¹ Cf. for England notes 25 and 27; for the Federal Republic of Germany K. Buchwald, ‘Geschichtliche Entwicklungen von Landschaftspflege und Naturschutz in Deutschland während des Industriezeitalters’, idem, and Engelhard, W., eds, Handbuch für Landschaftspflege und Naturschutz. Schutz, Pflege und Entwicklung unserer Wirtschafts- und Erholungslandschaften auf ökologischer Grundlage (thereafter Buchwald and Engelhardt, Handbuch) vol. 1(Munich: Bayerischer Landwirtschaftsverlag, 1968), 109–10.Google Scholar Cf. for the 1980s Plachter, H., Naturschutz (Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer, 1991), 322–26.Google Scholar

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⁹ cf. Marsh, , Land, 32Google Scholar; Springhall, J., Youth, Empire and Society: British Youth Movements, 1883–1940 (London: Croom Helm, 1977)Google Scholar; Stephenson, Forbidden Land, 78; Lowerson, J., ‘Battles for the Countryside’ (thereafter Lowerson, ‘Battles’), in Gloversmith, F., ed., Class, Culture and Social Change. A New View of the 1930s (Sussex: Harvester Press, 1980), 268, 271Google Scholar; Bramwell, A., Ecology in the 20th Century. A History (thereafter Bramwell, Ecology) (New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 1989), 105–6.Google Scholar

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¹³ What he regarded as beautiful were, among other things, harmony, colours, variety and contrast, as well as the existence of beaches, mountains, valleys, woods and fields of flowers in individual landscapes.cf. Cornish, V., National Parks and the Heritage of Scenery (London: Sifton, Praed & Co, 1930)Google Scholar; idem., The Scenery of England. A Study of Harmonious Grouping in Town and Country (London: The Council for the Preservation of Rural England, 1937); idem., The Preservation of our Scenery. Essays and Addresses (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1937); Goudie, A., ‘Vaughan Cornish – Geographer’(thereafter Goudie, ‘Vaughan Cornish’), Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 55(1972), 7–11Google Scholar; Gilbert, E. W., Vaughan Cornish 1862–1948 and the Advancement of Knowledge Relating to the Beauty of Scenery in Town and Country (Oxford: Oxford Preservation Trust, 1965)Google Scholar; Sheail, J., Rural Conservation in Inter-war Britain (thereafter Sheail, Rural Conservation) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), 149–50.Google Scholar

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¹⁵ cf. Standing Committee on National Parks, The Case for National Parks in Great Britain (London: The Standing Committee on National Parks, 1938)Google Scholar; Lowerson, , ‘Battles’, 267Google Scholar; Evans, , Nature Conservation, 63, 66–7Google Scholar; Sheail, , Nature in Trust, 71–3.Google Scholar

¹⁶ cf. Bonham-Carter, Survival, 113–14Google Scholar; Stamp, , Nature Conservation, 30–2Google Scholar; Sheail, , Nature in Trust, 83–8Google Scholar; idem., Rural Conservation, 18.

¹⁷ cf. Ashworth, W., The Genesis of Modern British Town Planning (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1954)Google Scholar; Cullingworth, J. B. and, Nadin, V., Town and Country Planning in Britain (thereafter Cullingworth and Nadin, Planning), 11th edn (London/New York: Routledge, 1994)Google Scholar; Hall, P., Urban and Regional Planning, 2nd edn(Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1982).Google Scholar

¹⁸ Cf., for example, Ministry of Health, Town and Country Planning Advisory Committee, Report on the Preservation of the Countryside 1938 [Maude Report] (London: HMSO, 1938); Ministry of Works and Planning, Report of the Committee on Land Civilization on Rural Areas. Presented by the Minister of Works and Planning to Parliament by Command of His Majesty August 1942 [Scott Report] (London: HMSO, 1942) [Cmd 6378]; Evans, Nature Conservation, 67–70; Cherry, Planning, 9–37.

¹⁹ Ministry of Town and Country Planning, National Parks in England and Wales. Report by Dower, John.Presented by the Minister of Town and Country Planning to Parliament by Command of His Majesty May 1945 (London: HMSO, 1945) [Cmd 6628].Google Scholar

²⁰ Ministry of Town and Country Planning, Report of the National Parks Committee (England and Wales) [Hobhouse Report] (London: HMSO, 1947) [Cmd 7121]. Cf. Ministry of Town and Country Planning, Conservation of Nature in England and Wales. Report of the Wild Life Conservation Special Committee [Huxley Committee] (London: HMSO, 1947) [Cmd 7122]; Blunden, and Curry, , People's Charter, 41Google Scholar; Sheail, , Nature in Trust, 95–121, 135–55Google Scholar; Cherry, , Planning, 37–65Google Scholar; Evans, , Nature Conservation, 70–9Google Scholar; MacEwen, A. and, MacEwen, E., National Parks: Conservation or Cosmetics? (thereafter MacEwen and MacEwen, National Parks) (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1982), 16–19.Google Scholar The second sub-committee was led by Hobhouse himself. Cf. Ministry of Town and Country Planning, Footpaths and Access to the Countryside. Report of the Special Committee (England and Wales). Presented by the Minister of Town and Country Planning to Parliament by Command of His Majesty September 1947 (London: HMSO, 1947) [Cmd 7207].

²¹ Green, B., Countryside Conservation. The Protection and Management of Amenity Ecosystems (thereafter Green, Conservation), 2nd edn(London: E & FN Spon, 1985), 45–50Google Scholar; Blunden, and Curry, , People's Charter, 192Google Scholar; Cherry, , Planning, 81–107Google Scholar; Blackmore, M., ‘The Nature Conservancy: Its History and Role’(thereafter Blackmore, ‘Nature Conservancy’), in Warren, A. and Goldsmith, F. B., eds, Conservation in Practice (London: John Wiley & Sons, 1974), 423–36.Google Scholar

²² cf. Ratcliffe, D. A., ed., A Nature Conservation Review:The Selection of Biological Sites of National Importance to Nature Conservation in Britain, 2 vols(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).Google Scholar There is a map of the nature reserves in the early 1970s in Sheail, , Nature in Trust, 218, 229Google Scholar, and Blackmore, , ‘Nature Conservancy’, 430Google Scholar; for 1985 in Adams, W. M., Nature's Place: Conservation Sites and Countryside Change (thereafter Adams, Nature's Place) (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1986), 80.Google Scholar On the further development of the Nature Conservancy cf. The Nature Conservancy: The First Ten Years (London: 1959); Sheail, , Nature in Trust, 200–25Google Scholar; Bramwell, , Ecology, 214Google Scholar; Evans, , Nature Conservation, 79–92, 144–8Google Scholar; Adams, Nature's Place, 53; Cullingworth, and Nadin, , Planning, 181–7Google Scholar; Green, , Conservation, 48–51, 196–212Google Scholar; Gilg, A. W., Countryside Planning. The First Three Decades 1945–1976 (thereafter Gilg, Planning) (London:Methuen & Co, 1978), 193Google Scholar; Curtis, L. F. and, Walker, A. J., ‘Conservation and Protection’, in Johnston, R. J. and Doornkamp, J. C., eds, The Changing Geography of the United Kingdom (thereafter Johnston and Doornkamp, Changing Geography) (London/New York: Methuen, 1982), 388Google Scholar; Nature Conservancy Act 1973, in Current Law Statutes Annotated 1973, ed. C. Walsh (London: Sweet & Maxwell/Stevens & Sons, 1973), no. 54.Google Scholar

²³ Text of the law in The Public General Acts and the Church Assembly Measures of 1949. Thirteenth and Fourteenth Years of the Reign of His Majesty King George the Sixth … Vol. II (London: HMSO, 1950), Ch. 97. Cf. Chitty's Statutes of Practical Utility with Notes and Indexes, Vol. 41, ed. H. A. Palmer (London: Sweet & Maxwell, Stevens & Sons, 1948), 417–576; Cherry, , Planning, 10–11Google Scholar; Newby, H, Social Change in Rural England (thereafter Newby, Social Change) (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979), 228Google Scholar; Sheail, , Nature in Trust, 200n–4.Google Scholar

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²⁵ This involved Dartmoor, the Pembrokeshire Coast, the North York Moors, Northumberland, Exmoor, the Brecon Beacons, Snowdonia, the Peak District, the Lakes and the Yorkshire Dales. Cf., with brief descriptions, Bell, M., ed., Britain's National Parks (thereafter Bell, National Parks) (Newton Abbott: David & Charles, 1975).Google Scholar There is also a map in MacEwen, and MacEwen, , National Parks, 14, 78Google Scholar; Blunden, and Curry, , People's Charter, 102, 257Google Scholar; Evans, , Nature Conservation, 83–4Google Scholar; Marriott, M., The Footpaths of Britain. A Guide to Walking in England, Scotland and Wales (thereafter Marriott, Footpaths), 2nd edn(London: Queen Ann Press, 1983), 9.Google Scholar

²⁶ Dower Report, 6. For an internationally valid definition of National Parks cf. van Osten, R., ed., World National Parks. Progress and Opportunities (Brussels: Hayez, 1972), 5–6Google Scholar; Henke, H., Unter-suchung der vorhandenen und potentiellen Nationalparke in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Hinblick auf das internationale Nationalparkkonzept (Bonn–Bad Godesberg: Bundesforschungsanstalt für Naturschutz und Landschaftsökologie, 1976), 14–15.Google Scholar

²⁷ cf. Evans, , Nature Conservation, 84–5Google Scholar; Green, , Conservation, 223–7Google Scholar; Department of the Environment, Conservation and Development: The British Approach (London: HMSO, 1986), 33; Blacksell, M., ‘Leisure, Recreation and Environment’ (thereafter Blackwell, ‘Leisure’), in Johnston and Doorkamp, Changing Geography, 322.Google Scholar In the 1980s 5 per cent of England was protected in SSSIs and 19 per cent in national parks and AONBs. Lowe, P. et al. , Countryside Conflicts. The Politics of Farming, Forestry and Conservation (thereafter Lowe et al., Countryside Conflicts) (Aldershot: Gower, 1986), 28.Google Scholar A map of AONBs for 1989 is in Blunden, and Curry, , People's Charter, 162.Google Scholar

²⁸ Evans, , Nature Conservation 81Google Scholar; MacEwen, and MacEwen, , National Parks, 197–211.Google Scholar As an example cf. Berry, G. and Beard, G. W., The Lake District. A Century of Conservation (Edinburgh: John Bartholomew & Son, 1980).Google Scholar

²⁹ Cf. Lowe et al., Countryside Conflicts; Blackwell, M.and, Gilg, A. W., The Countryside: Planning and Change (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981), 24–51Google Scholar; Sheail, J., Pesticides and Nature Conservation: The British Experience 1950–1975 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985)Google Scholar; Cherry, Planning, 115–18; Green, , Countryside Conservation, 52–4, 78–9Google Scholar; Newby, , Social Change, 204Google Scholar; Stamp, , Nature Conservation, 90.Google Scholar

³⁰ Department of the Environment, Report of the National Park Policies Review Committee [Sandford Committee] (London: HMSO, 1974), 8–9.

³¹ Countryside Review Committee, The Countryside – Problems and Policies. A Discussion Paper (London: HMSO, 1976); Association of District Councils, Rural Recovery: Strategy for Survival. The Association's Memorandum of Observations to the Countryside Review Committee, 18th October 1978 (London: n.d.); Standing Conference of Rural Community Councils, Whose Countryside? – A Response to the Countryside Commission's discussion paper ‘Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty’ (London: Standing Conference of Rural Community Councils, 1979).

³² Cf. in Bell, general, National Parks, 12–13Google Scholar; MacEwen, and MacEwen, , National Parks, 24–9, 115–93Google Scholar; Bunden, and Curry, , People's Charter, 107.Google Scholar

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³⁴ Cf. M. Marriott, Footpaths.

³⁵ Cf. the classic work by Ernst, Rudorff, Heimatschutz (Berlin-Lichterfelde: Hugo Bermuehler Verlag: n.d. [1904]).Google Scholar On the German Heimat movement cf. K. Ditt, ‘Die deutsche Heimatbewegung 1871–1945’ (thereafter Ditt, ‘Heimatbewegung’), in Cremer, W. and, Klein, A., eds, Heimat. I: Analysen, Themen, Perspektiven (Bielefeld: Westfalen-Verlag, 1990), 135n–54Google Scholar; Klueting, E., ed., Antimodemismus und Reform. Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Heimatbewegung (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1991)Google Scholar; Dominick, R. H. III, The Environmental Movement in Germany. Prophets & Pioneers 1871–1971 (thereafter Dominick, Environmental Movement) (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), 3–78.Google Scholar For the bourgeois image of nature cf. O. Löfgren, ‘Natur, Tiere und Moral. Zur Entwicklung der bürgerlichen Naturauffassung’, in Jeggle, U. et al. , eds, Volkskultur in der Moderne. Probleme und Perspektiven empirischer Kulturforschung (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1986), 122–44.Google Scholar

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³⁹ Conwentz, H., Die Gefährdung der Naturdenkmäler und Vorschläge zu ihrer Erhaltung (Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger, 1904), 186–7.Google Scholar Cf. also idem., The Care of National Monuments with Special Reference to Britain and Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1909).

⁴⁰ Zuhorn, K., ‘Von den rechtlichen Grundlagen der Denkmalpflege und des Heimatschutzes’, in Schoneweg, E., ed., Minden-Rauensberg. Ein Heimatbuch, 2nd edn(Bielefeld/Leipzig: Velhagen & Klasing, 1929), 446.Google Scholar

⁴¹ cf. Rudorff, , Heimatschutz, 84–5Google Scholar; Mrass, W., Die Organisation des staatlichen Naturschutzes und der Landschaftspflege im Deutschen Reich und in der Bundesrepublik seit 1935, gemessen an der Aufgabenstellung in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft (thereafter Mrass, Organisation) (Stuttgart: Eugen Ulmer, 1970), 5–6Google Scholar; Knaut, , Zurück zur Natur!, 241–69, 349–431Google Scholar; Schultze-Naumburg, P., Kulturarbeiten, VIII: Die Gestaltung der Landschaft durch den Menschen, pt 2 (Munich: Callwey, 1916).Google Scholar

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⁴³ Especially enthusiastic Schoenichen, W., ‘Der Naturschutz – ein Menetekel für die Zivilisation!’, Naturschutz, Vol. 25, no. 1(1934), 1–3.Google Scholar Cf. also Dominick, R. H. III, ‘The Nazis and the Nature Conservationists’, The Historian, Vol. 44, no. 1(1986), 503–38.Google Scholar On Schoenichen and Schwenkel cf. Gröning, G. and Wolschke-Bulmahn, J., Die Liebe zur Landschaft, I: Natur in Bewegung. Zur Bedeutung naturund freiraumorientierter Bewegungen der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts für die Entwickhmg der Freiraumplanung (thereafter Gröning and Wolschke-Bulmahn, Liebe I) (Munich: Minerva-Publikation, 1986), 139–51, 181–5.Google Scholar For the attitude of the Heimat movement to the seizure of power cf. Ditt, ‘Heimatbewegung’, 147–50.

⁴⁴ Cf. for details Runge, B. F., Die Naturschutzgebiete Westfalens (Münster: Aschendorff, 1958), 12–14.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ For the prehistory of the Nature Protection Law cf. Geheimes Staatsarchiv Berlin-Dahlem, Rep 90, no. 1798; Gröning, and Wolschke-Bulmahn, , Liebe I, 188–93Google Scholar; Sick, L., Das Recht des Naturschutzes. Eine verwaltungsrechtliche Abhandlung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des preußischen Rechts mil Erörterung des Problems eines Reichsnaturschutzgesetzes, Diss. (Bonn, 1935)Google Scholar; Mrass, , Organisation, 11–13.Google Scholar Quotations from Das Reichsnaturschutzgesetz vom 26. Juni 1935 (Reichsgesetzblalt I, 1191), ed. and introd. Hans Klose and Adolf Vollbach (Neudamm: Neumann, 1936). For its reception see Der Schutz der Landschaft nach dem Reichsnaturschutzgesetz. Vorträge aufder Ersten Reichstagung für Naturschutz in Berlin am 14. November 1936 von Dr. Hans Klose, Professor Dr. Hans Schwenkel, Professor Dr. Werner Weder, ed. Reichstelle für Naturschutz (thereafter Schutz der Landschaft) (Berlin: Verlag von J. Neumann-Neudamm, 1937). Cf. also Wey, K.-G., Umweltpolitik in Deutschland. Kurze Geschichte des Umweltschutzes in Deutschland seit 1900 (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1982), 147–51Google Scholar; Wettengel, , ‘Staat und Naturschutz’, 382–7.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ cf. Kirchgässner, B. and Schultis, J. B., eds, Wald, Garten und Park. Vom Funktionswandel der Natur für die Stadt (Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1993)Google Scholar; Akademie fur Raumforschung und Landesplanung, ed., Städtisches Grünfür Geschichte und Gegenwart (Hanover: Jaenecke, 1975); Barthelmeß, A., Landschaft. Lebensraum des Menschen. Probleme von Landschaftsschutz und Landschaftspflege geschichtlich dargestellt und dokumentiert (thereafter Barthelmeß, Landschaft) (Freiburg/Munich: Verlag Karl Albert, 1987).Google Scholar

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⁴⁸ For this line of argument in general cf. Seifert, A., Im Zeitalter des Lebendigen. Natur, Heimat, Technik (thereafter Seifert, Zeitalter des Lebendigen) (Dresden/Planegg: Müllersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1941)Google Scholar; Schwenkel, ‘Naturschutz’, 36.

⁴⁹ For the background to planning in the East and for Mäding cf. Gröning, G. and Wolschke-Bulmahn, J., Die Liebe zur Landschaft, III: Der Drang nach Osten. Zur Entwicklung der Landespflege im Nationalsozialismus und während des Zweiten Weltkrieges in den ‘eingegliederten Ostgebieten’ (Munich: Minerva-Publikation, 1987)Google Scholar; Fehn, K., ‘Die Auswirkungen der Veränderungen der Ostgrenze des deutschen Reiches auf das Raumordnungskonzept des NS-Regimes (1938–1942)’, Siedlungsforschung. Archäologie – Geschichte – Geographie, Vol. 9(1991), 199–227Google Scholar; Mrass, , Organisation, 18–19Google Scholar; Wettengel, , ‘Staat und Naturschutz’, 393–6.Google Scholar

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⁵¹ Cf. the examples in Ditt, K., Raum und Volkstum. Die Kulturpolitik des Provinzialverbandes Westfalens 1923–1945 (Münster: Aschendorff, 1988), 342–8.Google Scholar

⁵² For nature conservation in the GDR cf. Bauer, L. and Weinitschke, H., Landschaftspflege und Naturschutz. Eine Einführung in ihre Grundlagen und Aufgaben (Jena: Fischer, 1964)Google Scholar; Erz, W., ‘Einige Betrachtungen zum Naturschutz in der DDR und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland’, Natur und Landschaft, Vol. 64(1989), 277–80Google Scholar; Rösier, M., Schwabe, E. and Lambrecht, M., eds, Naturschutz in der DDR (Bonn: Economica-Verlag, 1990).Google Scholar

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⁵⁴ Cf. in Dominick, , Environmental Movement, 119–44Google Scholar; Naturschutz im Wandel der Zeit. Bericht über den Deutschen Naturschutztag, Kassel 1957 (Bad Godesberg: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Beauftragter für Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege, 1958)Google Scholar; Pflug, W., ‘200 Jahre Landespflege in Deutschland. Eine Übersicht’, Boettger, A. C. and Pflug, W., eds, Stadt und Landschaft. Raum und Zeit. Festschrift für Erich Kühn zur Vollendung seines 65. Lebensjahres (Cologne: Verband für Wohnungswesen, Städtebau und Raumplanung, 1969), 237–89Google Scholar; Mrass, , Organisation, 35–45.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ cf. Buchwald, K., ‘Auswirkungen des Umweltwandels auf den Menschen der industriellen Gesellschaft – Folgerungen fur die Naturschutz- und Landschaftspflegearbeit’, in Buchwald and Engelhardt, Handbuch, 87–96.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Toepfer, A.,‘Naturschutzparke– eine Forderung unserer Zeit’, Naturschutzparke. Mitteilungen des Vereins Naturschutzpark e. V., no. 7 (1956), 172–4, and the essays in Westfalen-Lippe, Landschaftsverband, ed.,Naturparke in Westfalen. Vorträge der Arbeitstagung des Amtes für Landespflege am 17. Oktober 1961 in Münster (Münster: Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe,1961).Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Cf. Buchwald, K., ‘Naturparke’, Handwörterbuch der Raumforschung and Raumordnung (Hanover: Gebrüder Jänecke Verlag, 1966), 1167–77Google Scholar, with a map of the nature parks in 1965; Hanstein, U., Entwicklung, Stand und Möglichkeiten des Naturparkprogramms in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland – ein Beitrag zur Raumordnungspolitik (Stuttgart: Eugen Ulmer, 1972).Google Scholar As examples cf. Reiche, A. and Gorki, F., ‘Natur- und Landschaftsparke im Nordseesektor’, in Kleinn, H. et al. , eds, Westfalen – Nordwest-deutschland – Nordseesektor. Wilhelm Müller-Willer zum 75. Geburtstag von seinen Schülern (Münster: Selbstverlag der Geographischen Kommission für Westfalen, 1981), 255–80Google Scholar; Schütler, A., Der Naturpark Arnsberger Wald (Münster: Aschendorff, 1982)Google Scholar; Barthelmeß, , Landschaft, 195–201Google Scholar; Dominick, , Environmental Movement, 130–4.Google Scholar See also the essays in Jahrbuch für Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege, Vol. 37(1985).

⁵⁸ Die Grüne Charta von der Mainau mit Kommentar (Pfullingen: Neske, 1961); Dominick, , Environmental Movement, 144–6.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Cf. Hartkopf, G. and, Bohne, E., Umweltpolitik. Grundlagen, Analysen und Perspektiven (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1983).Google Scholar

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⁶¹ cf. Lowe, P., ‘The Rural Idyll Defended: From Preservation to Conservation’, in Mingay, G. E., ed., The Rural Idyll (London: Routledge, 1989), 116–17.Google Scholar

⁶² For Germany see Seifert, Zeitalter des Lebendigen, and Schwenkel, Naturschutz; for the USA, Leopold, A., A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There (New York: Oxford University Press, 1949)Google Scholar; Flader, S. L., Thinking like a Mountain: Aldo Leopold and the Evolution of an Ecological Attitude toward Deer, Wolves, and Forests (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1974)Google Scholar; Meine, C., Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988).Google Scholar

⁶³ Cf. the sources in Smith, F. E., ed., Conservation in the United States. A Documentary History, vol. 5: Dworsky, L. B., Pollution (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1971)Google Scholar; Carson, R., Silent Spring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962)Google Scholar; Melosi, M. V., Coping with Abundance: Energy and Environment in Industrial America (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1985), 269.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ A general account of the origins of the environmental movement in the USA is Sale, K., The Green Revolution. The American Environmental Movement, 1962–1992 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993).Google Scholar

⁶⁵ On the periodisation of environmental awareness and the environmental movement Jamison, A., Eyerman, R. and Cramer, J., The Making of the New Environmental Consciousness. A Comparative Study of the Environmental Movement in Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990)Google Scholar and Sale, , Green Revolution, 8–9.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ cf. Meadows, D. et al. , The Limits to Growth (New York: Universe Books, 1972)Google Scholar; Commoner, B., The Closing Circle, Nature, Man, and Technology (New York: Knopf, 1971)Google Scholar; Ehrlich, P., The Population Bomb (New York: Ballantine, 1968)Google Scholar; Fleming, D., ‘The Roots of the New Conservation Movement’, in idem and Bailyn, B., eds, Perspectives in American History, vol. 6(1972), 7–91.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Cf., for example, Schumacher, B. E. F., Small is Beautiful. Economics as if People Mattered (London: Harper Perennial, 1973), ND 1989.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Cf. in general Nash, R., Wilderness and the American Mind, 3rd edn(New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 1982), 254–271Google Scholar; idem, The Rights of Nature. A History of Environmental Ethics (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989)Google Scholar; Devall, B. and Sessions, G., Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered (Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith, 1985)Google Scholar; Taylor, P. W., Respect for Nature. A Theory of Environmental Ethics(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986)Google Scholar; Birnbacher, D., Ökologie und Ethik (Stuttgart: Reclam, 1988)Google Scholar; Meyer-AbichK., M., Wege zum Frieden mit der Natur. Praktische Naturphilosophie für die Umweltpolitik (Munich/Vienna: Hanser, 1984).Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Cf. for Lowe, England and Goyder, , Environmental Groups, 9, 74, 138.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Cf., for example, Rudorff, , Heimatschutz, 25, 34, 45,66–7.Google Scholar

⁷¹ On the radical advocates of environmental protection, the eco warriors, Friends of the Earth, Earth First! and Greenpeace, cf. Dunlap, B. R. E. and Mertig, A. G., eds, American Environmentalism. The US Environmental Movement 1980–1990 (New York: Taylor & Francis, 1992).Google Scholar

⁷² Cf. for Germany Jänicke, M., ed., Umweltpolitik, Beiträge zur Politologie des Umweltschutzes (Opladen: Leske & Budrich, 1978)Google Scholar; Wey, K.-G., Umweltpolitik in Deutschland, Kurze Geschichte des Umweltschutzes in Deutschland seit 1900 (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1982)Google Scholar, Hartkopf, G. and Bohne, E., Umweltpolitik. Grundlagen, Analysen und Perspektiven, vol. 1(Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1983)Google Scholar; Umweltpolitik. Bilanz des Bundesministers für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (Bonn: Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Naturschutz (BUND), Umwelt Bilanz: Die ökologische Lage des Bundesrepublik (Hamburg: Rasch & Röhring, 1988); Glaeser, B., Umweltpolitik zwischen Reparatur und Vorbeugung. Eine Einführung am Beispiel der Bundesrepublik im internationalen Kontext (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1989).CrossRefGoogle Scholar On attempts to have environmental protection incorporated into the Basic Law cf. Schomerus, Defizite, 99, 273. Cf. for England Goldsmith, E. and Hildyard, N., eds, Green Britain or Industrial Wasteland? (Oxford: Polity Press, 1986)Google Scholar; Clapp, B. W., An Environmental History of Britain since the Industrial Revolution (London/New York: Longman, 1994).Google Scholar For a comparative study, Bungarten, H. H., Umweltpolitik in Westeuropa. EG, internationale Organisationen und nationale Umweltpolitiken (Bonn: Europa Union Verlag, 1978).Google Scholar

⁷³ Cf. for the membership growth of the National Trust, Britain's largest nature conservation organisation, Jenkins, and James, , Acorn to Oak Tree, 337Google Scholar; Evans, , Nature Conservation, 45Google Scholar; Gilg, , Countryside Planning, 191.Google Scholar For the general growth in membership of British nature conservation organisations Green, Conservation, 12; Adams, , Nature's Place, 76–7Google Scholar; Lowe, et al. , Countryside Conflicts, 113Google Scholar; Report of the National Park Policies Review Committee, 51.