No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Conduct problems among children in low-income, urban neighborhoods: A developmental psychopathology- and RDoC-informed approach
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 October 2021
Abstract
Conduct problems are associated with numerous negative long-term psychosocial sequelae and are among the most frequent referrals for children's mental health services. Youth residing in low-income, urban communities are at increased risk for conduct problems, but not all youth in these environments develop conduct problems, suggesting heterogeneity in risk and resilience processes and developmental pathways. The present study used a developmental psychopathology- and Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)-informed approach for conceptualizing risk and resilience for conduct problems among children from low-income, urban neighborhoods. Participants were 104 children (M = 9.93 ± 1.22 years; 50% male; 96% African American, 4% Latinx). We assessed four constructs reflecting cognitive and neurobiological processes associated with conduct problems using multiple levels of analysis and informants: autonomic nervous system reactivity, limbic system/orbitofrontal cortical functioning, dorsolateral prefrontal cortical functioning, and conduct problems. Latent profile analysis identified four profiles: typically developing (TD, n = 34); teacher-reported conduct problems (TCP, n = 14); emotion processing (EP, n = 27); and emotion expression recognition (EER, n = 29). External validation analyses demonstrated that profiles differed on various indices of conduct problems in expected ways. The EP profile exhibited lower levels of emotional lability and callous–unemotional behaviors, and higher levels of prosocial behavior. The TD profile demonstrated elevated emotional lability. Implications for etiological and intervention models are presented.
- Type
- Special Issue Article
- Information
- Development and Psychopathology , Volume 33 , Special Issue 5: Applying RDoC-Informed Approaches to the Study of Development and Psychopathology , December 2021 , pp. 1864 - 1881
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press
References
Adolphs, R. (2001). The neurobiology of social cognition. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 11, 231–239. doi: 10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00202-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aitken, M., Henry, S., & Andrade, B. F. (2018). Distilling heterogeneity among children with disruptive behavior: Associations between symptom patterns and social functioning. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46, 1241–1252. doi: 10.1007/s10802-017-0350-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akaike, H. (1987). Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika, 52, 317–332. doi: 10.1007/BF02294359CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alkon, A., Goldstein, L. H., Smider, N., Essex, M. J., Kupfer, D. J., & Boyce, W. T. (2003). Developmental and contextual influences on autonomic reactivity in young children. Developmental Psychobiology, 42, 64–78. doi: 10.1002/dev.10082CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, L. A., Tuvblad, C., Reynolds, C., Zheng, M., Lozano, D. I., & Raine, A. (2009). Resting heart rate and the development of antisocial behavior from age 9 to 14: Genetic and environmental influences. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 939–960. doi: 10.1017/S0954579409000509CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barker, E. D., & Salekin, R. T. (2012). Irritable oppositional defiance and callous unemotional traits: Is the association partially explained by peer victimization? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 1167–1175. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02579.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bates, M. E. (2000). Integrating person-centered and variable-centered approaches in the study of developmental courses and transitions in alcohol use: Introduction to the special section. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24, 878–881. doi: 0145-6008/00/2406-0878CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P. (2001). Vagal tone, development, and Gray's motivational theory: Toward an integrated model of autonomic nervous system functioning in psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 183–214. doi: 10.1017/s0954579401002012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P. (2015). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: A transdiagnostic biomarker of emotion dysregulation and psychopathology. Current Opinion in Psychology, 3, 43–47. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.017CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauchaine, T. P., Gatzke-Kopp, L., & Mead, H. K. (2007). Polyvagal theory and developmental psychopathology: Emotion dysregulation and conduct problems from preschool to adolescence. Biological Psychology, 74, 174–184. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.08.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berntson, G. G., Bigger, T. J., Eckberg, D. L., Grossman, P., Kaufmann, P. G., Malik, M., et al. (1997). Heart rate variability: Origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology, 34, 623–648. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Best, J. H., & Miller, P. H. (2010). A developmental perspective on executive function. Child Development, 81, 1641–1660. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01499.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bio-Impedance Technology, Inc. (n.d). COP-WIN (version 6.0-H) [computer software]. Chapel Hill, NC: Author.Google Scholar
Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles orbitofrontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. Brain and Cognition, 55, 198–208. doi: 10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, R. J. R. (2007). Dysfunctions of medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex in psychopathy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1121, 461–479. doi: 10.1196/annals.1401.017CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, R. J. R. (2015). Psychopathic traits from an RDoC perspective. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 30, 79–84. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.09.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, R. J. R., Morris, J. S., Frith, C. D., Perrett, D. I., & Dolan, R. (1999). Dissociable neural responses to facial expressions of sadness and anger. Brain, 122, 883–893. doi: 10.1093/brain/122.5.883CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyce, W. T., Quas, J., Alkon, A., Smider, N. A., Essex, M. J., Kupfer, D. J. & The MacArthur assessment battery working group (2001). Autonomic reactivity and psychopathology in middle childhood. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 144–150. doi: 10.1192/bjp.179.2.144CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brenner, S. L., Beauchaine, T. P., & Sylvers, P. D. (2005). A comparison of psychophysiological and self-report measures of BAS and BIS activation. Psychophysiology, 42, 108–115. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00261.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bringewatt, E. H., & Gershoff, E. T. (2010). Falling through the cracks: Gaps and barriers in the mental health system for America's disadvantaged children. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 1291–1299. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.04.021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bubier, J., & Drabick, D. A. (2008). Affective decision-making and externalizing behaviors: The role of autonomic activity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 941–953. doi: 10.1007/s10802-008-9225-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bubier, J., Drabick, D. A., & Breiner, T. (2009). Autonomic functioning moderates the relation between contextual factors and externalizing behaviors among inner-city children. Journal of Family Psychology, 23, 500–510. doi: 10.1037/a0015555CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byrd, A. L., Hawes, S. W., Loeber, R., & Pardini, D. A. (2018). Interpersonal callousness from childhood to adolescence: Developmental trajectories and early risk factors. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 47, 467–482. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1144190CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calkins, S. D., Graziano, P. A., & Keane, S. P. (2007). Cardiac vagal regulation differentiates among children at risk for behavior problems. Biological Psychology, 74, 144–153. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.09.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cardinale, E. M., O'Connell, K., Robertson, E. L., Meena, L. B., Breeden, A. L., Lozier, L. M., … Marsh, A. A. (2019). Callous and uncaring traits are associated with reductions in amygdala volume among youths with varying levels of conduct problems. Psychological Medicine, 49, 1449–1458. 10.1017/S0033291718001927CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cecilione, J. L., Rappaport, L. M., Verhulst, B., Carney, D. M., Blair, R. J. R., Brotman, M. A., … Hettema, J. M. (2017). Test-retest reliability of the facial expression labeling task. Psychological Assessment, 19, 1537–1542. doi: 10.1037/pas0000439CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Celeux, G., & Soromenho, G. (1996). An entropy criterion for assessing the number of clusters in a mixture model. Journal of Classification, 13, 195–212. doi: 10.1007/BF01246098CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (1996). Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 597–600. doi: 10.1017/S0954579400007318CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colins, O. F., Fanti, K. A., & Andershed, H. (2020). The DSM-5 limited prosocial emotions specifier for conduct disorder: Comorbid problems, prognosis, and antecedents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. S0890-8567(20)31985-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.09.022Google ScholarPubMed
Colman, I., Murray, J., Abbott, R. A., Maughan, B., Kuh, D., Croudace, T. J., & Jones, P. B. (2009). Outcomes of conduct problems in adolescence: 40 year follow-up of national cohort. BMJ, 338, a2981. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a2981CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Copeland, V. C., & Snyder, K. (2011). Barriers to mental health treatment services for low-income African American women whose children receive behavioral health services: An ethnographic investigation. Social Work in Public Health, 26, 78–95. doi: 10.1080/10911350903341036CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cotter, K. L., & Smokowski, P. R. (2017). An investigation of relational risk and promotive factors associated with adolescent female aggression. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 48, 754–767. doi: 10.1007/s10578-016-0700-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crick, N. R., Bigbee, M. A., & Howes, C. (1996). Gender differences in children's normative beliefs about aggression: How do I hurt thee? Let me count the ways. Child Development, 67, 1003–1014. doi: 10.2307/1131876CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Sylvers, P., Mead, H., & Chipman-Chacon, J. (2006). Autonomic correlates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in preschool children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 174–178. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.115.1.174CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cuthbert, B., & Insel, T. (2010). The data of diagnosis: New approaches to psychiatric classification. Psychiatry, 73, 311–314. doi: 10.1521/psyc.2010.73.4.311CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, R. J. (2002). Anxiety and affective style: Role of prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 68–80. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01328-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deater-Deckard, K. (2001). Annotation: Recent research examining the role of peer relationships in the development of psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 565–579. doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00753CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Los Reyes, A., Augenstein, T. M., Wang, M., Thomas, S. A., Drabick, D. A. G., Burgers, D. E., & Rabinowitz, J. (2015). The validity of the multi-informant approach to assessing child and adolescent mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 858–900. doi: 10.1037/a0038498CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Los Reyes, A., Drabick, D. A. G., Makol, B. A., & Jakubovic, R. J. (2020). Introduction to the Special Section: The Research Domain Criteria's units of analysis and cross-unit correspondence in youth mental health research. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 49, 279–296. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2020.1738238CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devenish, B., Hooley, M., & Mellor, D. (2017). The pathways between socioeconomic status and adolescent outcomes: A systematic review. American Journal of Community Psychology, 59, 219–238. doi: 10.1002/ajcp.12115CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodge, K. A., & Pettit, G. S. (2003). A biopsychosocial model of the development of chronic conduct problems in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 39, 349–371. doi: 10.1037//0012-1649.39.2.349CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drabick, D. A., Bubier, J., Chen, D., Price, J., & Lanza, H. I. (2011). Source-specific oppositional defiant disorder among inner-city children: Prospective prediction and moderation. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40, 23–35. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2011.533401CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drabick, D. A., & Kendall, P. C. (2010). Developmental psychopathology and the diagnosis of mental health problems among youth. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17, 272–280. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01219.xGoogle Scholar
Dugré, J. R., & Potvin, S. (2020). Multiple developmental pathways underlying conduct problems: A multitrajectory framework. Development and Psychopathology, 1–10. doi: 10.1017/S0954579420001650CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunsmore, J. C., Booker, J. A., Ollendick, T. H., & Greene, R. W. (2016). Emotion socialization in the context of risk and psychopathology: Maternal emotion coaching predicts better treatment outcomes for emotionally labile children with oppositional defiant disorder. Social Development, 25, 8–26. doi: 10.1111/sode.12109CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. (1976). Pictures of facial affect. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
El-Sheikh, M. (2005). Stability of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in children and young adolescents: A longitudinal examination. Developmental Psychobiology, 46, 66–74. doi: 10.1002/dev.20036CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Sheikh, M., Kouros, C. D., Erath, S., Cummings, E. M., Keller, P., & Staton, L. (2009). Marital conflict and children's externalizing behavior: Interactions between parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system activity: I. Introduction. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 74, vii–18. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5834.2009.00501.xGoogle Scholar
El-Sheikh, M., & Whitson, S. A. (2006). Longitudinal relations between marital conflict and child adjustment: Vagal regulation as a protective factor. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 30–39. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.20.1.30CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Enders, C. K. (2001). The impact of nonnormality on full information maximum-likelihood estimation for structural equation models with missing data. Psychological Methods, 6, 352–370. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.6.4.352CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engel de Abreu, P. M., Puglisi, M. L., Cruz-Santos, A., Befi-Lopes, D. M., & Martin, R. (2014). Effects of impoverished environmental conditions on working memory performance. Memory, 22, 323–331. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2013.781186CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Essau, C. A., Sasagawa, S., & Frick, P. J. (2006). Callous-unemotional traits in a community sample of adolescents. Assessment, 13, 454–469. doi: 10.1177/1073191106287354CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, C., Cotter, K., & Smokowski, P. (2017). Giving victims of bullying a voice: A qualitative study of post bullying reactions and coping strategies. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 34, 543–555. doi: 10.1007/s10560-017-0492-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ewbank, M. P., Passamonti, L., Hagan, C. C., Goodyer, I. M., Calder, A. J., & Fairchild, G. (2018). Psychopathic traits influence amygdala-anterior cingulate cortex connectivity during facial emotion processing. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 13, 525–534. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsy019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ezpeleta, L., Granero, R., de la Osa, N., & Domènech, J. M. (2017). Developmental trajectories of callous-unemotional traits, anxiety and oppositionality in 3–7 year-old children in the general population. Personality and Individual Differences, 111, 124–133. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanti, K. A., Eisenbarth, H., Goble, P., Demetriou, C., Kyranides, M. N., Goodwin, D., … Cortese, S. (2019). Psychophysiological activity and reactivity in children and adolescents with conduct problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 100, 98–107. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.016CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fanti, K. A., & Kimonis, E. (2017). Heterogeneity in externalizing problems at age 3: Association with age 15 biological and environmental outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 53, 1230–1241. doi: 10.1037/dev0000317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fanti, K. A., & Kimonis, E. R. (2013). Dimensions of juvenile psychopathy distinguish “bullies,” “bully-victims,” and “victims.”. Psychology of Violence, 3, 396–409. doi: 10.1037/a0033951.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Firebaugh, G., & Acciai, F. (2016). For blacks in America, the gap in neighborhood poverty has declined faster than segregation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113, 13372–13377. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1607220113CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2018). Conduct problems in youth and the RDoC approach: A developmental, evolutionary-based view. Clinical Psychology Review, 64, 57–76. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fontaine, N. M. G., Hanscombe, K. B., Berg, M. T., McCrory, E. J., & Viding, E. (2018). Trajectories of callous-unemotional traits in childhood predict different forms of peer victimization in adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 47, 458–466. doi: 10.0.4.56/15374416.2015.1105139CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franklin, J. C., Jamieson, J. P., Glenn, C. R., & Nock, M. K. (2015). How developmental psychopathology theory and research can inform the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 44, 280–290. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2013.873981CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frick, P. J. (2003). The inventory of callous-unemotional traits. Unpublished rating scale. New Orleans, LA: The University of New Orleans.Google Scholar
Frick, P. J. (2012). Developmental pathways to conduct disorder: Implications for future directions in research, assessment, and treatment. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41, 378–389. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2012.664815CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frick, P. J., & Morris, A. S. (2004). Temperament and developmental pathways to conduct problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 54–68. doi: 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3301_6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gadow, K. D., & Sprafkin, J. (2002). Child symptom inventory-4 screening and norms manual. Stony Brook, NY: Checkmate Plus.Google Scholar
Gadow, K. D., & Sprafkin, J. (2005a). Child and adolescent symptom inventory-4R. Stony Brook, NY: Checkmate Plus.Google Scholar
Gadow, K. D., & Sprafkin, J. (2005b). Youth's inventory-4 manual. Stony Brook, NY: Checkmate Plus.Google Scholar
Gadow, K. D., & Sprafkin, J. (2008). The symptom inventories: An annotated bibliography. Stony Brook, NY: Checkmate Plus. http://www.checkmateplus.comGoogle Scholar
Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Guy, S. C., & Kenworthy, L. (2000a). Behavior rating inventory of executive function. Lutz: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Guy, S. C., & Kenworthy, L. (2000b). Test review: Behavior rating inventory of executive function. Child Neuropsychology, 6, 235–238. doi: 10.1076/chin.6.3.235.3152CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Kenworthy, L., & Barton, R. M. (2010). Profiles of everyday executive functioning in acquired and developmental disorders. Child Neuropsychology, 8, 121–137. doi: 10.1076/chin.8.2.121.8727CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodnight, J. A., Lahey, B. B., Van Hulle, C. A., Rodgers, J. L., Rathouz, P. J., Waldman, I. D., & D'Onofrio, B. M. (2012). A quasi-experimental analysis of the influence of neighborhood disadvantage on child and adolescent conduct problems. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 95–108. doi: 10.1037/a0025078CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graff, G. (2019). The enormous price we have paid for allowing the explicitly racist policies of federal and local governments to segregate America. Journal of Psychohistory, 47, 37–47.Google Scholar
Graham, J. W. (2009). Missing data analysis: Making it work in the real world. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 549–576. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085530CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graziano, P. A., Landis, T., Maharaj, A., Ros-Demarize, R., Hart, K. C., & Garcia, A. (2019). Differentiating preschool children with conduct problems and callous-unemotional behaviors through emotion regulation and executive functioning. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 1–13. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2019.1666399Google ScholarPubMed
Halperin, J. M., & Schulz, K. P. (2006). Revisiting the role of the prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 560–581. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.4.560CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanson, J. L., Chung, M. K., Avants, B. B., Rudolph, K. D., Shirtcliff, E. A., Gee, J. C., … Pollak, S. D. (2012). Structural variations in prefrontal cortex mediate the relationship between early childhood stress and spatial working memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 7917–7925. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0307-12.2012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hastings, P. D., Zahn-Waxler, C., Robinson, J., Usher, B., & Bridges, D. (2000). The development of concern for others in children with behavior problems. Developmental Psychology, 36, 531–546. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.36.5.531CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hay, D. F., & Pawlby, S. (2003). Prosocial development in relation to children's and mothers’ psychological problems. Child Development, 74, 1314–1327. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00609CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hedden, T., Park, D. C., Nisbett, R., Ji, L. J., Jing, Q., & Jiao, S. (2002). Cultural variation in verbal versus spatial neuropsychological function across the life span. Neuropsychology, 16, 65–73. doi: 10.1037//0894-4105.16.1.65CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hillier, A. E. (2003). Redlining and the home owners’ loan corporation. Journal of Urban History, 29, 394–420. doi: 10.1177/0096144203029004002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinnant, J. B., Elmore-Staton, L., & El-Sheikh, M. (2011). Developmental trajectories of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and preejection period in middle childhood. Developmental Psychobiology, 53, 59–68. doi: 10.1002/dev.20487CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Houtveen, J. H., & Molenaar, P. C. M. (2001). Comparison between the Fourier and Wavelet methods of spectral analysis applied to stationary and nonstationary heart period data. Psychophysiology, 38, 729–735.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, J., Fan, L., Lin, K., & Wang, Y. (2020). Variants of children with psychopathic tendencies in a community sample. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 51, 563–571. doi: 10.1007/s10578-019-00939-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, S., Nolan, Z. T., White, S. F., Williams, W. C., Sinclair, S., & Blair, R. J. R. (2016). Dual neuro-circuitry dysfunctions in disruptive behavior disorders: Emotional responding and response inhibition. Psychological Medicine, 46, 1485–1496. doi: 10.1017/S0033291716000118CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iampietro, M., Giovannetti, T., Drabick, D. A., & Kessler, R. (2012). Empirically defined patterns of executive function deficits in schizophrenia and their relation to everyday functioning: A person-centered approach. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 26, 1166–1185. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2012.721399CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., … Wang, P. (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 748–751. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, C. L., Hanson, R. F., Amstadter, A. B., Saunders, B. E., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2013). The longitudinal relation between peer violent victimization and delinquency: Results from a national representative sample of US adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28, 1596–1616. doi: 10.1177/0886260512468328CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jakubovic, R., & Drabick, D. A. (2020). Community violence exposure and youth aggression: The moderating role of working memory. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48, 1471–1484. doi: 10.1007/s10802-020-00683-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jolles, D. D., Kleibeuker, S. W., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & Crone, E. A. (2011). Developmental differences in prefrontal activation during working memory maintenance and manipulation for different memory loads. Developmental Science, 14, 713–724. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01016.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kempes, M., Matthys, W., Maassen, G., van Goozen, S., & van Engeland, H. (2006). A parent questionnaire for distinguishing between reactive and proactive aggression in children. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 15, 38–45. doi: 10.1007/s00787-006-0502-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimonis, E. R., Fanti, K. A., Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous, X., Mertan, B., Goulter, N., & Katsimicha, E. (2016). Can callous-unemotional traits be reliably measured in preschoolers? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 625–638. doi: 10.1007/s10802-015-0075-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim-Spoon, J., Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2013). A longitudinal study of emotion regulation, emotion lability-negativity, and internalizing symptomatology in maltreated and nonmaltreated children. Child Development, 84, 512–527. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01857.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kochenderfer, B. J., & Ladd, G. W. (1996). Peer victimization: Cause or consequence of school maladjustment? Child Development, 67, 1305–1317. doi: 10.2307/1131701CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kokkinos, C. M., & Panayiotou, G. (2004). Predicting bullying and victimization among early adolescents: Associations with disruptive behavior disorders. Aggressive Behavior, 30, 520–533. doi: 10.1002/ab.20055CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kokkinos, C. M., & Voulgaridou, I. (2018). Relational victimization, callous-unemotional traits, and hostile attribution bias among preadolescents. Journal of School Violence, 17, 111–122. doi: 10.1080/15388220.2016.1222500CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kremer, K. P., Poon, C. Y. S., Jones, C. L., Hagler, M. A., Kupersmidt, J. B., Stelter, R. L., … Rhodes, J. E. (2020). Risk and resilience among children with incarcerated parents: Examining heterogeneity in delinquency and school outcomes. Journal of Child and Family Studies. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1007/s10826-020-01822-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lang, K. M., & Little, T. D. (2018). Principled missing data treatments. Prevention Science, 19, 284–294. doi: 10.1007/s11121-016-0644-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lang, P. J., & Greenwald, M. K. (1988). The international affective picture system standardization procedure and initial group results for affective judgments: Technical reports 1A and 1B. Gainesville, FL: The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida.Google Scholar
Larson, J., Stewart, M., Kushner, R., Frosch, E., & Solomon, B. (2013). Barriers to mental health care for urban, lower income families referred from pediatric primary care. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 40, 159–167. doi: 10.1007/s10488-011-0389-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leventhal, T., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2003). Children and youth in neighborhood contexts. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 27–31. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.01216CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lozier, L. M., Cardinale, E. M., & Vanmeter, J. W. (2014). Mediation of the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and the proactive aggression by amygdala response to fear among children with conduct problems. JAMA Psychiatry, 71, 627–636. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4540CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luciana, M. (2013). Adolescent brain development in normality and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 1325–1345. doi: 10.1017/S0954579413000643CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luciana, M., & Nelson, C. A. (2002). Assessment of neuropsychological function through the use of the Cambridge neuropsychological testing automated battery: Performance in 4- to 12-year-old children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 22, 595–624. doi: 10.1207/S15326942DN2203_3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luckner, A. E., & Pianta, R. C. (2011). Teacher–student interactions in fifth grade classrooms: Relations with children's peer behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 32, 257–266. doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2011.02.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malm, E. K., & Henrich, C. C. (2019). Longitudinal relationships between parent factors, children's bullying, and victimization behaviors. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 50, 789–802. doi: 10.1007/s10578-019-00882-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marsh, A. A., Finger, E. C., Mitchell, D. G., Reid, M. E., Sims, C., Kosson, D. S., … Blair, R. J. (2008). Reduced amygdala response to fearful expressions in children and adolescents with callous-unemotional traits and disruptive behavior disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 712–720. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07071145CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin-Key, N. A., Graf, E. W., Adams, W. J., & Fairchild, G. (2018). Facial emotion recognition and eye movement behavior in conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59, 247–257. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12795CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milledge, S. V., Cortese, S., Thompson, M., McEwan, F., Rolt, M., Meyer, B., … Eisenbarth, H. (2019). Peer relationships and prosocial behaviour differences across disruptive behaviours. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 781–793. doi: 10.1007/s00787-018-1249-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, D. G., Luo, Q., Mondillo, K., Vythilingam, M., Finger, E. C., & Blair, R. J. R. (2008). The interference of operant task performance by emotional distracters: An antagonistic relationship between the amygdala and frontoparietal cortices. Neuroimage, 40, 859–868. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.08.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, D. G. V., Richell, R. A., Leonard, A., & Blair, R. J. R. (2006). Emotion at the expense of cognition: Psychopathic individuals outperform controls on an operant response task. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 559–566. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.115.3.559CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohatt, N. V., Thompson, A. B., Thai, N. D., & Tebes, J. K. (2014). Historical trauma as public narrative: A conceptual review of how history impacts present-day health. Social Science and Medicine, 106, 128–136. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.01.043CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monahan, K. C., & Booth-LaForce, C. (2016). Deflected pathways: Becoming aggressive, socially withdrawn, or prosocial with peers during the transition to adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 26, 270–285. doi: 10.1111/jora.12190CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2017). Mplus user's guide (8th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.Google Scholar
Nantel-Vivier, A., Pihl, R. O., Côté, S., & Tremblay, R. E. (2014). Developmental association of prosocial behaviour with aggression, anxiety and depression from infancy to preadolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 1135–1144. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12235CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nevrokard. (n.d.). Long-Term heart rate variability (LT-HRV) [computer software]. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Author.Google Scholar
Newman, D. A. (2014). Missing data: Five practical guidelines. Organizational Research Methods, 17, 372–411. doi: 10.1177/1094428114548590CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholson, J. S., Deboeck, P. R., & Howard, W. (2017). Attrition in developmental psychology: A review of modern missing data reporting and practices. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 41, 143–153. doi: 10.1177/0165025415618275CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 535–569. doi: 10.1080/10705510701575396CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obradovic, J., Bush, N. R., Stamperdahl, J., Adler, N. E., & Boyce, W. T. (2010). Biological sensitivity to context: The interactive effects of stress reactivity and family adversity on socioemotional behavior and school readiness. Child Development, 81, 270–289. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01394.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pardini, D., Stepp, S., Hipwell, A., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Loeber, R. (2012). The clinical utility of the proposed DSM-5 callous-unemotional subtype of conduct disorder in young girls. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 62–73. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.10.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Passamonti, L., Fairchild, G., Fornito, A., Goodyer, I. M., Nimmo-Smith, I., Hagan, C., & Calder, A. J. (2012). Abnormal anatomical connectivity between the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in conduct disorder. PLoS One, 7, e48789. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048789CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perren, S., Stadelmann, S., Von Wyl, A., & Von Klitzing, K. (2007). Pathways of behavioural and emotional symptoms in kindergarten children: What is the role of pro-social behaviour? European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 16, 209–214. doi: 10.1007/s00787-006-0588-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piehler, T. F., Distefano, R., Ausherbauer, K., Bloomquist, M. L., Almy, B., & August, G. J. (2019). Self-regulatory profiles and conduct problems in youth referred to juvenile diversion. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 30, 372–388. doi: 10.1111/jora.12530CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piotrowska, P. J., Stride, C. B., Croft, S. E., & Rowe, R. (2015). Socioeconomic status and antisocial behaviour among children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 35, 47–55. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.11.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porges, S. W. (1995). Orienting in a defensive world: Mammalian modifications of our evolutionary heritage: A polyvagal theory. Psychophysiology, 32, 301–318. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1995.tb01213.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porges, S. W. (2007). The polyvagal perspective. Biological Psychology, 74, 116–143. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.06.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porges, S. W., Doussard-Roosevelt, J. A., Portales, A. L., & Greenspan, S. I. (1996). Infant regulation of the vagal “brake” predicts child behavior problems: A psychobiological model of social behavior. Developmental Psychobiology, 29, 697–712. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2302(199612)29:8< 697::AID-DEV5 > 3.0.CO;2-O3.0.CO;2-O>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Posthumus, J. A., Bocker, K. B. E., Raaijmakers, M. A. J., Van Engeland, H., & Matthys, W. (2009). Heart rate and skin conductance in four-year-old children with aggressive behavior. Biological Psychology, 82, 164–168. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.07.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potter, C. M., Drabick, D. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (2014). Panic symptom profiles in social anxiety disorder: A person-centered approach. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 56, 53–59. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2014.03.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, J., Drabick, D. A., & Ridenour, T. (2019). Association with deviant peers across adolescence: Subtypes, developmental patterns, and long-term outcomes. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 48, 238–249. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2017.1405351CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Propp, L., Bedard, A.-C. V., & Andrade, B. F. (2020). Psychopathological and neuropsychological endophenotypes of children with disruptive behaviour. Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy, 30, 115–126. doi: 10.1016/j.jbct.2020.03.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qu, M., Zhang, Y., Webster, J. G., & Tompkins, W. J. (1986). Motion artifact from spot and band electrodes during impedance cardiography. Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 33, 1029–1036. doi: 10.1109/TBME.1986.325869CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raschle, N. M., Fehlbaum, L. V., Menks, W. M., Martinelli, A., Prätzlich, M., Bernhard, A., … Stadler, C. (2019). Atypical dorsolateral prefrontal activity in female adolescents with conduct disorder during effortful emotion regulation. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 4, 984–994. doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.05.003Google ScholarPubMed
Rivenbark, J. G., Odgers, C. L., Caspi, A., Harrington, H., Hogan, S., Houts, R. M., … Moffitt, T. E. (2018). The high societal costs of childhood conduct problems: Evidence from administrative records up to age 38 in a longitudinal birth cohort. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59, 703–710. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12850CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romero, E., Richards, M. H., Harrison, P. R., Garbarino, J., & Mozley, M. (2015). The role of neighborhood in the development of aggression in urban African American youth: A multilevel analysis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 56, 156–169. doi: 10.1007/s10464-015-9739-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salmivalli, C., & Nieminen, E. (2002). Proactive and reactive aggression among school bullies, victims, and bully-victims. Aggressive Behavior, 28, 30–44. doi: 10.1002/ab.90004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salmon, G., James, A., Cassidy, E. L., & Javaloyes, M. A. (2000). Bullying a review: Presentations to an adolescent psychiatric service and within a school for emotionally and behaviourally disturbed children. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 5, 563–579. doi: 10.1177/1359104500005004010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanislow, C. A., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K. J., Kozak, M. J., Garvey, M. A., Heinssen, R. K., … Cuthbert, B. N. (2010). Developing constructs for psychopathology research domain criteria. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 631–639. doi: 10.1037/a0020909CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santiago, C. D., Kaltman, S., & Miranda, J. (2013). Poverty and mental health: How do low-income adults and children fare in psychotherapy? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 115–126. doi: 10.1002/jclp.21951CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. Annals of Statistics, 6, 461–464. doi: 10.1214/aos/1176344136CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sclove, S. L. (1987). Application of model-selection criteria to some problems in multivariate analysis. Psychometrika, 52, 333–343. doi: 10.1007/BF02294360CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sears, R. M., Schiff, H. C., & LeDoux, J. E. (2014). Molecular mechanisms of threat learning in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science, 122, 263–304. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-420170-5.00010-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seibert, A., & Kerns, K. (2015). Early mother–child attachment: Longitudinal prediction to the quality of peer relationships in middle childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 39, 130–138. doi: 10.1177/0165025414542710CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Séguin, D. G., & MacDonald, B. (2018). The role of emotion regulation and temperament in the prediction of the quality of social relationships in early childhood. Early Child Development and Care, 188, 1147–1163. doi: 10.1080/03004430.2016.1251678CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school-age children: The development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33, 906–916. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.906CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shin, T., Davison, M. L., & Long, J. D. (2017). Maximum likelihood versus multiple imputation for missing data in small longitudinal samples with nonnormality. Psychological Methods, 22, 426–449. doi: 10.1037/met0000094CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Cortese, S., Fairchild, G., & Stringaris, A. (2016). Annual research review: Transdiagnostic neuroscience of child and adolescent mental disorders – differentiating decision making in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, depression, and anxiety. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 321–349. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12496CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The Philadelphia Inquirer. (2019). Crime in Philadelphia. Retrieved from http://data.philly.com/philly/crime/Google Scholar
Thornton, L. C., Frick, P. J., Crapanzano, A. M., & Terranova, A. M. (2013). The incremental utility of callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in predicting aggression and bullying in a community sample of boys and girls. Psychological Assessment, 25, 366–378. doi: 10.1037/a0031153CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Goozen, S. H. M., Fairchild, G., Snoek, H., & Harold, G. T. (2007). The evidence for a neurobiological model of childhood antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 149–182. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.149CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vasilev, C. A., Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., Mead, H. K., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. M. (2009). Correspondence between physiological and self-report measures of emotion dysregulation: A longitudinal investigation of youth with and without psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1357–1364. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02172.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolke, D., Woods, S., Bloomfield, L., & Karstadt, L. (2000). The association between direct and relational bullying and behaviour problems among primary school children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 989–1002. doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00687CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xiao, J., & Bulut, O. (2020). Evaluating the performances of missing data handling methods in ability estimation from sparse data. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 80, 932–954. doi: 10.1177/0013164420911136CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yaros, A., Lochman, J. E., Rosenbaum, J., & Jimenez-Carmargo, L. A. (2014). Real-time hostile attribution measurement and aggression in children. Aggressive Behavior, 40, 409–420. doi: 10.1002/ab.21532CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed