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³ ‘Policja kobieca wyśledziła króla żywym towarem’, Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny, 8 July 1928, 5.

⁴ Owings, Chloe, Women Police: A Study of the Development and Status of the Women Police Movement (New York: Frederick H. Hitchcock, 1925), 84.Google Scholar

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⁶ League of Nations, Traffic in Women and Children Committee, ‘Employment of Women Police’, 25 Mar. 1931 (League of Nations Document C.T.F.E. 509), 9.

⁷ On abolitionism, see especially Corbin, Alain, Women for Hire: Prostitution and Sexuality in France after 1850, trans. Sheridan, Alan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), 214–58Google Scholar; Gibson, Mary, Prostitution and the State in Italy, 1860–1915, 2nd edn (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1999), 39–64Google Scholar; Offen, Karen M., European Feminisms, 1700–1950: A Political History (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000), 154–7Google Scholar; Walkowitz, Judith R., Prostitution and Victorian Society: Women, Class, and the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On abolitionism and policewomen, see especially Douglas, R. M., Feminist Freikorps: The British Voluntary Women Police, 1914–1940 (Westport, Conn.; London: Preager, 1999), 4–6Google Scholar; Götting, Dirk, Das Aufbegehren der bürgerlichen Frauenbewegung gegen die Sittenpolizei des Kaiserreichs und der erste Versuch weiblicher Polizeiarbeit in Deutschland (1875–1914): Frauen im Polizeidienst zwischen ‘Rettungsarbeit’ und ‘Sittenschnüffelei’ (Frankfurt: Verlag für Polizeiwissenschaft, 2010)Google Scholar; Nienhaus, Ursula D., ‘Nicht für eine Führungsposition geeignet—’: Josephine Erkens und die Anfänge weiblicher Polizei in Deutschland 1923–1933 (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1999), 14–7.Google Scholar

⁸ There is an extensive literature stressing the mythologising of the white slavery scare. For a good summary of the scholarship on the myths and realities of white slavery, as well as comparisons to contemporary discussions of sex trafficking, see Jo Doezema, ‘Loose Women or Lost Women? The Re-emergence of the Myth of White Slavery in Contemporary Discourses of Trafficking in Women’, Gender Issues, 18, 1 (Dec.1999), 23–50.

⁹ Walkowitz, Prostitution.

¹⁰ Koven, Seth and Michel, Sonya, ‘Womanly Duties: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States, 1880–1920’, The American Historical Review, 95, 4 (Oct. 1990), 1076–108CrossRefGoogle Scholar; van der Klein, Marian, ed., Maternalism Reconsidered: Motherhood, Welfare and Social Policy in the Twentieth Century (New York: Berghahn Books, 2012)Google Scholar; Rupp, Leila J., Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), 83–9.Google Scholar

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¹³ League of Nations Document C.T.F.E. 509, 1–2.

¹⁴ League of Nations, Traffic in Women and Children Committee, ‘The Employment of Women in the Police’, 1 Aug. 1927 (League of Nations Document C.374.M.144.1927.IV./C.T.F.E.331), 2.

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¹⁷ Segrave, Policewomen, 103; League of Nations, Traffic in Women and Children Committee, ‘Employment of Women Police’, 22 Mar. 1932 (League of Nations Document C.T.F.E. 540), 10–1.

¹⁸ League of Nations, Traffic in Women and Children Committee, ‘The Employment of Women in the Police’, 9 Dec. 1927 (League of Nations Document C.T.F.E. 331(1)), 7; Ministre de l'Intérieur to Ministre des Affaires Étrangères, 1 July 1935, Société des Nations 1766, 165–66, Archives diplomatiques du Ministère des Affaires Étrangères, La Courneuve, France.

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²⁵ One influential interwar book popularising the work of the League against the traffic in women concluded that this was a problem of little significance in most of western and central Europe or the United States, unlike in eastern Europe. See Harris, H. Wilson, Human Merchandise: A Study of the International Traffic in Women (London: Ernest Benn Limited, 1928).Google Scholar

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²⁷ Polski Komitet Walki z Handlem Kobietami i Dziećmi, 20 Nov. 1924, AAN MOS 236, 1–5.

²⁸ [Stanisława Paleolog], ‘Służba kobiet w Policji Państwowej’, AAN Komenda Główna Policji Państwowej 1881, 182.

²⁹ For perceptions and realities of Jewish involvement in the traffic, see Bristow, Prostitution; Kaplan, Marion, ‘Prostitution, Morality Crusades and Feminism: Jewish Feminists and the Campaign against White Slavery’, Women's Studies International Forum, 5, 6 (1982), 619–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gartner, Lloyd P., ‘Anglo-Jewry and the Jewish International Traffic in Prostitution, 1885–1914’, AJS Review, 7/8 (1982/1983), 129–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Guy, Donna J., Sex and Danger in Buenos Aires: Prostitution, Family, and Nation in Argentina (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991), 5–11Google Scholar; Wingfield, Nancy M., ‘Destination: Alexandria, Buenos Aires, Constantinople; “White Slavers” in Late Imperial Austria’, Journal of the History of Sexuality, 20, 2 (May 2011), 291–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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³⁹ See for instance ‘Komendantka Policji Kobiecej’, Kobieta Współczesna: Ilustrowany Tygodnik Społeczno-Literacki, 2, 3 (15 Jan. 1928), 17; ‘Aspirantka policji państwowej’, Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny, 7 Jan. 1928, 6.

⁴⁰ League of Nations Document C.T.F.E. 509, 18/19.

⁴¹ Paleolog, Women Police, 16–7.

⁴² The Soviet experience, in which female soldiers integrated martial identities into ideas about womanhood, offers some parallels. See Krylova, Anna, Soviet Women in Combat: A History of Violence on the Eastern Front (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴³ ‘Komendantka Policji Kobiecej’, 17.

⁴⁴ Makiłła, Dariusz, Historia prawa w Polsce (Warszawa: Wydawn. Naukowe PWN, 2008), 479–80, 494.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Paleolog, Women Police, 96–7.

⁴⁶ ‘La police feminine dans la lutte contre la traite des femmes’, AAN MOS 182, 68, 71.

⁴⁷ Wiceprezes Polskiego Komitetu Walki z Handlem Kobietami i Dziećmi to Ministerstwo Pracy i Opieki Społecznej, AAN MOS 236, 13–4.

⁴⁸ VIII Międzynarodowy Kongres Komitetów Walki z handlem kobietami i dziećmi. Warszawa 7–10 Października 1930. Sprawozdanie Polskiego Komitetu i Organizacyj Społecznych w Polsce (Warsaw: Druk Piotra Laskauera, 1930), 77.

⁴⁹ Paleolog, Women Police, 22–6; League of Nations Document C.T.F.E.509, 18/19; Komenda Główna Policji Pańtwowej to Polski Komitet Walki z Handlem Kobietami i Dziećmi, 11 Dec. 1936, AAN MOS 237, 1.

⁵⁰ Based on a search of the terms ‘policja kobieca’ (Women Police), ‘policjantka’ (policewoman) and ‘Paleolog,’ with the results then checked for content, in the digitised database of the Library of Małopolska, http://mbc.malopolska.pl/dlibra (last visited 20 July 2014).

⁵¹ ‘Polska policja kobieca należy do najlepszych na świecie’, Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny, 26 May 1935, 3; Zofja Guzowska, ‘Zadania policji kobiecej’, Kuryer Kobiecy: Dodatek do Ilustrowany Kuryer Codziennego, 20 Feb. 1930; ‘Policja kobieca wyśledziła króla handlarzy żywym towarem’, Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny, 8 Jul. 1928, 5; A.O., ‘Policja kobieca w Polsce’, Kuryer Kobiecy: Dodatek do Ilustrowany Kuryer Codziennego, 29 Jan. 1933.

⁵² ‘Poland's Joan of Arc’; ‘“Panna Władza” umacnia swoje stanowisko’, Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny, 31 Oct. 1936, 10.

⁵³ Gołdyn, Piotr, ‘Edmund Czapliński i jego literacki wkład w walkę z handlem kobietami i dziećmi’, Poznańskie Zeszyty Humanistyczne, 3 (2004), 125–30Google Scholar; Lachowski, Janusz, ‘Szlakiem hańby i kobiety nad przepaścią. Problem handlu kobietami w filmach na podstawie szenariuszy Anatola Sterna’, in Stępnik, Krzystof and Gabryś, Monika, eds., Sensacja w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym (prasa, literature, radio, film) (Lublin: Wydawnictwo WSPA, 2011), 291–301.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ VIII Międzynarodowy Kongres, 80–9.

⁵⁵ ‘Rapport du III Congrés de police criminelle, 24–30.IX à Anvers’, AAN Minsterstwo Spraw Zagranicznych 2056, 329–30.

⁵⁶ Siemińska, Stan Walki, 15; Witold Chodko, Handel Kobietami, 2nd edn (Warsaw: Zakłady Graficzne ‘Dżwignia’, (1938), 11–4, 21.

⁵⁷ ‘Protokuł Konferencji Informancyjnej w Sprawie Handlu Kobietami i Dziećmi w Argentynie’, 24 Nov. 1930, AAN MOS 192, 85–6.

⁵⁸ League of Nations, ‘Report of the Special Body of Experts on Traffic in Women and Children, Part Two’ (League of Nations Document C.52(2).M.52(1).1927.IV. [C.T.F.E./Experts/55]), 139.

⁵⁹ On the turn toward ethnic nationalism in Poland, see Porter, Brian, When Nationalism began to Hate: Imagining Modern Politics in Nineteenth-Century Poland (New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000)Google Scholar; Paul Brykczynski, ‘Political Murder and the Victory of Ethnic Nationalism in Interwar Poland’, Ph.D. thesis, University of Michigan, 2013, available at http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/97869/paulbryk_1.pdf?sequence=1 (last visited 20 July 2014). On the complicated situation of Jews in interwar Poland, see especially Mendelsohn, Ezra, ‘Interwar Poland: Good for the Jews or Bad for the Jews?’, in Abramsky, Chimen, Jachimczyk, Maciej, and Polonsky, Antony, eds., The Jews in Poland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), 130–9.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ On popular views of trafficking, see Antonów, Radosław, ‘Problem handlu “żywym towarem” w literaturze polskiej przełomu XIX i XX wieku’, in Antonów, Radosław, ed., Drogi hańby: Piśmiennictwo polskie przełomu XIX i XX wieku o handlu ‘żywym towarem’, (Wrocław: Wydział Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2013), 11–48Google Scholar. Paleolog's view in Paleolog, Women Police, 33.

⁶¹ Ibid. 37.

⁶² Ibid. 78.

⁶³ ‘Sprawozdanie’, AAN MOS 176, 2–4; Paleolog, Women Police, 84.

⁶⁴ For a discussion of the difficult question of consent in the pre-war Habsburg lands, including Galician Poland, see Wingfield, ‘Destination’, 299–302.

⁶⁵ This case has been reconstructed from the extensive documentation in AAN KGPP 97; AAN MOS 1927, 54–90; United States National Archives, College Park, MD, RG 59, Visa Division Correspondence Regarding Immigration, Entry 72, Boxes 44 to 46 (150.069 Baskin, Morris).

⁶⁶ ‘Ratujcie nasze dusze!’, Tajny Detektyw: Illustrowany Tygodnik Kriminalno Sądowy, 10 Jan. 1932, 4–5; ‘Baskin, Hall I Ska’, Gazeta Lwowska, Mar. 4, 1930, 4. Foreign press clippings are in AAN KGPP 97.

⁶⁷ ‘Activities of Women Police in Poland’, League of Nations Archives, Geneva, Switzerland, R 3041, 11B/26721/2798.

⁶⁸ League of Nations, Traffic in Women and Children, ‘Summary of Annual Reports for 1929’ (League of Nations Document C.164.M.59.1931.IV [C.T.F.E. 498]), 8–9.

⁶⁹ State Department to US Consul Riga, 1 Mar. 1930, US NACP, RG 59, Visa Division Correspondence, Box 46 (150.069 Baskin, Morris, Part. 5), 87; Paleolog, Women Police, 82.

⁷⁰ US Consul General, Warsaw, to State Department, 20 Dec. 1932, US NACP RG 59, Visa Division Correspondence, Entry 702, Box 45 (150.069 Baskin, Morris, Part 6).

⁷¹ Ratujcie nasze dusze!’, 4.

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⁷⁴ Paleolog, Women Police, 13–4.

⁷⁵ ‘Protokuł konferencji informancyjnej w sprawie handle kobietami i dziećmi w Argentynie’, 24 Sept. 1930, AAN MOS 192, 85–6.

⁷⁶ For a similar critique of the recent collapsing of distinctions between sex trafficking and migration by purportedly selfless rescuers, see Agustin, Laura María, Sex at the Margins: Migration, Labour Markets and the Rescue Industry (London: Zed Books, 2007).Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Międzynarodowy Kongres, 81–5.

⁷⁸ On neoregulationism's French origins, see Corbin, Women, 310–30.

⁷⁹ Paleolog, Women Police, 44–51; Paleolog, Stanislawa, ‘O policji kobiecej w zastosowaniu do walki z nierządem’, Na Posterunku: Gazeta Policji Państwowej, 10, 30 (28 July 1928), 1–2.Google Scholar

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⁸² Siemińska, Stan Walki, 9.

⁸³ [Paleolog], ‘Służba’, AAN KGPP 1881, 182.

⁸⁴ Chodźko, Handel, 22; Guy, Sex, 105–35; Paleolog, Women Police, 86.

⁸⁵ [Paleolog], ‘Służba’, AAN KGPP 1881, 183.

⁸⁶ ‘Referat o działalności policji kobiecej w Polsce – na X Międzynarodowy Kongres Komitetów Zwalczania Handlu Kobietami i Dziećmi w Paryżu w r. 1937’, AAN MOS 182, 56.

⁸⁷ Report, Komenda Główna Policji Państwowej, 13 Apr. 1938, AAN KGPP 1882, 27; ‘Nowe policjantki przyjęto do służby’, Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny, 20 Aug. 1939, 12.

⁸⁸ Paleolog, Women Police, 25.

⁸⁹ ‘Protokuł Odprawy Naczelników Urzędów Śledczej, która odbyła się w Cenrali Służby Śledczej w Warszawie, w dniu 2 i 3 czerwca 1937 roku’, 108, AAN KGPP 2097.

⁹⁰ Paleolog, Filipina Stanisława, ‘X Międzynarodowy Kongres Komitetów Zwalczania Handlu Kobietami I Dziećmi W Paryżu’, Przegląd Policyjny, 3, 3 (Mar. 1938), 147–8.Google Scholar

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⁹² Urszula Paleolog, ‘Wspomnienia’, 90–143, Ossolinueum, Rękopis 15548 II.