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Service and the coming of age of young men in seventeenth-century England
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 January 2009
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1 For earlier accounts on the theory and practice of family discipline and governance see Laslett, P., The world we have lost (New York, 1965), 2–6Google Scholar; Schochet, G., ‘Patriarchalism, politics, and mass attitudes in Stuart England’, Historical Journal 12 (1969), 413–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Morgan, E. S., The Puritan family (New York, 1966)Google Scholar; Hill, C., Society and puritanism in pre-revolutionary England (London, 1964)Google Scholar; Stone, L., The family, sex and marriage in England 1500–1800 (abridged edn., New York, 1979), 109–27.Google Scholar For the demographic and economic analysis see, Laslett, P., ‘Mean household size in England since the sixteenth century’, in Laslett, P. and Wall, R., eds., Household and family in past time (Cambridge, 1972), 125–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Laslett, P., ‘Characteristics of the Western family considered over time’, in Family life and illicit love in earlier generations (Cambridge, 1977), 12–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kussmaul, A., Servants in husbandry in early modern England (Cambridge, 1981)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hajnal, J., ‘Two kinds of pre-industrial household formation system’, in Wall, R., Robin, J. and Laslett, P., eds., Family forms in historic Europe (Cambridge, 1983), 65–104Google Scholar; Wall, R., ‘Leaving home and the process of household formation in pre-industrial England’, Continuity and Change, 1(2) (1987), 77–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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33 Calculations based on a sample of 1,512 apprenticeships in which parental occupation was recorded. B.R.O., 04352 (2)–(6).
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55 Of 92 petitions presented in Quarter Sessions in Bristol, 48 (52.2%) were petitions of masters complaining about their apprentices, 34 (47.8%) petitions were presented by apprentices.
56 B.R.O., 04447(1), fo. 39. On the whole, 6 (6.5%) of the 92 cases which were discharged by the court in Bristol were the result of the master's death.
57 B.R.O., 04445, 04447(1), 04447(2), passim. Of the 92 petitions presented at court, 9 (20.7%) were released on economic grounds or as a result of the master's departure from the town. For petitions stating the departure of a master, at times indicating his departure to the countryside or overseas, 04434(1), fos. 533, 532, 531, 527, 517, 465.
58 B.R.O., 04352(5)a, fo. 106; 04359(2)a, fo. 215.
59 In a sample of 99 apprentices who were discharged in Bristol between 1600–1645, only 46 were at the same time recorded as transferred to another master.
60 In the mid-sixteenth century between a fifth and a quarter of the number of young men admitted as apprentices were recorded as new freemen; in the 1610s the proportion of new freemen to the no. of apprentices annually registered was 23.6%, in the 1620s–16.5%; and in the 1630s–24.7%. B.R.O., 04352(l)–04352(5)b, 04358–04359(2) a–b.
61 In a sample of 99 apprentices who were discharged by the local court, 59 (59.6%) were discharged within the first two years of their term.
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63 In a sample of 136 apprentices bound in Bristol between 1600–1645, whose fathers were engaged in the distributive trades (merchants, draper, mercers), 35 (25.7%) entered one of the crafts (in textile, building, leather, metal, wood or transport occupations). Of 87 sons of gentlemen, 21 (24.1%) were likewise bound to one of the crafts.
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