1 Among economists, it received special attention from the German Historical School of Political Economy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, e.g. in Stieda, W., Litteratur, heutige Zustände und Entstehung der deutschen Hausindustrie (Leipzig, 1889)Google Scholar; this is discussed in the articles by Mager and by Kriedte, Medick, and Schlumbohm in this special issue.

2 Mendels, F., ‘Proto-industrialization: the first phase of the industrialization process’, Journal of Economic History 32 (1972), 241–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar In fact, the first published use of the term was in Tilly, C. and Tilly, R., ‘Agenda for European economic history in the 1970s’ (Journal of Economic History 31 (1971), 184–98)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, citing Mendels', then unpublished doctoral thesis, ‘Industrialization and population pressure in eighteenth-century Flanders’ (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1970).Google Scholar

3 Levine, D., ‘The demographic implications of rural industrialization. A family reconstitution study of two Leicestershire villages 1600–1851’ (Ph.D. dissertation, Cambridge University, 1974)Google Scholar, later published as Family formation in an age of nascent capitalism (New York etc., 1977)Google Scholar; Levine developed his concept of proto-industrialization as simply a special case of proletarianization in ‘Production, reproduction and the proletarian family in England 1500–1851’, in Levine, D. ed., Proletarianization and family history (Orlando etc., 1984), 87–127.Google Scholar

4 Mokyr, J., ‘Growing-up and the industrial revolution in Europe’, Explorations in Economic History 13 (1976), 371–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

5 Kriedte, P., Medick, H., and Schlumbohm, J., Industrialisierung vor der Industrialisierung. Gewerbliche Warenproduktion auf dem Land in der Formationsperiode des Kapitalismus (Göttingen, 1977)Google Scholar, translated as Industrialization before industrialization: rural industry in the genesis of capitalism (Cambridge, 1982).Google Scholar

6 Perlin, F., ‘Proto-industrialization and pre-colonial south Asia’, Past and Present 98 (1983), 30–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Chao, K., ‘La production textile dans la Chine traditionnelle’, Annales ESC 39: 5 (1984) 957–76Google Scholar; Saito, O., ‘Population and the peasant family economy in proto-industrial Japan’, Journal of Family History 8 (1983), 30–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Howell, D. L., ‘Proto-industrial origins of Japanese capitalism’, Journal of Asian Studies 51 (1992), 269–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Nishikawa, S., ‘Protoindustrialisation in the domain of Choshu in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries’, in Deyon, P. and Mendels, F. eds., VIII Congrès Internationale d'Histoire Economique, Budapest 16–22 août 1982, Section A2: La protoindustrialisation: Théorie et réalité, Rapports, 2 vols, (ms, Université des Arts, Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Lille, 1982), contribution no. 32Google Scholar; T. L. Ditz, ‘Proto-industrialization and the household economy in the American north: inheritance patterns in five Connecticut towns, 1750–1820’, in ibid., contribution no. 12; S. P.-S. Ho, ‘Small-scale rural industries in contemporary economic development: the case of South Korea and Taiwan’, in ibid., contribution no. 18; M. Johnson, ‘Proto-industrialization in West Africa’, in ibid., contribution no. 23.

7 For examples of its influence on anthropologists, see Goody, E. N., ‘Daboya weavers: relations of production, dependence and reciprocity’, in Goody, E. N. ed., From craft to industry: the ethnography of proto-industrial cloth production (Cambridge, 1982), 50–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar; R. J. Pokrant, ‘The tailors of Kano City’, in ibid., 85–132; and D. A. Swallow, ‘Production and control in the Indian garment export industry’, in ibid., 133–65.

8 Coleman, D. C., ‘Proto-industrialization: a concept too many’, Economic History Review 2nd ser. 36 (1983), 435–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Houston, R. and Snell, K. D. M., ‘Proto-industrialization? Cottage industry, social change, and industrial revolution’, Historical Journal 27 (1984), 473–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

9 De-industrialization as a possible outcome of proto-industrialization was already recognized in Kriedte, , Medick, , and Schlumbohm, , Industrialization, 145–54.Google Scholar

10 Ogilvie, S. C., ‘Corporatism and regulation in rural industry: woollen weaving in Württemberg, 1580–1740’ (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Cambridge University, 1985)Google Scholar; forthcoming as State corporatism and proto-industry: The Württemberg worsted industry, 1580–1797 (Cambridge University Press)Google Scholar; see also Ogilvie, , ‘Coming of age in a corporate society: capitalism, Pietism and family authority in rural Württemberg, 1590–1740’, Continuity and Change 1: 3 (1986), 279–331CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ogilvie, , ‘Women and proto-industrialisation in a corporate society: Württemberg textile manufacture, 1590–1700’, in Lee, W. R. and Hudson, Pat eds., Women's work, family income and the structure of the family in historical perspective (Manchester, 1990), 76–103.Google Scholar

11 Ogilvie, , State corporatism and proto-industry, chs. 2–3Google Scholar; Ogilvie, , ‘Coming of age’Google Scholar; Ogilvie, , ‘Women and proto-industrialisation’.Google Scholar

12 Gullickson, G. L., Spinners and weavers of Auffay. Rural industry and the sexual division of labor in a French village, 1750–1850 (Cambridge, 1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

13 This term pre-dated ‘proto-industry’, and was coined by Freudenberger, H. and Redlich, F. (‘The industrial development of Europe: reality, symbols, images’, Kyklos 17 (1964), 372–403).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

14 Ogilvie, , ‘Women and proto-industrialisation’.Google Scholar

15 For example, Kriedte, Medick, and Schlumbohm (Industrialization, p. 78)Google Scholar write that ‘If this new system was to take effect, the framework of political and governmental institutions, anchored to Grundherrschaft or Gutsherrschaft and the village community, had to disintegrate…’.

16 Ibid., 6–8, 9, 18.

17 Rudolph, R. L., ‘Family structure and proto-industrialization in Russia’, Journal of Economic History 40 (1980).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

18 Ogilvie, , State corporatism and proto-industry.Google Scholar

19 I make the attempt to do so for the Württemberg worsted proto-industry in State corporation and proto-industry.

20 Certainly this was the case, for instance, in the Nagold Valley worsted industry in Württemberg: see Ogilvie, , ‘Coming of age’Google Scholar; and Troeltsch, W., Die Calwer Zeughandlungskompagnie und ihre Arbeiter (Jena, 1897).Google Scholar

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23 Thomson, J. K. J., Clermont-de-Lodève 1633–1789: fluctuations in the prosperity of a Languedocian cloth-making town (Cambridge, 1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

24 See, for example, the literature surveyed in Ogilvie, , ‘Seventeenth-century crisis’, 434–5.Google Scholar

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26 World Bank, World development report: agriculture and development (Oxford, 1982).Google Scholar

27 See, for instance, the institutional and social factors discussed in Bulatao, R. A. and Lee, R. D. eds., Determinants of fertility in developing countries (New York and London, 1983)Google Scholar; and McNicoll, G. & Cain, M. eds., Rural development and population: institutions and policy (Oxford, 1990).Google Scholar

28 On this, see World Bank, Population change and economic development (Oxford, 1984), 23–33, esp. Figures 2.4 and 2.5.Google Scholar