a community sample of 4-year-olds. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38, 315–328. doi:10.1080/15374410902851382CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis-Morrarty, E., Dozier, M., Bernard, K., Terracciano, S. M., & Moore, S. V. (2012). Cognitive flexibility and theory of mind outcomes among foster children: Preschool follow-up results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51, 17–22. doi:10.1016/j.jadoh ealth .2012.05.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matthey, S., Barnett, B., Howie, P., & Kavanagh, D. J. (2003). Diagnosing postpartum depression in mothers and fathers: Whatever happened to anxiety? Journal of Affective Disorders, 74, 139–147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McElwain, N. L., & Booth-LaForce, C. (2006). Maternal sensitivity to infant distress and nondistress as predictors of infant-mother attachment security. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 247–255. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.20.2.247CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mesman, J., Bongers, I. L., & Koot, H. M. (2001). Preschool developmental pathways to preadolescent internalizing and externalizing problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 42, 679–689. doi:10.1017/S0021963001007351CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mesman, J., & Koot, H. M. (2001). Early preschool predictors of preadolescent internalizing and externalizing DSM-IV diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1029–1036. doi:10.1097/00004583-200109000-00011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mihelic, M., Morawska, A., & Filus, A. (2017). Effects of early parenting interventions on parents and infants: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 1507–1526. doi:10.1007/s1082 6-017-0675-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montroy, J. J., Bowles, R. P., Skibbe, L. E., & Foster, T. D. (2014). Social skills and problem behaviors as mediators of the relationship between behavioral self-regulation and academic achievement. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 29, 298–309. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2014.03.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morawska, A., Dittman, C. K., & Rusby, J. C. (2019). Promoting self-regulation in young children: The role of parenting interventions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00281-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16, 361–388. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mughal, M. K., Giallo, R., Arnold, P., Benzies, K., Kehler, H., Bright, K., & Kingston, D. (2018). Trajectories of maternal stress and anxiety from pregnancy to three years and child development at 3 years of age: Findings from the All Our Families (AOF) pregnancy cohort. Journal of Affective Disorders, 234, 318–326. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.095CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, A. D. (1979). Infant crying as an elicitor of parental behavior: Examination of two models. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 191–215. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.1.191CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, L., Arteche, A., Fearon, P., Halligan, S., Goodyer, I., & Cooper, P. (2011). Maternal postnatal depression and the development of depression in offspring up to 16 years of age. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 50, 460–470. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.02.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neece, C. L., Green, S. A., & Baker, B. L. (2012). Parenting stress and child behavior problems: A transactional relationship across time. American Journal of Intellectual Developmental Disability, 117, 48–66. doi:10.1352/1944-7558-117.1.48CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olino, T. M., Bufferd, S. J., Dougherty, L. R., Dyson, M. W., Carlson, G. A., & Klein, D. N. (2018). The development of latent dimensions of psychopathology across early childhood: Stability of dimensions and moderators of change. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46, 1373–1383. doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0398-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panayiotou, M., & Humphrey, N. (2018). Mental health difficulties and academic attainment: Evidence for gender-specific developmental cascades in middle childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 30, 523–538. doi:10.1017/S095457941700102XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pandey, A., Hale, D., Das, S., Goddings, A. L., Blakemore, S. J., & Viner, R. M. (2018). Effectiveness of universal self-regulation-based interventions in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 172, 566–575. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0232CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parade, S. H., & Leerkes, E. M. (2008). The reliability and validity of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire—Revised. Infant Behavior and Development, 31, 637–646. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.07.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perry, R. E., Blair, C., & Sullivan, R. M. (2017). Neurobiology of infant attachment: Attachment despite adversity and parental programming of emotionality. Current Opinion in Psychology, 17, 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.022CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pesonen, A. K., Räikkönen, K., Heinonen, K., Komsi, N., Järvenpää, A. L., & Strandberg, T. (2008). A transactional model of temperamental development: Evidence of a relationship between child temperament and maternal stress over five years. Social Development, 17, 326–340. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00427.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitzer, M., Esser, G., Schmidt, M. H., & Laucht, M. (2009). Temperamental predictors of externalizing problems among boys and girls: A longitudinal study in a high-risk sample from ages 3 months to 15 years. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 259, 445–458. doi:10.1007/s00406-009-0009-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pruett, M. K., Cowan, P. A., Cowan, C. P., Gillette, P., & Pruett, K. D. (2019). Supporting father involvement: An intervention with community and child welfare–referred couples. Family Relations, 68, 51–67. doi:10.1111/fare.12352CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, S. P., Gartstein, M. A., & Rothbart, M. K. (2006). Measurement of fine-grained aspects of toddler temperament: The early childhood behavior questionnaire. Infant Behavior and Development, 29, 386–401. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.01.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Putnam, S. P., Rothbart, M. K., & Gartstein, M. A. (2008). Homotypic and heterotypic continuity of fine-grained temperament during infancy, toddlerhood, and early childhood. Infant and Child Development, 17, 387–405. doi:10.1002/icd.582CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reck, C., Tietz, A., Muller, M., Seibold, K., & Tronick, E. (2018). The impact of maternal anxiety disorder on mother-infant interaction in the postpartum period. PLOS ONE, 13, e0194763. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194763CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhoades, B. L., Greenberg, M. T., & Domitrovich, C. E. (2009). The contribution of inhibitory control to preschoolers' social–emotional competence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30, 310–320. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhoades, B. L., Warren, H. K., Domitrovich, C. E., & Greenberg, M. T. (2011). Examining the link between preschool social–emotional competence and first grade academic achievement: The role of attention skills. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 26, 182–191. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2010.07.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutherford, H. J. V., Wallace, N. S., Laurent, H. K., & Mayes, L. C. (2015). Emotion regulation in parenthood. Developmental Review, 36, 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2014.12.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rutter, M. (2003). Commentary: Nature-nurture interplay in emotional disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 934–944. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00178CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sameroff, A. J., & Mackenzie, M. J. (2003). Research strategies for capturing transactional models of development: The limits of the possible. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 613–640.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanders, M. R., & Mazzucchelli, T. G. (2013). The promotion of self-regulation through parenting interventions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 16, 1–17. doi:10.1007/s10567-013-0129-zCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sayal, K., Heron, J., Maughan, B., Rowe, R., & Ramchandani, P. (2014). Infant temperament and childhood psychiatric disorder: Longitudinal study. Child: Care, Health and Development, 40, 292–297. doi:10.1111/cch.12054Google ScholarPubMed
Scheper, F. Y., Majdandzic, M., van de Ven, P. M., Jansen, L. M. C., Doreleijers, T. A. H., Schuengel, C., & de Vries, A. L. C. (2017). Temperament traits and psychopathology in young clinically referred children compared to a general population sample. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 48, 841–850. doi:10.1007/s10578-016-0708-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Senehi, N., Brophy-Herb, H. E., & Vallotton, C. D. (2018). Effects of maternal mentalization-related parenting on toddlers’ self-regulation. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 44, 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.02.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherman, B. J., Vousoura, E., Wickramaratne, P., Warner, V., & Verdeli, H. (2016). Temperament and major depression: How does difficult temperament affect frequency, severity, and duration of major depressive episodes among offspring of parents with or without depression? 200, 82–88. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.04.033CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shiner, R. L., Buss, K. A., McClowry, S. G., Putnam, S. P., Saudino, K. J., & Zentner, M. (2012). What is temperament now? Assessing progress in temperament research on the twenty-fifth anniversary of Goldsmith et al. (1987). Child Development Perspectives, 6, 436–444. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00254.xGoogle Scholar
Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, 13, 290–312. doi:10.2307/270723CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soltis, J. (2004). The signal functions of early infant crying. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27, 443–458; discussion 459–490. doi:10.1017/S0140525X0400010XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R. E., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Tronick, E. Z., Als, H., Adamson, L., Wise, S., & Brazelton, T. B. (1978). The infant's response to entrapment between contradictory messages in face-to-face interaction. Journal of the American Acadamy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 17, 1–13. doi:10.1016/S0002-7138(09)62273-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van den Bergh, B. R., Mulder, E. J., Mennes, M., & Glover, V. (2005). Antenatal maternal anxiety and stress and the neurobehavioural development of the fetus and child: Links and possible mechanisms. A review. Neurosciience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29, 237–258. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.10.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wade, T. J., Cairney, J., & Pevalin, D. J. (2002). Emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence: National panel results from three countries. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 190–198. doi:10.1097/00004583-200202000-00013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, Y. C., Hsieh, W. S., Hsu, C. H., Chang, J. H., Chou, H. C., Hsu, H. C., … Jeng, S. F. (2016). Intervention effects on emotion regulation in preterm infants with very low birth weight: A randomized controlled trial. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 48, 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.10.016CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuan, K. H., & Bentler, P. M. (2000). Three likelihood-based methods for mean and covariance structure analysis with nonnormal missing data. Sociological Methodology, 30, 165–200. doi:10.1111/0081-1750.00078CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Behrendt et al. supplementary material

Appendix A

Download Behrendt et al. supplementary material(File)
File 168 KB