¹ Rousso, Henry, The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since 1944, transl. Goldhammer, Arthur (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991)Google Scholar, originally published as Le Syndrome de Vichy: de 1944 à nos jours (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1987, revised and reissued in 1990).

² See, e.g., Golsan, Richard J., ed., Memory, the Holocaust, and French Justice: The Bosquet and Touvier Affairs (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1996)Google Scholar; Paris, Erna, Unhealed Wounds: France and the Klaus Barbie Affair (New York: Grove Press, 1985)Google Scholar; Finkielkraut, Alain, Remembering in Vain: The Klaus Barbie Trial and Crimes Against Humanity (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992)Google Scholar; Péan, Pierre, Une Jeunesse française: François Mitterrand, 1934–1947 (Paris: Fayard, 1994).Google Scholar

³ Bloch, Marc, Strange Defeat: A Statement of Evidence Written in 1940, transl. Hopkins, Gerhard (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1968)Google Scholar; in another essay he wrote at the time, The Historian's Craft, transl. Peter Putnam (New York: Vintage Books/Random House, 1953), he objected, however, to the ‘cult of origins’.

⁴ See, e.g., Crémieux-Brilhac, Jean-Louis, Les Français de l–an 40, 2 vols. (Paris: Gallimard, 1990)Google Scholar;Aron, Robert, Histoire de Vichy (Paris: Fayard, 1954).Google Scholar

⁵ See Nora, Pierre, ‘Le Syndrome, son passé, son avenir’, French Historical Studies 19: 2 (1995), 488CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Paxton, Robert O., Vichy France (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972)Google Scholar; Azéma, Jean-Pierre and Bédarida, François, eds., Le régime de Vichy et les Français (Paris: Fayard, 1992).Google Scholar

⁶ For the figures, see Bartov, Omer, Hitler's Army (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 12–14Google Scholar, and the sources cited therein.

⁷ See Gordon, Bertram M., ‘The Vichy Syndrome“ Problem in History’, and Henry Rousso, ‘Le Syndrome de l'histoire’, French Historical Studies 19: 2 (1995), 497–518, 519–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸ Éric Conan, and Roussom, Henry, Vichy, un passé qui ne passe pas, 2nd edn. (Paris: Gallimard, 1996).Google Scholar There is some irony in the title of this book, possibly unintended by the authors, since it is a translation from the German of Ernst Nolte's notorious article, ‘Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will’, that touched off the Historikerstreit, the German historians' controversy of the mid 1980s. Rousso and Conan agree with Nolte and other German ‘revisionists’ about the need not to submit to the weight of a murderous past, but whereas they propose to do so by studying it, Nolte's solution is to relativise it. Nevertheless, since the authors' criticism of Jewish insistence of the memory of the Holocaust was launched in the context of a French intellectual debate from which anti-Jewish sentiments were and are still far from absent, the association with Nolte's article is rather unfortunate.

⁹ Marrus, Michael R. and Paxton, Robert O., Vichy France and the Jews (New York: Schocken Books, 1983)Google Scholar; Zucotti, Susan, The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews (New York: Basic Books, 1993).Google Scholar See also Wieviorka, Annette, Déportation et génocide: Entre le mémoire et l'oubli (Paris: Plon, 1992)Google Scholar, on the memory of this event in France and the distinctions between Jewish and political deportees.

¹⁰ Prost, Antoine, In the Wake of War: ‘Les Anciens Combattants’ and French Society, 1914–1939, transl. McPhail, Helen (Providence, R.I. and Oxford: Berg, 1992).Google Scholar

¹¹ Todorov, Tzvetan, A French Tragedy: Scenes of Civil War, Summer 1944, transl. Byrd Kelly, Mary (Hanover, N.H., and London: University Press of New England, 1996), 94.Google Scholar

¹² Herbert, Ulrich, Best: Biographische Studien über Radikalismus, Weltanschauung, und Vernunft, 1903–1989 (Bonn: Dietz, 1996), 42–119.Google Scholar

¹³ Gellately, Robert, The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy, 1933–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Diewald-Kerkmann, Gisela, Politische Denunziation im NS-Regime, oder Die kleine Macht der ‘Volksgenossen’ (Bonn: Dietz, 1995).Google Scholar

¹⁴ See, e.g., Hilberg,, RaulThe Destruction of the European Jews, 3 vols. rev. edn. (New York and London: Holmes and Meier, 1985)Google Scholar; Bauman, Zygmunt, Modernity and the Holocaust, 2nd edn. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991).Google Scholar

¹⁵ Laborie, Pierre, L'Opinion française sous Vichy (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1990)Google Scholar; and the book by Burrin reviewed here.

¹⁶ On Hitler, see Kershaw, Ian, The ‘Hitler Myth’: Image and Reality in the Third Reich (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).Google Scholar

¹⁷ See, e.g., Kedward, H. R., In Search of the Maquis: Rural Resistance in Southern France, 1942–1944 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993)Google Scholar; Todorov, French Tragedy.

¹⁸ The other is Étienne Fouilloux, Les chrétiens français entre crise et libération, 1937–1947 (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1997), which unfortunately appeared too late for me to consider it in this article.

¹⁹ Thus, for instance, Count von Galen, Bishop of Münster, who bravely condemned the ‘euthanasia’ campaign, never spoke openly against the ‘Final Solution’. On this issue Halls's account is sorely lacking. See the forthcoming Rutgers University PhD dissertation on von Galen by Beth A. Griech-Polelle.

²⁰ See also Hallie, Philip, Lest Innocent Blood be Shed: The Story of the Village of Le Chambon and how Goodness Happened There, 2nd edn. (New York: HarperCollins, 1994).Google Scholar Also fascinating is the documentary film on Le Chambon by Pierre Sauvage, who was saved there as a baby.

²¹ Burrin, Philippe, La dérive fasciste: Doriot, Déat, Bergery, 1933–1945 (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1986)Google Scholar; Idem., Hitler and the Jews: The Origins of the Holocaust, transl. Southgate Patsy (London: Edward Arnold, 1994).

²² Burrin's section on Febvre was greeted with some resentment by French scholars. Historians, often adept at criticizing other professions, are rather more circumspect when it comes to their own. This was also recently shown in the case of German historians who contributed to SS demographic plans that culminated in genocide, but later became the founders of the left-liberal and occasionally Marxist school of West German historiography in the 1960s. See Bruno Mrozek, ‘Hitlers willige Wissenschaftler’, Die Weltwoche (July 3 1997), also posted by H-Soz-u-Kult (4 July 1997), and H-German (8 July 1997), including references to other publications on this issue in Tagesspiegel (17 June 1997) and Frankfurter Rundschau (1 July 1997). A slightly less damning version of the Febvre/Bloch affair can be found in Fink, Carole, Marc Bloch: A Life in History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 261–3.Google Scholar

²³ Levi, Primo, The Drowned and the Saved, transl. Rosenthal, Raymond (New York: Summit Books, 1988), 70–1.Google Scholar

²⁴ Levi, Primo, Survival in Auschwitz, transl. Woolf, Stuart (New York: Collier Books/Macmillan, 1961), 153–7Google Scholar; Idem., The Reawakening, transl. Woolf Stuart (New York: Collier Books/Macmillan, 1987), 1–7.

²⁵ Wilkomirski, Binjamin, Fragments: Memories of a Wartime Childhood, transl. Brown Janeway, Carol (New York: Schocken Books, 1996), 148–9.Google Scholar

²⁶ Todorov, French Tragedy.

²⁷ Lindeperg, Sylvie, Les écrans de l'ombre: La Seconde Guerre Mondiale dans le cinéma français (1944–1969) (Paris: CNRS Editions, 1997).Google Scholar

²⁸ Laurens's article contains a brief history of shearings in France from as early as the fourteenth century (pp. 156–7), and a series of remarkable photographs of shearings after the Liberation (pp. 159–73). See also, Burrin, 205, for shearings of German women during the French occupation of the Rhineland in the 1920s.

²⁹ See, e.g., Assouline, Pierre, L–épuration des intellectuels (Brussels: Editions Complexe, 1990)Google Scholar; Novick, Peter, The Resistance versus Vichy: The Purge of Collaborators in Liberated France (London: Chatto and Windus, 1968)Google Scholar; Carroll, David, French Literary Fascism: Nationalism, Anti-Semitism, and the Ideology of Culture (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995)Google Scholar; Oxenhandler, Neal, Looking for Heroes in Postwar France: Albert Camus, Max Jacob, Simone Weil (Hanover, N.H. and London: University Press of New England, 1996).Google Scholar

³⁰ A detailed analysis of French interwar pacifism is to be found in Ingram, Norman, The Politics of Dissent: Pacifism in France, 1919–1939 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³¹ Brossat, Alain, Les Tondues. Un carnaval moche (Paris: Hachette, 1992), 62–3.Google Scholar

³² ‘Camps et Génocides: L'homme, la langue, les camps’, Colloque international à l'Université de la Sorbonne, Responsables: Catherine Coquio, Irving Wohlfarth. 29–31 May 1997.

³³ See Antelme, Robert, L'espèce humaine (Paris: Gallimard, 1957).Google Scholar More recently, another account by a political inmate of Buchenwald has entered the French canon of concentration camp literature. See Semprún, Jorge, L'écriture ou la vie (Paris: Gallimard, 1994).Google Scholar It should be noted that of 76,000 Jews departed from France, only a fraction survived; of an equal number of French political deportees, about half returned.

³⁴ Brossat, Alain, L'épreuve du désastre: Le xx^e siècle et les camps (Paris: Albin Michel, 1996).Google Scholar

³⁵ Ibid., 20, 23.