Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T15:08:35.919Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A conceptual model of risk and protective factors associated with internalizing symptoms in autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review, synthesis, and call for more research

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 September 2020

Heather A. Yarger  and
Elizabeth Redcay
Heather A. Yarger*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, MD, USA
Elizabeth Redcay
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, MD, USA
*
Author for Correspondence: Heather A. Yarger, University of Maryland, 0112 Biology-Psychology Building, College Park, MD20742, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper reviews and synthesizes key areas of research related to the etiology, development, and maintenance of internalizing symptoms in children, adolescents, and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In developing an integrated conceptual model, we draw from current conceptual models of internalizing symptoms in ASD and extend the model to include factors related to internalizing within other populations (e.g., children that have experienced early life stress, children with other neurodevelopmental conditions, typically developing children) that have not been systematically examined in ASD. Our review highlights the need for more research to understand the developmental course of internalizing symptoms, potential moderators, and the interplay between early risk and protective factors. Longitudinal studies incorporating multiple methods and both environmental and biological factors will be important in order to elucidate these mechanisms.

Keywords

autism spectrum disorderchild developmentinternalizing symptomsprotective factorsrisk factors
Type
Special Section Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 32 , Special Issue 4: Conceptualizing and Interrogating Autism Spectrum Disorder from a Developmental Psychopathology Framework , October 2020 , pp. 1254 - 1272
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for Child Behavior Checklist/4–18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Achenbach, T. M. (2001). Youth self report (YSR). Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Achenbach, T. M. (2009). The achenbach system of empirically based assessment (aseba): development, findings, theory, and applications. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.Google Scholar
Achenbach, T. M. (2014). DSM-Oriented Guide for the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA). Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.Google Scholar
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2000). Manual for the ASEBA preschool-age forms & profiles. Burlington: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.Google Scholar
Adams, R. E., Fredstrom, B. K., Duncan, A. W., Holleb, L. J., & Bishop, S. L. (2014). Using self- and parent-reports to test the association between peer victimization and internalizing symptoms in verbally fluent adolescents with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 861–872. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1938-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Albaugh, M. D., Nguyen, T.-V., Ducharme, S., Collins, D. L., Botteron, K. N., D'Alberto, N., … Hudziak, J. J. (2017). Age-related volumetric change of limbic structures and subclinical anxious/depressed symptomatology in typically developing children and adolescents. Biological Psychology, 124, 133–140. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.02.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aman, M.G., Tass_e, M.J., Rojahn, J., & Hammer, D. (1996). The Nisonger CBRF: A child behavior rating form for children with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 17, 41–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Angold, A., Costello, E. J. (2000). The Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 39, 39–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bai, D., Yip, B., Windham, G. C., Sourander, A., Francis, R., Yoffe, R., … Sandin, S. (2019). Association of genetic and environmental factors with autism in a 5-country cohort. JAMA Psychiatry, 76, 1035–1043. Advance online publication. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.1411CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baio, J, Wiggins, L, Christensen, DL, Maenner, MJ, Daniels, J, Warren, Z, … Dowling, NF. (2020). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years – Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries, 67(6), 1–23. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1Google Scholar
Baptista, J., Sampaio, A., Fachada, I., Osório, A., Mesquita, A. R., Garayzabal, E., … Soares, I. (2019). Maternal interactive behaviours in parenting children with Williams syndrome and autism spectrum disorder: Relations with emotional/behavioural problems. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49, 216–226. doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3715-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Bullmore, E. T., Wheelwright, S., Ashwin, C., & Williams, S. C. R. (2000). The amygdala theory of autism. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 24, 355–364. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(00)00011-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bart, W., & Peterson, D. (2008). Stanford-Binet test. In: Salkind, N, ed. Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 942–943. doi:10.4135/9781412963848.n259Google Scholar
Baur, V., Hänggi, J., Langer, N., & Jäncke, L. (2013). Resting-state functional and structural connectivity within an insula–amygdala route specifically index state and trait anxiety. Biological Psychiatry, 73, 85–92. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bellini, S. (2006). The development of social anxiety in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 21, 138–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernier, A., Calkins, S. D., & Bell, M. A. (2016). Longitudinal associations between the quality of mother–infant interactions and brain development across infancy. Child Development, 87, 1159–1174. doi:10.1111/cdev.12518CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bierman, K. L., Kalvin, C. B., & Heinrichs, B. S. (2015). Early childhood precursors and adolescent sequelae of grade school peer rejection and victimization. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 44, 367–379. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.873983CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birmaher, B., Khetarpal, S., Brent, D., Cully, M., Balach, L., Kaufman, J., & Neer, S. (1997). The screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (scared): Scale construction and psychometric characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 545–553. doi:10.1097/00004583-199704000-00018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bishop, D. V. M. (1998). Development of the Children's Communication Checklist (CCC): a method for assessing qualitative aspects of communicative impairment in children. Journal of Child Psychology and Child Psychiatry, 39(6), 879–891.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bishop, S. J., Duncan, J., & Lawrence, A. D. (2004). State anxiety modulation of the amygdala response to unattended threat-related stimuli. The Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 10364–10368. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2550-04.2004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bitsika, V., Sharpley, C. F., Andronicos, N. M., & Agnew, L. L. (2015). Hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis daily fluctuation, anxiety and age interact to predict cortisol concentrations in boys with an autism spectrum disorder. Physiology & Behavior, 138, 200–207. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bitsika, V., Sharpley, C. F., Sweeney, J. A., & McFarlane, J. R. (2014). HPA and SAM axis responses as correlates of self- vs parental ratings of anxiety in boys with an autistic disorder. Physiology & Behavior, 127, 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.12.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bittner, A., Egger, H. L., Erkanli, A., Jane Costello, E., Foley, D. L., & Angold, A. (2007). What do childhood anxiety disorders predict? Journal of child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 48(12), 1174–1183. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01812.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonds, D.D., Gondoli, D.M., Sturge-Apple, M.L., & Salem, L.N. (2002). Parenting stress as a mediator of the relation between parenting support and optimal parenting. Parenting: Science and Practice, 2, 409–435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boonen, H., Maljaars, J., Lambrechts, G., Zink, I., Van Leeuwen, K., & Noens, I. (2014). Behavior problems among school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder: Associations with children's communication difficulties and parenting behaviors. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8, 716–725. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.03.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brühl, A. B., Delsignore, A., Komossa, K., & Weidt, S. (2014). Neuroimaging in social anxiety disorder—A meta-analytic review resulting in a new neurofunctional model. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 47, 260–280. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrows, C. A., Timpano, K. R., & Uddin, L. Q. (2017). Putative brain networks underlying repetitive negative thinking and comorbid internalizing problems in autism. Clinical Psychological Science, 5, 522–536. doi:10.1177/2167702616683506CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chorpita, B. F., Yim, L., Moffitt, C., Umemoto, L. A., & Francis, S. E. (2000). Assessment of symptoms of DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: A revised child anxiety and depression scale. Behavior Research and Therapy, 38, 835–855.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chronis-Tuscano, A., Degnan, K. A., Pine, D. S., Perez-Edgar, K., Henderson, H. A., Diaz, Y., … Fox, N. A. (2009). Stable early maternal report of behavioral inhibition predicts lifetime social anxiety disorder in adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 928–935. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181ae09dfCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chu, P. S., Saucier, D. A., & Hafner, E. (2010). Meta-analysis of the relationships between social support and well-being in children and adolescents. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29, 624–645. doi:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.6.624CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cody, H., Pelphrey, K., & Piven, J. (2002). Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging of autism. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 20, 421–438. doi:10.1016/S0736-5748(02)00053-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conner, C. M., Maddox, B. B., & White, S. W. (2013). Parents' state and trait anxiety: relationships with anxiety severity and treatment response in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 43(8), 1811–1818. doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1728-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooney, R. E., Atlas, L. Y., Joormann, J., Eugène, F., & Gotlib, I. H. (2006). Amygdala activation in the processing of neutral faces in social anxiety disorder: Is neutral really neutral? Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 148, 55–59. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2006.05.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costa, N. M., Weems, C. F., Pellerin, K., & Dalton, R. (2006). Parenting stress and childhood psychopathology: An examination of specificity to internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 28, 113–122. doi:10.1007/s10862-006-7489-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Croen, L. A., Grether, J. K., Yoshida, C. K., Odouli, R., & Hendrick, V. (2011). Antidepressant use during pregnancy and childhood autism spectrum disorders. JAMA Psychiatry, 68, 1104–1112. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.73Google ScholarPubMed
Davis, T. E., Hess, J. A., Moree, B. N., Fodstad, J. C., Dempsey, T., Jenkins, W. S., & Matson, J. L. (2011). Anxiety symptoms across the lifespan in people diagnosed with Autistic Disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5, 112–118. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2010.02.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deater-Deckard, K. (1998). Parenting stress and child adjustment: Some old hypotheses and new questions. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 5, 314–332. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1998.tb00152.xGoogle Scholar
De Bellis, M. D., Casey, B. J., Dahl, R. E., Birmaher, B., Williamson, D. E., Thomas, K. M., … Ryan, N. D. (2000). A pilot study of amygdala volumes in pediatric generalized anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 51–57. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00835-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dibble, J. L., Levine, T. R., and Park, H. S. (2012). The Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale (URCS): Reliability and validity evidence for a new measure of relationship closeness. Psychological Assessment, 24(3), 565–572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dieleman, L. M., De Pauw, S. S. W., Soenens, B., Beyers, W., & Prinzie, P. (2017). Examining bidirectional relationships between parenting and child maladjustment in youth with autism spectrum disorder: A 9-year longitudinal study. Development and Psychopathology, 29, 1199–1213. doi:10.1017/S0954579416001243CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Di Martino, A., Ross, K., Uddin, L. Q., Sklar, A. B., Castellanos, F. X., & Milham, M. P. (2009). Functional brain correlates of social and nonsocial processes in autism spectrum disorders: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Biological Psychiatry, 65, 63–74. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.09.022CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dovgan, K. N., & Mazurek, M. O. (2019). Relations among activity participation, friendship, and internalizing problems in children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 23, 750–758. doi:10.1177/1362361318775541CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duvekot, J., van der Ende, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Greaves-Lord, K. (2018). Examining bidirectional effects between the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) core symptom domains and anxiety in children with ASD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59, 277–284. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12829CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dziobek, I., Fleck, S., Rogers, K., Wolf, O. T., & Convit, A. (2006). The ‘amygdala theory of autism’ revisited: Linking structure to behavior. Neuropsychologia, 44, 1891–1899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.02.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & (Artist). (1976). Pictures of facial affect. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Elliot, C. (2007). Differential abilities scale—2nd edition (DAS-II) manual. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment, Inc.Google Scholar
Essau, C. A., Lewinsohn, P. M., Lim, J. X., Ho, M. R., & Rohde, P. (2018). Incidence, recurrence and comorbidity of anxiety disorders in four major developmental stages. Journal of Affective Disorders, 228, 248–253. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Estes, A., Munson, J., John, T. S., Dager, S. R., Rodda, A., Botteron, K., Hazlett, H., Schultz, R. T., Zwaigenbaum, L., Piven, J., Guralnick, M. J., & IBIS network (2018). Parent support of preschool peer relationships in younger siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(4), 1122–1132. doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3202-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eussen, M. L., Van Gool, A. R., Verheij, F., De Nijs, P. F., Verhulst, F. C., & Greaves-Lord, K. (2013). The association of quality of social relations, symptom severity and intelligence with anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 17, 723–735. doi:10.1177/1362361312453882CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faure, N., Habersaat, S., Harari, M. M., Müller-Nix, C., Borghini, A., Ansermet, F., … Urben, S. (2017). Maternal sensitivity: A resilience factor against internalizing symptoms in early adolescents born very preterm? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45, 671–680. doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0194-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foley, P., & Kirschbaum, C. (2010). Human hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis responses to acute psychosocial stress in laboratory settings. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 91–96. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forbes, M. K., Fitzpatrick, S., Magson, N. R., & Rapee, R. M. (2019). Depression, anxiety, and peer victimization: Bidirectional relationships and associated outcomes transitioning from childhood to adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48, 692–702. doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0922-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frick, P. J. (1991). The Alabama parenting questionnaire. Unpublished instrument, University of Alabama.Google Scholar
Gadow, K. D., Sprafkin, J., Carlson, G. A., Schneider, J., Nolan, E. E., Mattison, R. E., & Rundberg-Rivera, V. (2002). A DSM-IV-referenced, adolescent self-report rating scale. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(6), 671–679. doi:10.1097/00004583-200206000-00006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gadow, K., & Sprafkin, J. (2010). Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory—4R: Screening and norms manual. Stony Brook, NY: Checkmate Plus.Google Scholar
Gardener, H., Spiegelman, D., & Buka, S. L. (2011). Perinatal and neonatal risk factors for autism: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 128, 344–355. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1036CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
George, R., & Stokes, M. A. (2018). A quantitative analysis of mental health among sexual and gender minority groups in ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48, 2052–2063. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1007/s10803-018-3469-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, R. (1997). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 581–586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, R., & Scott, S. (1999). Comparing the strengths and difficulties questionnaire and the child behavior checklist: Is small beautiful? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 17–24. doi:10.1023/a:1022658222914CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gotham, K, Pickles, A and Lord, C (2009) Standardizing ADOS scores for a measure of severity in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 693–705.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenlee, J. L., Mosley, A. S., Shui, A. M., Veenstra-VanderWeele, J., & Gotham, K. O. (2016). Medical and behavioral correlates of depression history in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics, 137, S105–S114. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-2851ICrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Groenewold, N. A., Opmeer, E. M., de Jonge, P., Aleman, A., & Costafreda, S. G. (2013). Emotional valence modulates brain functional abnormalities in depression: Evidence from a meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37, 152–163. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guralnick, M. J. (1997). Peer social networks of young boys with developmental delays. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 101(6), 595–612.Google ScholarPubMed
Hart, S. R., Van Eck, K., Ballard, E. D., Musci, R. J., Newcomer, A., & Wilcox, H. C. (2017). Subtypes of suicide attempters based on longitudinal childhood profiles of co-occurring depressive, anxious and aggressive behavior symptoms. Psychiatry Research, 257, 150–155. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.032CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hahn, A., Stein, P., Windischberger, C., Weissenbacher, A., Spindelegger, C., Moser, E., … Lanzenberger, R. (2011). Reduced resting-state functional connectivity between amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in social anxiety disorder. NeuroImage, 56, 881–889. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.064CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haltigan, J. D., Roisman, G. I., & Fraley, R. C. (2013). The predictive significance of early caregiving experiences for symptoms of psychopathology through midadolescence: Enduring or transient effects? Development and Psychopathology, 25, 209–221. doi:10.1017/S0954579412000260CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, P. A., McGee, R., & Angell, K. E. (1998). Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 128–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrington, R. A., Lee, L.-C., Crum, R. M., Zimmerman, A. W., & Hertz-Picciotto, I. (2014). Prenatal SSRI use and offspring with autism spectrum disorder or developmental delay. Pediatrics, 133, e1241–e1248. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3406CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hattingh, C., Ipser, J., Tromp, S., Syal, S., Lochner, C., Brooks, S., & Stein, D. (2013). Functional magnetic resonance imaging during emotion recognition in social anxiety disorder: an activation likelihood meta-analysis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 347. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013). The impact of parenting stress: A meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 629–642. doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1604-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
He, Y., Byrge, L., & Kennedy, D. P. (2020). Nonreplication of functional connectivity differences in autism spectrum disorder across multiple sites and denoising strategies. Human Brain Mapping, 41(5), 1334–1350. doi:10.1002/hbm.24879.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennessey, T., Andari, E., & Rainnie, D. G. (2018). RDoC-based categorization of amygdala functions and its implications in autism. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 90, 115–129. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrington, J.D., Taylor, J.M., Grupe, D.W., Curby, K.M., Schultz, R.T. (2011). Bidirectional communication between amygdala and fusiform gyrus during facial recognition. NeuroImage, 56, 2348–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrington, J., Maddox, B., Kerns, C., Rump, K., Worley, J., Bush, J., … Miller, J. (2017a). Amygdala volume differences in autism spectrum disorder are related to anxiety. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47, 3682–3691. doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3206-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrington, J. D., Maddox, B. B., McVey, A. J., Franklin, M. E., Yerys, B. E., Miller, J. S., & Schultz, R. T. (2017b). Negative valence in autism spectrum disorder: The relationship between amygdala activity, selective attention, and co-occurring anxiety. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 2, 510–517. doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.03.009Google Scholar
Herrington, J., Miller, J. S., Pandey, J., & Schultz, R. T. (2016). Anxiety and social deficits have distinct relationships with amygdala function in autism spectrum disorder. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11, 907–914. doi:10.1093/scan/nsw015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrington, J. D., Parma, V., & Miller, J. S. (2017). Neurobiological mechanisms of anxiety in ASD. In Kerns, C. M., Renno, P., Storch, E. A., Kendall, P. C. & Wood, J. J. (Eds.), Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (pp. 55–77). Cambridge, MA: Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1016/B978-0-12-805122-1.00004-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodges, E. V. E., Boivin, M., Vitaro, F., & Bukowski, W. M. (1999). The power of friendship: Protection against an escalating cycle of peer victimization. Developmental Psychology, 35, 94–101. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.94CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hogeveen, J., Krug, M. K., Elliott, M. V., & Solomon, M. (2018). Insula-retrosplenial cortex overconnectivity increases internalizing via reduced insight in autism. Biological Psychiatry, 84, 287–294. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.01.015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hollocks, M. J., Howlin, P., Papadopoulos, A. S., Khondoker, M., & Simonoff, E. (2014). Differences in HPA-axis and heart rate responsiveness to psychosocial stress in children with autism spectrum disorders with and without co-morbid anxiety. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 46, 32–45. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.04.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hooley, J. M., & Parker, H. A. (2006). Measuring expressed emotion: An evaluation of the shortcuts. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 386–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Juranek, J., Filipek, P. A., Berenji, G. R., Modahl, C., Osann, K., & Spence, M. A. (2006). Association between amygdala volume and anxiety level: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study in autistic children. Journal of Child Neurology, 21, 1051–1058. doi:10.1177/7010.2006.00237CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelly, A. B., Garnett, M. S., Attwood, T., & Peterson, C. (2008). Autism spectrum symptomatology in children: The impact of family and peer relationships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1069. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9234-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kent, R., & Simonoff, E. (2017). Chapter 2 - Prevalence of anxiety in autism spectrum disorders. In Kerns, C. M., Renno, P., Storch, E. A., Kendall, P. C. & Wood, J. J. (Eds.), Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (pp. 5–32). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerns, C. M., & Kendall, P. C. (2012). The presentation and classification of anxiety in autism spectrum disorder. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 19, 323–347. doi:10.1111/cpsp.12009Google Scholar
Kerns, C. M., Kendall, P. C., Zickgraf, H., Franklin, M. E., Miller, J., & Herrington, J. (2015). Not to be overshadowed or overlooked: Functional impairments associated with comorbid anxiety disorders in youth with ASD. Behavior Therapy, 46, 29–39. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.03.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Killgore, W. D. S., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2005). Social anxiety predicts amygdala activation in adolescents viewing fearful faces. NeuroReport, 16, 1671–1675. doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000180143.99267.bdCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J. A., Szatmari, P., Bryson, S. E., Streiner, D. L., & Wilson, F. J. (2000). The prevalence of anxiety and mood problems among children with autism and Asperger syndrome. Autism, 4, 117–132. doi:10.1177/1362361300004002002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleinhans, N. M., Richards, T., Weaver, K., Johnson, L. C., Greenson, J., Dawson, G., & Aylward, E. (2010). Association between amygdala response to emotional faces and social anxiety in autism spectrum disorders. Neuropsychologia, 48, 3665–3670. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.07.022CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kochel, K. P., Ladd, G. W., & Rudolph, K. D. (2012). Longitudinal associations among youth depressive symptoms, peer victimization, and low peer acceptance: an interpersonal process perspective. Child Development, 83, 637–650. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01722.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kok, R., Linting, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Hofman, A., … Tiemeier, H. (2013). Maternal sensitivity and internalizing problems: Evidence from two longitudinal studies in early childhood. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 44, 751–765. doi:10.1007/s10578-013-0369-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kovacs, M. (1992). Children's depression inventory manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.Google Scholar
Ladd, G. W. (1990). Having friends, keeping friends, making friends, and being liked by peers in the classroom: Predictors of children's early school adjustment? Child Development, 61, 1081–1100. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1990.tb02843.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leff, J. P., & Vaughn, C. (1985). Expressed Emotion in Families: Its Significance for Mental Illness. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Lewinsohn, P., Gotlib, I., Lewinsohn, M., Seeley, J., & Allen, N. (1998). Gender differences in anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 109–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magaña, A. B., Goldstein, M. J., Karno, M., Miklowitz, D. J., Jenkins, J., & Falloon, I. R. H. (1986). A brief method for assessing expressed emotion in relatives of psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Research, 17, 203–212. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(86)90049-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maisel, M. E., Stephenson, K. G., South, M., Rodgers, J., Freeston, M. H., & Gaigg, S. B. (2016). Modeling the cognitive mechanisms linking autism symptoms and anxiety in adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125, 692–703. doi:10.1037/abn0000168.supp (Supplemental).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maljaars, J., Boonen, H., Lambrechts, G., Van Leeuwen, K., & Noens, I. (2014). Maternal parenting behavior and child behavior problems in families of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 501–512. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1894-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
March, J. S., Parker, J., Sullivan, K., Stallings, P., & Conners, C. K. (1997). The Multidimensional Scale for Children (MASC): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 554–565.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matson, J. L., Terlonge, C., & González, M. L. (2006). Autism spectrum disorders – comorbidity – adult version. Baton Rouge, LA: Disability Consultants, LLC. www.disabilityconsultants.org.Google Scholar
Matson, J. L., & González, M. L. (2007). Autism Spectrum Disorders – Comorbidity – Child Version. Baton Rouge, LA: Disability Consultants, LLC. www.disabilityconsultants.org.Google Scholar
Matson, J. L., Boisjoli, J., & Wilkins, J. (2007). The Baby and Infant Screen for Children with aUtIsm Traits (BISCUIT). Baton Rouge, LA: Disability Consultants, LLC.Google Scholar
Mazefsky, C. A., Conner, C. M., & Oswald, D. P. (2010). Association between depression and anxiety in high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorders and maternal mood symptoms. Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research, 3, 120–127. doi:10.1002/aur.133CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mazurek, M. O. (2014). Loneliness, friendship, and well-being in adults with autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 18, 223–232. doi:10.1177/1362361312474121CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mazurek, M. O., & Kanne, S. M. (2010). Friendship and internalizing symptoms among children and adolescents with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 1512–1520. doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1014-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLean, C. P., Asnaani, A., Litz, B. T., & Hofmann, S. G. (2011). Gender differences in anxiety disorders: Prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 1027–1035. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLeod, B. D., Wood, J. J., & Weisz, J. R. (2007). Examining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(2), 155–172. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McQueeny, T., Padula, C. B., Price, J., Medina, K. L., Logan, P., & Tapert, S. F. (2011). Gender effects on amygdala morphometry in adolescent marijuana users. Behavioural Brain Research, 224, 128–134. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.05.031CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McRae, E. M., Stoppelbein, L., O'Kelley, S. E., Fite, P., & Greening, L. (2018). Predicting internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children with ASD: Evaluation of a contextual model of parental factors. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48, 1261–1271. doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3368-xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McRae, E. M., Stoppelbein, L., O'Kelley, S. E., Fite, P., & Greening, L. (2019). Predicting child behavior: A comparative analysis between autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 668–683. doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1299-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McVey, A. J. (2019). The neurobiological presentation of anxiety in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Autism Research, 12(3), 346–369. doi:10.1002/aur.2063CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milham, M. P., Nugent, A. C., Drevets, W. C., Dickstein, D. P., Leibenluft, E., Ernst, M., … Pine, D. S. (2005). Selective reduction in amygdala volume in pediatric anxiety disorders: A voxel-based morphometry investigation. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 961–966. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.038CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, C. H., Hamilton, J. P., Sacchet, M. D., & Gotlib, I. H. (2015). Meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging of major depressive disorder in youth. JAMA Psychiatry, 72, 1045–1053. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1376CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Modabbernia, A., Velthorst, E., & Reichenberg, A. (2017). Environmental risk factors for autism: An evidence-based review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Molecular Autism, 8, 13. doi:10.1186/s13229-017-0121-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monk, C. S., Telzer, E. H., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Mai, X., Louro, H. M. C., … Pine, D. S. (2008). Amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation to masked angry faces in children and adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder. JAMA Psychiatry, 65, 568–576. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.568Google ScholarPubMed
Moos, R., & Moos, B. S. (1994). The family environment scale (3rd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists.Google Scholar
Mosconi, M. W., Cody-Hazlett, H., Poe, M. D., Gerig, G., Gimpel-Smith, R., & Piven, J. (2009). Longitudinal study of amygdala volume and joint attention in 2- to 4-year-old children with autism. JAMA Psychiatry, 66, 509–516. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.19Google ScholarPubMed
Mueller, S. C., Aouidad, A., Gorodetsky, E., Goldman, D., Pine, D. S., & Ernst, M. (2013). Gray matter volume in adolescent anxiety: An impact of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val⁶⁶Met polymorphism? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52, 184–195. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.11.016CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mullen, E. M. (1995). Mullen scales of early learning (AGS edition ed.). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service, Inc.Google Scholar
Müller, R.-A., Shih, P., Keehn, B., Deyoe, J. R., Leyden, K. M., & Shukla, D. K. (2011). Underconnected, but how? A survey of functional connectivity MRI studies in autism spectrum disorders. Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y.: 1991), 21, 2233–2243. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq296CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001). Gender differences in depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 173–176. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00142CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Girgus, J. (1994). The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 424–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nordahl, C., Scholz, R., Yang, X., Buonocore, M., Simon, T., Rogers, S., & Amaral, D. (2012). Increased rate of amygdala growth in children aged 2 to 4 years with autism spectrum disorders: A longitudinal study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 53–61. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.145CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nordahl, C. W., Iosif, A. M., Young, G. S., Hechtman, A., Heath, B., Lee, J. K., Libero, L., Reinhardt, V. P., Winder-Patel, B., Amaral, D. G., Rogers, S., Solomon, M., & Ozonoff, S. (2020). High psychopathology subgroup in young children with autism: Associations with biological sex and amygdala volume. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, S0890-8567(20)30018-6. Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.11.022CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ostby, Y., Tamnes, C. K., Fjell, A. M., Westlye, L. T., Due-Tønnessen, P., & Walhovd, K. B. (2009). Heterogeneity in subcortical brain development: A structural magnetic resonance imaging study of brain maturation from 8 to 30 years. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 11772–11782. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1242-09.2009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oswald, T. M., Winter-Messiers, M. A., Gibson, B., Schmidt, A. M., Herr, C. M., & Solomon, M. (2016). Sex differences in internalizing problems during adolescence in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46, 624–636. doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2608-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phan, K. L., Fitzgerald, D. A., Nathan, P. J., & Tancer, M. E. (2006). Association between amygdala hyperactivity to harsh faces and severity of social anxiety in generalized social phobia. Biological Psychiatry, 59, 424–429. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piccinelli, M., & Wilkinson, G. (2000). Gender differences in depression: Critical review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 486–492. doi:10.1192/bjp.177.6.486CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., Gurley, D., Brook, J., & Ma, Y. (1998). The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 56–64. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.1.56CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pouw, L. B. C., Rieffe, C., Stockmann, L., & Gadow, K. D. (2013). The link between emotion regulation, social functioning, and depression in boys with ASD. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7, 549–556. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2013.01.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pruessner, J. C., Dedovic, K., Pruessner, M., Lord, C., Buss, C., Collins, L., … Lupien, S. J. (2010). Stress regulation in the central nervous system: Evidence from structural and functional neuroimaging studies in human populations - 2008 Curt Richter Award Winner. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 179–191. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.02.016CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qiao, J., Li, A., Cao, C., Wang, Z., Sun, J., & Xu, G. (2017). Aberrant functional network connectivity as a biomarker of generalized anxiety disorder. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 626. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00626.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qin, S., Young, C. B., Duan, X., Chen, T., Supekar, K., & Menon, V. (2014). Amygdala subregional structure and intrinsic functional connectivity predicts individual differences in anxiety during early childhood. Biological Psychiatry, 75, 892–900. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.10.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raby, K. L., Roisman, G. I., Fraley, R. C., & Simpson, J. A. (2015). The enduring predictive significance of early maternal sensitivity: Social and academic competence through age 32 years. Child Development, 86, 695–708. doi:10.1111/cdev.12325CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rane, P., Cochran, D., Hodge, S. M., Haselgrove, C., Kennedy, D. N., & Frazier, J. A. (2015). Connectivity in autism: A review of MRI connectivity studies. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 23, 223–244. doi:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000072CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rezendes, D. L., & Scarpa, A. (2011). Associations between Parental Anxiety/Depression and Child Behavior Problems Related to Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Roles of Parenting Stress and Parenting Self-Efficacy. Autism Research and Treatment, 2011, 395190. doi:10.1155/2011/395190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richa, S., Fahed, M., Khoury, E., & Mishara, B. (2014). Suicide in autism spectrum disorders. Archives of Suicide Research, 18, 327–339. doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.824834CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rigby, K. (1996). Bullying in schools: And what to do about it. Bristol, PA: Kingsley.Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Seijas, C., Gadow, K. D., Rosen, T. E., Kim, H., Lerner, M. D., & Eaton, N. R. (2020) A transdiagnostic model of psychiatric symptom co-occurrence and autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodriguez, C. M. (2011). Association between independent reports of maternal parenting stress and children's internalizing symptomatology. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20, 631–639. doi:10.1007/s10826-010-9438-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romero-Gonzalez, M., Chandler, S., & Simonoff, E. (2018). The relationship of parental expressed emotion to co-occurring psychopathology in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 72, 152–165. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.10.022CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Romund, L., Raufelder, D., Flemming, E., Lorenz, R. C., Pelz, P., Gleich, T., … Beck, A. (2016). Maternal parenting behavior and emotion processing in adolescents-An fMRI study. Biological Psychology, 120, 120–125. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.09.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosen, T. E., Mazefsky, C. A., Vasa, R. A., & Lerner, M. D. (2018). Co-occurring psychiatric conditions in autism spectrum disorder. International Review of Psychiatry, 30, 40–61. doi:10.1080/09540261.2018.1450229CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rothbaum, F., & Weisz, J. R. (1994). Parental caregiving and child externalizing behavior in nonclinical samples: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 55–74. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.1.55CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, J. A., & Shipston, M. (2015). Neuroendocrinology of stress. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanislow, C. A., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K. J., Kozak, M. J., Garvey, M. A., Heinssen, R. K., … Cuthbert, B. N. (2010). Developing constructs for psychopathology research: Research domain criteria. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 631–639. doi:10.1037/a0020909CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schnabel, A., Youssef, G. J., Hallford, D. J., Hartley, E. J., McGillivray, J. A., Stewart, M., … Austin, D. W. (2019). Psychopathology in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence. Autism the international journal of research and practice, 24(1), 26–40. doi: 10.1177/1362361319844636CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schumann, C. M., Barnes, C. C., Lord, C., & Courchesne, E. (2009). Amygdala enlargement in toddlers with autism related to severity of social and communication impairments. Biological Psychiatry, 66, 942–949. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.07.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schumann, C. M., Scott, J. A., Lee, A., Bauman, M. D., & Amaral, D. G. (2019). Amygdala growth from youth to adulthood in the macaque monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 527(18), 3034–3045. doi: 10.1002/cne.24728CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, D., Farver, J. M., Chang, L., & Lee-Shin, Y. (2002). Victimization in South Korean children's peer groups. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 113–125. doi:10.1023/A:1014749131245CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seligman, L. D., & Ollendick, T. H. (2011). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders in youth. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 20(2), 217–238. doi:10.101/j.chc.2011.01.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaffer, D, Fisher, P, Lucas, CP. (2000). NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(1), 28–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharpley, C. F., Bitsika, V., Andronicos, N. M., & Agnew, L. L. (2016). Further evidence of HPA-axis dysregulation and its correlation with depression in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Data from girls. Physiology & Behavior, 167, 110–117. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.09.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silverman, W. K., Saavedra, L. M., & Pina, A. A. (2001). Test-retest reliability of anxiety symptoms and diagnoses with the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Child and parent versions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(8), 937–944.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simon, D. M., & Corbett, B. A. (2013). Examining associations between anxiety and cortisol in high functioning male children with autism. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 5, 32–32. doi:10.1186/1866-1955-5-32CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spence, S. (1995). Social skills training: Enhancing social competence with children and adolescents. Windsor: NFER-Nelson.Google Scholar
Spence, S. H. (1998). A measure of anxiety symptoms among children. Behavior Research and Therapy, 36, 545–566, doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00034-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spielberger, C. D. (1973). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory for children. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., & Williams, J. W., et al. (1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. JAMA, 282(18), 1737–1744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stacy, M. E., Zablotsky, B., Yarger, H. A., Zimmerman, A., Makia, B., & Lee, L.-C. (2014). Sex differences in co-occurring conditions of children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 18, 965–974. doi:10.1177/1362361313505719CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strawn, J. R., Hamm, L., Fitzgerald, D. A., Fitzgerald, K. D., Monk, C. S., & Phan, K. L. (2015). Neurostructural abnormalities in pediatric anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 32, 81–88. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.03.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sukhodolsky, D. G., Scahill, L., Gadow, K. D., Arnold, L. E., Aman, M. G., McDougle, C. J., … Vitiello, B. (2008). Parent-rated anxiety symptoms in children with pervasive developmental disorders: Frequency and association with core autism symptoms and cognitive functioning. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 117–128. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9165-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Kuchirko, Y., & Song, L. (2014). Why is infant language learning facilitated by parental responsiveness? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 121–126. doi:10.1177/0963721414522813CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todd, R. M., Evans, J. W., Morris, D., Lewis, M. D., & Taylor, M. J. (2010). The changing face of emotion: Age-related patterns of amygdala activation to salient faces. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 6, 12–23. doi:10.1093/scan/nsq007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Todorov, A. (2012). The role of the amygdala in face perception and evaluation. Motivation and Emotion, 36, 16–26. doi:10.1007/s11031-011-9238-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tottenham, N., Hare, T. A., Quinn, B. T., McCarry, T. W., Nurse, M., Gilhooly, T., … Casey, B. J. (2010). Prolonged institutional rearing is associated with atypically large amygdala volume and difficulties in emotion regulation. Developmental Science, 13, 46–61. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00852.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Miesen, A. I. R., Hurley, H., Bal, A. M., & de Vries, A. L. C. (2018). Prevalence of the wish to be of the opposite gender in adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47, 2307–2317. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.1007/s10508-018-1218-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Miesen, A. I. R., Hurley, H., & De Vries, A. L. C. (2016). Gender dysphoria and autism spectrum disorder: A narrative review. International Review of Psychiatry, 28, 70–80. https://doi-org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/10.3109/09540261.2015.1111199CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Plas, E. A. A., Boes, A. D., Wemmie, J. A., Tranel, D., & Nopoulos, P. (2010). Amygdala volume correlates positively with fearfulness in normal healthy girls. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5, 424–431. doi:10.1093/scan/nsq009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Leeuwen, K. G., & Vermulst, A. A. (2004). Some psychometric properties of the Ghent Parental Behavior Scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 20, 283–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Leeuwen, K. G., & Vermulst, A. A. (2010). Handleiding bij de Verkorte Schaal voor Ouderlijk Gedrag [Manual of the short version of the Parental Behavior Scale]. Leuven: KU Leuven.Google Scholar
Van Leeuwen, K., & Noens, I. (2013). Parental Behavior Scale for Autism spectrum disorders. Unpublished document, KU Leuven.Google Scholar
Vasa, R. A., & Mazurek, M. O. (2015). An update on anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorders. Current Opinion Psychiatry, 28, 83–90. doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000133CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vuilleumier, P. (2002) Facial expression and selective attention. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 15, 291–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vuilleumier, P., Armony, J., Driver, J., Dolan, R. (2001): Effects of attention and emotion on face processing in the human brain: an event-related fMRI study. Neuron, 30, 829–841.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vuilleumier, P., Richardson, M. P., Armony, J. L., Driver, J., Dolan, R. J. (2004). Distant influences of amygdala lesion on visual cortical activation during emotional face processing. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 1271–1278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wagner, N. J., Propper, C., Gueron-Sela, N., & Mills-Koonce, W. R. (2016). Dimensions of maternal parenting and infants’ autonomic functioning interactively predict early internalizing behavior problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 459–470. doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0039-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warnell, K. R., Pecukonis, M., & Redcay, E. (2018). Developmental relations between amygdala volume and anxiety traits: Effects of informant, sex, and age. Development and Psychopathology, 30, 1503–1515. doi:10.1017/s0954579417001626CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(4), 448–457. doi:10.1037/h0027806CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wechsler, D. (1974). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised manual. New York: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (1999). The Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler intelligence scale for children (4th ed. ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Weems, C. F., Klabunde, M., Russell, J. D., Reiss, A. L., & Carrión, V. G. (2015). Post-traumatic stress and age variation in amygdala volumes among youth exposed to trauma. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10, 1661–1667. doi:10.1093/scan/nsv053CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, J. A., Cappadocia, M. C., Tint, A., & Pepler, D. (2015). Bullying victimization, parenting stress, and anxiety among adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 8, 727–737. doi:10.1002/aur.1488CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittle, S., Simmons, J. G., Dennison, M., Vijayakumar, N., Schwartz, O., Yap, M. B., … Allen, N. B. (2014). Positive parenting predicts the development of adolescent brain structure: a longitudinal study. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 8, 7–17. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2013.10.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WISC-R Project Group (Van Haasen, P. P., De Bruyn, E. E. J., Pijl, Y. J., Poortinga, Y. H., Spelberg, H. C., Van der Steene, G., Coetsier, P., Spoelders-Claes, R., & Stinissen, J.) (1986). Wechsler intelligence scale for children–revised, Dutch version. Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger.Google Scholar
Wood, J. J., & Gadow, K. D. (2010). Exploring the nature and function of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorders. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17, 281–292. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01220.xGoogle Scholar
Xu, Y., Schneier, F., Heimberg, R. G., Princisvalle, K., Liebowitz, M. R., Wang, S., & Blanco, C. (2012). Gender differences in social anxiety disorder: Results from the national epidemiologic sample on alcohol and related conditions. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 12–19. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.08.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yap, M. B., & Jorm, A. F. (2015). Parental factors associated with childhood anxiety, depression, and internalizing problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders, 175, 424–440. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.050CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed