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³ To quote two examples out of many: in his book Das annexionistische Deutschland (Lausanne, 1915)Google Scholar, the Alsacian S. Grumbach collected evidence showing that German professors as well as industrialists wanted the occupied countries handed over to the Germans bevölkerungsfrei (emptied of indigenous populations); for similar ideas, see Gruber, M. v. (Professor of Hygiene), ‘Völkische Außenpolitik’, Deutschlands Erneuerung 1 (1917), 82f.Google Scholar

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⁵ For figures and discussion, see Faßbender, M., ‘Das Bevölkerungsproblem – das Problem der Gegenwart und Zukunft. Wertung von Tatsachen und Ursachen der Bevölkerungsentwicklung in Deutschland’Google Scholar, in idem (ed.), Des Deutschen Volkes Wille zum Leben: Bevölkerungspolitische und volkspädagogische Abhandlungen über Erhaltung und Förderung deutscher Volkskraft (Freiburg, 1917, 2nd ed.), 1–68Google Scholar; see also ibid., 813 f, ‘Tafel der Geburtenziffer in Deutschland’ (compiled by A. Düttmann) and ‘Vergleichende Kurven der Lebendgeborenen, der Gestorbenen… und der der Eheschließungen auf je 1000 Einwohner im Deutschen Reich und in Frankreich’ (compiled by H. Muckermann).

⁶ Quoted in Aly, G. and Roth, K. H., Die restlose Erfassung. Volkszählen, Identifizieren, Aussondern im Nationalsozialismus (Berlin, 1984), 22.Google Scholar

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⁹ This book, mirroring the Catholic attitude in general, appears to have been widely known in Southern German Catholic circles (I happen to own a copy formerly belonging to the library of the Cistercian monastery at Bronnbach/Taunus); not a few of the contributors were medical men.

¹⁰ See Faßbender, , Das Bevölkerungsproblem, 27.Google Scholar

¹¹ See Jäckel, E. ed., Hitler. Sämtliche Aufzeichnwgen 1905–1924 (Stuttgart, 1980), no. 591, 1044, and no. 592, 1047Google Scholar; both testimonies are from October 1923.

¹² See Jäckel, E., Hitlers Weltanschauung: Entwurf einer Herrschaft (Stuttgart, 1981), 106fGoogle Scholar; cf. also p. 40 (references are from Mein Kampf).

¹³ Jäckel, , Aufzeichnungen (1924), no. 626, 1217, 04 1924.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Jäckel, , Weltanschauung, 39.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Jäckel, , Aufzeichnungen, no. 138, 207, 08 1920Google Scholar, and no. 235, 384, May 1921.

¹⁶ Ibid. no. 255, 420, May 1921.

¹⁷ Quoted by Olden, R., Hitler der Eroberer (Fischer Taschenbuch edn., 1984), 157Google Scholar. This book, one of the earliest Hitler biographies, was first published in Amsterdam in 1935; the author had had to leave Germany in 1933.

¹⁸ Ziel und Weg (Aim and Path) was a favourite Nazi phrase, used, for instance, as the title of the journal of the Nazi doctors' organization.

¹⁹ Cf. Anonymous, Adolf Hitler und seine Bewegung im Lichte neutraler Beobachter und objektiver Gegner, 2nd edn. (Munich, 1928), 54.Google Scholar

²⁰ Quoted and commented upon by Dr med. Frankenthal, K. in Der Sozialistische Arzt 8 (1932), 104.Google Scholar

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²³ Analysed by Jäckel, , Weltanschauung, 29–54.Google Scholar

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²⁸ Seven volumes containing approximately 8,600 pages of reports and comments. (Printed by the publishers Petra Nettelbeck and Zweitausendeins, Salzhausen and Frankfurt a.M., 1980.)

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³³ Cf. Sopade reports, fourth year (1937) 1353f.Google Scholar

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³⁵ For the following, see Stokes, L. D., Kleinstadt und Nationalsozialismus: Ausgewählte Dokumente zur Geschichte von Eutin 1918–1945 (Neumünster, 1984), 787fGoogle Scholar. On abortion during the Republic and Third Reich, see also David, H. P., Fleischhacker, J. and Höhn, C., ‘Abortion and eugenics in Nazi Germany’, in Population and Development Review 14 (1988), 81–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

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⁴⁰ For all this see Schmierer, A. in Ziel und Weg 8 (1938) 500 f. and 599 fGoogle Scholar. Proctor, while offering some information about abortion (Racial Hygiene 121–3), seems to have overlooked the problem of contraception. However, he touches on the question – an open one, in my opinion – as to how far the German feminist movement, having been powerful in the Weimar Republic, played a role in the Third Reich in connection with a deliberate refusal to beget children, ibid., 125. A few remarks on contraception are also found in David, Fleischhacker and Höhn, ‘Abortion’, 86 f, 90.

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⁴⁵ Much factual information about this is also to be found in Proctor, Racial Hygiene, chapter 4.

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⁵⁵ Sopade reports, second year (1935), 356.Google Scholar

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⁵⁹ Hudal, A., Die Grundlagen des Nationalsozialismus: Eine ideengeschichtliche Untersuchung (Leipzig and Vienna, 1937; reprinted Bremen, 1982)Google Scholar, chapter in, section 6, ‘Sterilisation und Eugenik’, 123–39.Google Scholar

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⁷⁷ For this and the foregoing, see Sopade reports, second year (1935), 851 f.Google Scholar

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⁷⁹ The Sopade reports, fifth year (1938), 1105–28Google Scholar, offer a detailed section on ‘Der Wohnungsbau im Dritten Reich’.

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⁸² See Proctor, , Racial Hygiene, 125f.Google Scholar

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⁸⁸ Ibid. (December 1939), 570.

⁸⁹ Ibid., vol. 4 (April 1940), 1017–19.

⁹⁰ Ibid., vol. 6 (February 1941), 1970 f.

⁹¹ Ibid., vol. 10 (May 1942), 3766–70.

⁹² Ibid., vol. 13 (May 1943), 5207–10.

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⁹⁹ Dallin, A., German rule in Russia 1941–1945: A study of occupation policies (London, 1957).Google Scholar

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¹¹¹ As for Swedes, the Nazis were convinced that these, in particular, were free of Jewish ‘blood’ (in the ‘Hitlerjugend’, I was told that I was fit to join a Nazi Eliteschule because I had a Swedish grandmother).

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¹¹⁸ See for this ibid., 317 f.

¹¹⁹ See Ackermann, , Himmler als Ideologe, 220 with note 143.Google Scholar

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¹²⁹ See ibid., 146.

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