¹ ‘Europe Day’ was even listed among the ‘symbols’ of the EU by Article I-8 of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe. These symbols are now relegated to a separate Declaration annexed to the final Act of the Intergovernmental Conference which adopted the Treaty of Lisbon. The declaration has only been signed by sixteen out of twenty-eight member states.

² ‘Texte de la déclaration du 9 mai 1950’, AMG 1/3/2, Fondation Jean Monnet pour l'Europe. For the English translation see, for instance www.cvce.eu/en/obj/the_schuman_declaration_paris_9_may_1950-en-9cc6ac38-32f5-4c0a-a337-9a8ae4d5740f.html (last visited 29 May 2016).

³ Cohen, Antonin, ‘Le “père de l'Europe”. La construction sociale d'un récit des origines’, Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, 166–7, 1 (2007), 14–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴ It is not the aim of this article to discuss the existing literature in depth, for which the reader is invited to refer to the introduction of the special issue. Many aspects of the Schuman Plan that are not touched on here can nevertheless be found in: Wilkens, Andreas, ed., Le Plan Schuman dans l'histoire. Intérêts nationaux et projet européen (Brussels: Bruylant, 2004).Google Scholar

⁵ Most notably in Lipgens, Walter and Loth, Wilfried, eds., Documents on the History of European Integration, 1–4 vols. (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1985–91).Google Scholar

⁶ See, in particular, Gosewinkel, Dieter, ed., Anti-liberal Europe: A Neglected Story of Europeanization (New York: Berghahn, 2014)Google Scholar; Joerges, Christian and Galeigh, Navraj Singh, eds., Darker Legacies of Law in Europe: The Shadow of National Socialism and Fascism over Europe and its Legal Traditions (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2003)Google Scholar; and the article of Leonard Laborie in this issue.

⁷ A recent overview of this context can be found in: Nord, Philip, France's New Deal: From the Thirties to the Postwar Era (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010)Google Scholar; and see Patel, Kiran Klaus, The New Deal: A Global History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸ Many complementary aspects of this transnational dimension are explored in Kaiser, Wolfram, Leucht, Brigitte and Gehler, Michael, eds., Transnational Networks in Regional Integration: Governing Europe 1945–83 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, in particular: Brigitte Leucht, ‘Expertise and the Creation of a Constitutional Order for Core Europe: Transatlantic Policy Networks in the Schuman Plan Negotiations’, 18–37.

⁹ The research originally unfolded for a PhD (1999), and thereafter in various publications, in particular: De Vichy à la Communauté européenne (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2012) and ‘Le Plan Schuman de Paul Reuter. Entre communauté nationale et fédération européenne’, Revue française de science politique, 48, 5 (1998), 645–63.

¹⁰ Monnet, Jean, Mémoires (Paris: Fayard, 1976), 379Google Scholar.

¹¹ Hirsch, Étienne, Ainsi va la vie (Lausanne: Centre de recherches européennes, 1988), 109Google Scholar; Uri, Pierre, Penser pour l'action. Un fondateur de l'Europe (Paris: Odile Jacob, 1991), 84Google Scholar.

¹² Monnet, Mémoires, 352.

¹³ Uri, Penser, 79; Hirsch, Ainsi, 103.

¹⁴ Roussel, Eric, Jean Monnet 1888-1979 (Paris: Fayard, 1996)Google Scholar; and see Mioche, Philippe, ‘Jean Monnet, homme d'affaires à la lumière de nouvelles archives’, Parlement[s], 3 (2007), 55–72Google Scholar.

¹⁵ Comte, Bernard, Une utopie combattante. L’École des cadres d'Uriage, 1940–1942 (Paris: Fayard, 1991)Google Scholar.

¹⁶ Unless otherwise stated, all translations from the French in what follows are my own.

¹⁷ Comte, Uriage, 574-5.

¹⁸ ‘Billet de cycle’ (‘Cahiers de cycles 9 à 19’), 102 J 101, Archives des Écoles des cadres d'Uriage, Archives départementales de l'Isère, Grenoble.

¹⁹ ‘Cultures propres et civilisation communautaire’ (‘Cahiers de cycles 9 à 19’), 102 J 101, Archives départementales de l'Isère.

²⁰ Paul Reuter, Les trusts (Uriage: École nationale des cadres d'Uriage, coll. ‘Le Chef et ses jeunes’, 14, no date [1942]), 76.

²¹ Méray, Jean, ‘Les formes du marché et l’équilibre’, in Noyelle, Henri et al., eds, L’économie sans abondance (Paris: Cerf, 1943), 102–28Google Scholar.

²² See in particular: Perroux, François, Capitalisme et communauté de travail (Paris: Sirey, 1938)Google Scholar.

²³ Mihaïl Manoïlesco cited in Schmitter, Philip C., ‘Still the Century of Corporatism?’, The Review of Politics, 36, 1 (1974), 85–131CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For a general comparative genealogy of corporatism, see Wiarda, Howard J., Corporatism and Comparative Politics: The Other Great ‘Ism’ (Armonk: Sharpe, 1997)Google Scholar; see also Carpenter, L. P., ‘Corporatism in Britain, 1930–45’, Journal of Contemporary History, 11, 1 (1976), 3–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Panitch, Leo, ‘The Development of Corporatism in Liberal Democracies’, Comparative Political Studies, 10, 1 (1977), 61–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁴ See Le Crom, Jean-Pierre, Syndicats, nous voilà! Vichy et le corporatisme (Paris: Les Éditions de l'Atelier, 1995).Google Scholar

²⁵ Rosanvallon, Pierre, Le peuple introuvable. Histoire de la représentation démocratique en France (Paris: Gallimard, 1998)Google Scholar; Kaplan, Steven L. and Minard, Philippe, eds., La France, malade du corporatisme ? XVIII^e–XX^e siècles (Paris: Belin, 2004).Google Scholar

²⁶ The following paragraph owes very much to Chatriot, Alain, La démocratie sociale à la française. L'expérience du Conseil national économique 1924–1940 (Paris: La Découverte, 2002)Google Scholar.

²⁷ See, in particular, Berg-Schlosser, Dirk and Mitchell, Jeremy, eds., Authoritarianism and Democracy in Europe, 1919–1939: Comparative Analysis (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002CrossRefGoogle Scholar); Linz, Juan, Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000).Google Scholar

²⁸ Goyet, Bruno, Henri d'Orléans, comte de Paris (1908–1999). Le prince impossible (Paris: Odile Jacob, 2001).Google Scholar

²⁹ Burrin, Philippe, La dérive fasciste. Doriot, Déat, Bergery (1933–1945) (Paris: Le Seuil, 1986)Google Scholar.

³⁰ For more details on corporatist arrangements, all advocating for ‘an institutional relationship between the systems of authoritative decision making and interest representation’, but in a wide array of practical solutions, see, in particular, Schmitter, ‘Still the Century’, 88. Although Schmitter admits that a ‘definition’ of corporatism is nowhere to be found in the empirical world, he usefully gives one: ‘corporatism can be defined as a system of interest representation in which the constituent units are organized into a limited number of singular, compulsory, noncompetitive, hierarchically ordered and functionally differentiated categories, recognized or licensed (if not created) by the state and granted a deliberate representation monopoly within their respective categories in exchange for observing certain controls on their selection of leaders and articulation of demands and supports’. Like most other ‘great “Ism”’, however, corporatism was more ‘like a label placed on a whole batch of bottles which are then distributed among diverse producers each of whom fills them with the drink of his choice’ (Auguste Murat cited in ‘Still the Century’, 88, and definition, 93–4).

³¹ See, in particular, Loubet Del Bayle, Jean-Louis, Les non-conformistes des années 30. Une tentative de renouvellement de la pensée politique française (Paris: Le Seuil, 1969)Google Scholar; Sternhell, Zeev, Neither Right nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996)Google Scholar; Dard, Olivier, Le rendez-vous manqué des relèves des années 30 (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2002)Google Scholar.

³² Hellman, John, Emmanuel Mounier and the New Catholic Left, 1930–1950 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981)Google Scholar; The Communitarian Third Way: Alexandre Marc and Ordre Nouveau, 1930–2000 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002).

³³ See, in particular, Gay, Peter, Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider (London: Secer & Warburg, 1969)Google Scholar.

³⁴ Duchenne, Geneviève, Esquisses d'une Europe nouvelle. L'européisme dans la Belgique de l'entre-deux-guerres (1919–1939) (Bern: Peter Lang, 2008)Google Scholar.

³⁵ Perroux, François, Des mythes hitlériens à l'Europe allemande (Paris: Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1940), 51Google Scholar.

³⁶ Winock, Michel, ‘Esprit’. Des intellectuels dans la cité (1930–1950) (Paris: Le Seuil, 1975)Google Scholar.

³⁷ Perroux, François, Communauté (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1942).Google Scholar

³⁸ Perroux, Francois and Prieur, Remy, ‘Communauté et société’, La Communauté française: Cahiers d'études communautaires, I (Presses universitaires de France: 1941), 1.Google Scholar

³⁹ Vers la Révolution communautaire (Paris: Sequana, 1943), 130–1.

⁴⁰ Belot, Robert, Henri Frenay. De la Résistance à l'Europe (Paris: Le Seuil, 2003)Google Scholar.

⁴¹ Kaplan, Steven L., ‘Un laboratoire de la doctrine corporatiste sous le régime de Vichy: l'Institut d’études corporatives et sociales’, Le Mouvement social, 195, 2 (2001), 35–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴² The French Social Party (Parti Social Français), created in 1936, was one of the two French home-grown fascist parties.

⁴³ ‘L'Union européenne et l'action fédéraliste’, May 1949, F⁷15591, Renseignements généraux: Documentation (1940–1973), Police générale, Archives Nationales, Paris.

⁴⁴ See Guieu, Jean-Michel, Le Dréau, Christophe, eds., Le ‘Congrès de l'Europe’ à La Haye (1948–2008) (Brussels: P.I.E. Peter Lang, 2009).Google Scholar

⁴⁵ de l'Europe, Conseil, Congrès de l'Europe. La Haye, 7–11 mai 1948 (Strasbourg: Éditions du Conseil de l'Europe, 1999), 49Google Scholar.

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⁴⁷ Idem, 98–9.

⁴⁸ ‘Déclaration des droits de l'homme et des communautés soumise au Congrès européen’, May 1948, AM-230, Fonds Alexandre Marc, Historical Archives of the European Union (HAEU), Florence.

⁴⁹ Scelle, Georges, ‘Corporatisme, ordre juridique, fédéralisme’, Cahiers de travaux, 1 (1943), 7, 6Google Scholar.

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⁵³ Jílek, Lubor, ‘Projets d'Assemblée européenne en 1946–1948: rôle des associations militantes’, in Bitsch, Marie-Thérère, ed., Jalons pour une histoire du Conseil de l'Europe (Bern: Peter Lang, 1997), 17–37.Google Scholar

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⁵⁵ Idem, 151, 157.

⁵⁶ See, in particular, Kuisel, Richard F., ‘Vichy et les origines de la planification économique (1940–1946)’, Le Mouvement social, 98 (1977), 77–101CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and more generally his Capitalism and the State in Modern France: Renovation and Economic Management in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).

⁵⁷ A key point made by Paxton, Robert O., Vichy France: Old Guard, New Order 1940–1944 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972).Google Scholar

⁵⁸ The French Popular Party (Parti Populaire Français), also created in 1936, was the other French home-grown fascist party.

⁵⁹ ‘Réflexions sur le régime politique de la France’, 23 Dec. 1940 (‘Travaux des commissions pour l’Étude des problèmes d'après-guerre, d'ordre juridique et intellectuel: section de la réforme de l’État’), EH-3, Fonds Étienne Hirsch, HAEU.

⁶⁰ ‘Note annexe d'H. Bernard’, 31 Aug. 1942, EH-2, HAEU.

⁶¹ Anne Boerger-de Smedt, ‘Aux origines de l'Union européenne: la genèse des institutions communautaires (C.E.C.A., C.E.D., C.E.E. et EURATOM). Un équilibre fragile entre l'idéal européen et les intérêts nationaux, vol. 1: La C.E.C.A., première expérience supranationale’, Ph.D. thesis, Liège University, 1996 ; and see ‘Negotiating the Foundations of European Law, 1940–57: The Legal History of the Treaties of Paris and Rome’, Contemporary European History, 21, 3 (2012), 339–56.

⁶² ‘French proposals for pooling Western European heavy industry: A Review of the Preliminary Discussions’, Sir Olivier Harvey to Mr. Younger, no. 343 Confidential, 6 June 1950, available at www.cvce.eu/en/obj/note_from_oliver_harvey_on_the_united_kingdom_s_absence_from_the_negotiations_on_the_schuman_plan_london_6_june_1950-en-69254314-4b85-43ef-85fb-fb5de0353e49.html (last visited 29 May 2016).

⁶³ ‘Compte rendu de l'exposé de Jean Monnet à l'ouverture de la conférence sur le Plan Schuman’, Agence France-Presse, 21 June 1950, available at www.cvce.eu/en/obj/summary_record_of_the_address_given_by_jean_monnet_at_the_opening_of_the_conference_on_the_schuman_plan_paris_21_june_1950-en-d07ed6bc-e22e-4ea1-8e19-613f102f1ec5.html (last visited 29 May 2016).

⁶⁴ Prime Minister Clement Attlee responding to Winston Churchill in Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, 476 House of Commons Debates, cols. 2161–81, 2169, 27 June 1950, available at http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1950/jun/27/schuman-plan-1 (last visited 29 May 2016).

⁶⁵ Rittberger, Berthold, ‘Which Institutions for Post-War Europe? Explaining the Institutional Design of Europe's First Community’, Journal of European Public Policy, 8, 5 (2001), 673–708CrossRefGoogle Scholar, here 674; ‘The Historical Origins of the EU's System of Representation’, Journal of European Public Policy, 16, 1 (2009), 43–61.

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⁶⁸ Also see Jean-Marie Palayret, ‘De l'espoir à la désillusion: le mouvement européen et le Conseil de l'Europe (1949–1952)’, in Bitsch, Jalons, 99–132.

⁶⁹ ‘Discours de M. Dehousse’ (‘Séance plénière du 21 novembre 1950’), Josephy Papers, 8, 9, British Library of Political and Economic Science, London.

⁷⁰ Laurens, Sylvain and Michel, Hélène, ‘Socio-histoire d'un espace de représentation des intérêts patronaux (1960–2004)’, in Michel, Hélène, ed., Représenter le patronat européen: Formes d'organisation patronale et modes d'action européenne (Brussels: P.I.E. Peter Lang, 2013), 23–44Google Scholar ; ‘Les organisations patronales au niveau européen: développement et institutionnalisation d'une forme de représentation des intérêts patronaux (années 1950–1980)’, in Fraboulet, Danièle and Vernus, Pierre, eds., Genèse des organisations patronales en Europe XIX^e-XX^e siècles (Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2012), 317–30.Google Scholar

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