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Support and redeem: charity and poor relief in Italian cities from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2009

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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1988

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References

ENDNOTES

1 See Folena, G., ed., Motti e facezie del Piovano Arlotto (Milan-Naples, 1953), 79.Google Scholar

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3 On the extent of poverty in Italian cities, see Felloni, G., ‘Italy,’ in Wilson, C. and Parker, G., eds., An introduction to the sources of European economic history, 1500–1800 (London, 1977) 29, 33–4Google Scholar; Pullan, B., ‘Poveri, mendicanti e vagabondi (secoli XIV–XVII),’ in Vivanti, C. and Romano, R., eds., Storia d' Italia. Annali I. Dal feudalesimo al capitalismo (Turin, 1978) 989–97.Google Scholar

4 Important exceptions are Rosa, M., ‘Chiesa, idee sui poveri, e assistenza in Italia dal Cinque al Settecento,’ Società e Storia 10 (1980) 775806Google Scholar, and chapters 1 and 2 of Woolf, S. J., The poor in Western Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (London, 1986)Google Scholar. Note also the concise ‘Conclusioni’ by M. Berengo and F. Della Peruta to the conference papers published as Politi, G., Rosa, M. and Peruta, F. Della, eds., Timore e carità: i poveri nell' Italia moderna (Cremona, 1982)Google Scholar. Assereto, G., ‘Pauperismo e assistenza. Messa a punto di studi recenti,’ Archivio Storico Italiano 141 (1983) 253–71Google Scholar, provides a useful summary of recent literature.

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16 See Horden, P., ‘The confraternities of Byzantium,’ in Sheils, W. J. and Wood, D., eds., Voluntary religion, Studies in Church History 23 (1986) 2545.Google Scholar

17 On confraternities generally, see especially the papers and collections of statutes, chiefly from central and northern Italy, assembled in Meersseman, G. G., Ordo Fraternitatis: confraternite e pietá del laid nel Medioevo (3 vols., Rome, 1977)Google Scholar; Bossy, J., Christianity in the West, 1400–1700 (Oxford, 1985) 5763Google Scholar. On Florence, Hatfield, R., ‘The Compagnia de' Magi,’ Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 33 (1970) 107–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Weissman, R. F. E., Ritual brotherhood in Renaissance Florence (London, 1982)Google Scholar; Henderson, J., ‘Confraternities and the Church in late medieval Florence‘, in Sheils, and Wood, , eds., Voluntary religion 6984Google Scholar. On Genoa, Grendi, E., ‘Morfologia e dinamica della vita associativa urbana. Le confraternite a Genova fra i secoli XVI e XVIII,’ Atti della Societa Ligure di Storia Patria, nuova serie, 5 (1965) 239311Google Scholar. On Rome, Paglia, V., ‘Contribute allo studio delle confraternite romane dei secoli XV–XVI,’ Ricerche di Storia Sociale e Religiosa 9 (1980) 233–86Google Scholar; Fiorani, L., ed., Le confraternite romane: esperienza religiosa, società, committenza artistica, special issue of Ricerche per la Storia Religiosa di Roma 5 (1984)Google Scholar; Fiorani, L., ‘Discussioni e ricerche sulle confraternite romane negli ultimi cento anni,’ Ricerche per la Storia Religiosa di Roma 6 (1985) 11105Google Scholar. On Venice, Pullan, Rich and poor, 33193Google Scholar, and Pullan, B., ‘Natura e carattere delle Scuole,’ in Pignatti, T., ed., Le scuole di Venezia (Milan, 1981) 926Google Scholar; Mackenney, R., ‘Devotional confraternities in Renaissance Venice,’ in Sheils, and Wood, , eds., Voluntary religion, 8596Google Scholar; Mackenney, R., Tradesmen and traders. The world of the guilds in Venice and Europe, c. 1250–c. 1650 (London, 1987).Google Scholar

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21 On the Compagnia delle Quattro Nazioni in Genoa, Marchesani, C. and Sperati, G., Ospedali genovesi nel Medioevo, published as Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria, nuova serie, 21 (1981) 216–23Google Scholar; for Roman, ‘national’ confraternities, Piazza, Eusevologio 1 79126, 2 132Google Scholar; for the confraternities of German bakers, shoemakers and fustian workers in Venice, Simonsfeld, H., Der Fondaco dei Tedeschi in Venedig (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1887) 2 311–14, 315–16, 320–1, 323–31, 325–31, 343–5Google Scholar. For locally based confraternities in Florence, , D. V. and Kent, F. W., Neighbours and neighbourhood in Renaissance Florence: the district of the Red Lion in the fifteenth century (Locust Valley, New York, 1982) 134–5Google Scholar. For beggars' confraternities in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, see the indications in Cajani, L., ‘Gli statuti della Compagnia dei Ciechi, Zoppi e Stroppiati della Visitazione (1698),’ Ricerche per la Storia Religiosa di Roma 3 (1979) 296–7.Google Scholar

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23 On poveri vergognosi, see Trexler, R. C., ‘Charity and the defense of urban élites in the Italian communes,’ in Jaher, F. C., ed., The rich, the well born and the powerful: élites and upper classes in history (London, 1973) 64109Google Scholar; Ricci, G., ‘Povertà, vergogna e povertà vergognosa,’ Societa e Storià 5 (1979) 305–38Google Scholar; Spicciani, A., ‘The ‘Poveri Vergognosi’ in fifteenth-century Florence,’ in Riis, T., ed., Aspects of poverty in early modern Europe (Florence, 1981) 119–82, especially 150–1.Google Scholar

24 For Florentine youth companies, Trexler, R. C., ‘Ritual in Florence: adolescence and salvation in the Renaissance,’ in Trinkaus, C. and Oberman, H. A., eds., The pursuit of holiness in late medieval and Renaissance religion (Leiden, 1974) 200–64Google Scholar; for the Veneto, Meneghin, V., ‘Due compagnie sul modello di quelle del “Divino Amore” fondate da francescani a Feltre e a Verona (1499, 1503),’ Archivum Franciscanum Historicum 62 (1969) 518–64Google Scholar; for Rome, Esposito, A., ‘Le “confraternite” del Gonfalone (secoli XIV–XV),’ in Fiorani, , ed., Le confraternite, 99101.Google Scholar

25 Cf. Paglia, V., La morte confortata. Riti delta paura e mentalità religiosa a Roma nell' età moderna (Rome, 1982)Google Scholar; on San Fantin, Sansovino, F. and Martinioni, G., Venetia, città nobilissima et singolare (Venice, 1663) 136–7Google Scholar, and Pignatti, , Le scuole di Venezia, 187.Google Scholar

26 Grendi, , ‘Morfologia,’ 246–9.Google Scholar

27 See Paglia, V., ‘La Pietà del Carcerati.’ Confraternite e società a Roma nei secoli XVI–XVIII (Rome, 1980) 86, 307–15Google Scholar (estimates compiled from information in Lumbroso, M. Maroni and Martini, A., Le confraternite romane nelle loro chiese, Rome, 1963).Google Scholar

28 Pullan, , Rich and poor, 34.Google Scholar

29 Weissman, Ritual brotherhood, 198 foll.; Grendi, ‘Morfologia,’ 253 foll.; Fiorani, L., ‘L'esperienza religiosa nelle confraternite romane tra Cinque e Seicento,’ in Fiorani, , ed., Le confraternite romane, 167–78Google Scholar; V. Paglia, ‘Le confraternite e i problemi della morte a Roma nel Sei-Settecento,’ Ibid., 208–12.

30 Pullan, , Rich and poor, 253–4, 297300Google Scholar; Paglia, ‘La Pietà dei Carcerati,’ 83–4, 86.Google Scholar

31 Ibid., 229–30. On the general question of the importance of the parish in relation to confraternities, Bossy, J., ‘The Counter Reformation and the people of Catholic Europe,’ Past and Present 47 (1970), 5960CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For earlier concern in Florence, in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, about the confraternity as rival to the parish, see Henderson, , ‘Confraternities,’ 80–2.Google Scholar

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33 For comparisons between Florence and Venice on this point, Pullan, B., ‘The Scuole Grandi of Venice: further thoughts,’ in Henderson, J. and Verdon, T., eds., Christianity and the Renaissance (forthcoming, Syracuse, New York, 1988)Google Scholar. See also Grendi, ‘Morfologia,’ 259 foll., and Pullan, , Rich and poor, 61.Google Scholar

34 For hospitals, see, on Florence, Passerini, Storia; on Genoa, Marchesani and Sperati, Ospedali genovesi; on Rome, Howe, E. D., The hospital of Santo Spirito and Pope Sixtus IV (London, 1978), especially 162–3, 167–8Google Scholar; Semi, F., Gli ‘Ospizi’ di Venezia (Venice, 1983)Google Scholar; Pullan, , Rich and poor, 206 foll., 423–8Google Scholar, with some modification from Mueller, R. C., ‘Charitable institutions, the Jewish community and Venetian society,’ Studi veneziani 14 (1972) 54–5Google Scholar

35 Marchesani and Sperati, Ospedali genovesi, 62.Google Scholar

36 See D'Addario, A., Aspetti della Controriforma a Firenze (Rome, 1972) 63–5.Google Scholar

37 For pilgrims to Rome, Romani, M., Pellegrini e viaggiatori nell' economia di Roma dal XIV al XVII secolo (Milan, 1948)Google Scholar, and for developments in the sixteenth century Borzacchini, M., ‘Il patrimonio della Trinità dei Pellegrini alia fine del Cinquecento,’ in Fiorani, , ed., Le confraternite romane, 237–60Google Scholar. For Venice, see Brasca, Santo, Viaggio in Terrasanta, ed. Lepschy, A. L. Momigliano (Milan, 1966) 48, 128–30Google Scholar; Fabri, Felix, Evagatorium in Terrae Sanctae, Arabiae et Egypti peregrinationem, ed. Hassler, C. D. (3 vols., Stuttgart, 18431849), 1 31–2, 83–6, 102–3Google Scholar; Newett, M. M., Canon Pietro Casola's pilgrimage to Jerusalem in the year 1494 (Manchester, 1907) 94–5, 123.Google Scholar

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39 Trexler, R. C., ‘A widows' asylum of the Renaissance: the Orbatello of Florence,’ in Stearns, P. N., ed., Old age in preindustrial society (New York, 1982) 119–49Google Scholar; Semi, , ‘Ospizi‘, 40–3, 8795Google Scholar. For brief references to widows' hospices in Rome, Piazza, , Eusevologio, 1 133–4, 373–7.Google Scholar

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48 Fundamental works on Monti di Pietà include Holzapfel, H., Die Anfänge der Mantes Pietatis (1462–1515) (Munich, 1903)Google Scholar, and Garrani, G., Il carattere bancario e l'evoluzione strutturale dei primigenii Monti di Pietà (Milan, 1957)Google Scholar. For a detailed study of the earliest Monte di Pietà, in Perugia, Majarelli, S. and Nicolini, U., Il Monte dei Poveri in Perugia: periodo delle origini (1462–1474) (Perugia, 1962)Google Scholar. For more recent bibliography, Muzzarelli, M. G., ‘Un bilancio storiografico sui Monti di Pietà: 1956–1976,’ Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia 33 (1979) 165–83.Google Scholar

49 On Jewish banking in Italy, see especially the broad accounts contained in Milano, A., Storia degli ebrei in Italia (Turin, 1963)Google Scholar, and Poliakov, L., Les Banchieri juifs et le Saint Siège du XIIIe au XVIIe siecle (Paris, 1965; abridged edition, Paris, 1967; English translation, London, 1977)Google Scholar. Important recent collections of material include Aspetti e problemi della presenza ebraica nell' Italia centro-settentrionale (secoli XIV e XV) (Quaderno dell'Istituto di Scienze Storiche dell' Università di Roma, Rome, 1983)Google Scholar; the essays on ‘Ebrei d' Italia,’ ed. Gajano, S. Boesch and Luzzati, M., in Quaderni Storici, anno 18, 54 (1983)Google Scholar, and Cozzi, G., ed., Gli ebrei e Venezia (secoli XIV–XVIII) (Milan, 1987).Google Scholar

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69 La mendicità proveduta nella città di Roma, coll'Ospizio Publico fondato dalla pietà e beneficenza di Nostro Signore Innocenzo XII Pontefice Massimo, con le risposte all' obiezioni contra simili fondazioni (Rome, 1693) 1113.Google Scholar

70 Pullan, , Rich and poor, 235–6.Google Scholar

71 Paglia, , ‘La Pietà del Carcerati,’ 510.Google Scholar

72 Pullan, , Rich and poor, 306–9.Google Scholar

73 Ibid., 361–70.

74 Savelli, , ‘Dalle confraternite,’ 196–8.Google Scholar

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76 Belgiovine, E. and Campanella, A., ‘La fabbrica dell' Albergo dei Poveri. Genova 1656–1696,’ Atti delta Società Ligure di Storia Patria, nuova serie, 23 (1983) 162, 172.Google Scholar

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81 Savelli, , ‘Dalle confraternite,’ 181–2, 205, 214.Google Scholar

82 Ibid., 177–89.

83 For examples of such taxation, see Pullan, , Rich and poor, 247, 251, 320–1.Google Scholar

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