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The Soviet Bloc's Answer to European Integration: Catholic Anti-Germanism and the Polish Project of a ‘Catholic-Socialist’ International

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 January 2015

PIOTR H. KOSICKI
PIOTR H. KOSICKI*
Affiliation:
University of Maryland, 2115 Francis Scott Key Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA; [email protected]
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Abstract

This article explores an attempt by one Polish organisation – known until 1952 by the name of its weekly journal Dziś i Jutro, thereafter as PAX – to assemble a ‘Catholic-socialist’ international in the decade following the Second World War. This transnational project was predicated on co-operation across the Iron Curtain by Catholic thinkers and activists opposed to the rearmament and incorporation of (West) Germany into an integrated European community. The project's author Wojciech Kętrzyński deployed a discourse of protecting the ‘human person’ based on the prioritisation of global peace. Polish encounters with francophone Catholic activists from across Western Europe – especially with the French journal Esprit – bred serious intellectual engagement across the Iron Curtain at the level of Catholic philosophy and theology. Paradoxically, however, these activists accepted that the dignity of the human person would be best served by transnational anti-Germanism, at the price of complicity with – or outright participation in – Stalinism. The self-styled Catholic-socialist project thus failed, yet, surprisingly, it failed neither immediately nor completely. It thus reveals that possibilities existed throughout the cold war – even at the height of Soviet-bloc Stalinism – for intellectual, cultural and political exchanges and partnerships across the Iron Curtain.

La réponse du bloc soviétique à l’intégration européenne: l’antigermanisme catholique et le projet polonais d’une internationale ‘catholique-socialiste’

Cet article explore la tentative par une organisation polonaise – connue jusqu’en 1952 sous le nom de son hebdomadaire, Dziś i Jutro, puis sous celui de PAX – de mobiliser une Internationale ‘catholique-socialiste’ au cours de la décennie qui a suivi la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. Ce projet transnational était fondé sur la coopération entre penseurs et activistes catholiques des deux côtés du rideau de fer opposés au réarmement et à l’incorporation de l’Allemagne (de l’Ouest) dans une communauté européenne intégrée. L’instigateur de ce projet, Wojciech Kętrzyński, a déployé un discours de protection de la ‘personne humaine’ fondé sur le rôle prioritaire de la paix dans le monde. Les rencontres polonaises avec des activistes catholiques francophones de toute l’Europe de l’Ouest, spécialement avec ceux de la revue française Esprit, ont ainsi donné lieu à d’importants échanges intellectuels entre interlocuteurs de part et d’autre du rideau de fer concernant la philosophie et la théologie catholique. Paradoxalement, ces activistes admettaient cependant qu’un antigermanisme transnational était à préconiser pour la dignité de la personne humaine, même si le prix à payer était la complicité avec le stalinisme, ou même la participation au stalinisme. Le projet soi-disant catholique-socialiste fut donc un échec, mais, chose surprenante, ce ne fut ni un échec immédiat, ni un échec total; il montre que tout au long de la Guerre froide – et même au plus fort du stalinisme du bloc soviétique – subsistaient des possibilités d’échanges intellectuels, culturels et politiques et de partenariats par-delà le rideau de fer.

Die antwort des ostblocks auf die europäische integration: katholischer anti-germanismus und das polnische projekt einer ‘katholisch-sozialistischen’ internationale

Dieser Beitrag erforscht den Versuch einer polnischen Organisation – die bis 1952 unter dem Namen ihrer Wochenzeitschrift Dziś i Jutro und anschließend als PAX bekannt war – im ersten Jahrzehnt nach Kriegsende eine ‘katholisch-sozialistische’ Internationale aufzubauen. Das transnationale Projekt gründete sich auf eine Zusammenarbeit von katholischen Denkern und Aktivisten beiderseits des Eisernen Vorhangs, die die Wiederaufrüstung und Einbindung (West-) Deutschlands in eine integrierte europäische Gemeinschaft ablehnten. Der Begründer des Projekts, Wojciech Kętrzyński, beschwor den Schutz der ‘menschlichen Person’ gestützt auf die Vorrangigkeit des Weltfriedens. Begegnungen zwischen den Polen und frankophonen katholischen Aktivisten aus Westeuropa – insbesondere mit der französischen Zeitschrift Esprit – nährten beiderseits des Eisernen Vorhangs eine ernsthafte intellektuelle Auseinandersetzung auf der Ebene katholischer Philosophie und Theologie. Paradoxerweise gingen diese Aktivisten davon aus, dass der Würde der menschlichen Person am besten durch einen transnationalen Anti-Germanismus gedient sei. Dafür nahmen sie eine Komplizenschaft mit dem stalinistischen Regime oder gar eine direkte Beteiligung in Kauf. Das selbststilisierte katholisch-sozialistische Projekt scheiterte daher, doch überraschenderweise weder vollkommen noch sofort. Jedenfalls zeigt es, dass während des Kalten Krieges – selbst auf dem Höhepunkt des Stalinismus im Ostblock – Gelegenheiten zu intellektuellem, kulturellem und politischem Austausch und zu Partnerschaften über den Eisernen Vorhang hinweg bestanden.

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Articles
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Contemporary European History , Volume 24 , Issue 1 , February 2015 , pp. 1 - 36
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

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46 Emmanuel Mounier, Diary, 29 May 1946, IMEC MNR2.D5-06.01; also Kosicki, Piotr H., ‘L’Avènement des intellectuels catholiques: Le Mensuel Więź et les conséquences polonaises du personnalisme mounierien’, Vingtième Siècle: Revue d’histoire 102 (2009), 31–48, at 35–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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63 Kunicki, Between the Brown and the Red, 86.

64 Konstanty Łubieński, ‘List otwarty do Pana Juliusza Łady (Na marginesie notatki w The Tablet)’, Dziś i Jutro, 5 Dec. 1948.

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66 These are the broadly defined milieux reconstructed in Horn and Gerard, eds, Left Catholicism 1943–1955.

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70 Kętrzyński, ‘Zagadnienie szwedzkie’, Dziś i Jutro, 23 Apr. 1950.

71 See Thorez, Radio Address on Radio Paris, 17 Apr. 1936, quoted in Thorez, Communistes et catholiques: La main tendue. . . (Paris: Éditions du comité populaire de propagande, 1937), 11.

72 Palmiro Togliatti, ‘Comrade Togliatti's Report: Working-Class Unity and the Tasks of the Communist and Workers’ Parties’, 17 Nov. 1949, in Procacci et al., eds, The Cominform, 783–803, at 789.

73 Togliatti, ‘Comrade Togliatti's Report’, 797.

74 Togliatti, ‘Comrade Togliatti's Report’, 797. The key treatises of which one can find traces in Togliatti's arguments about the role of the laity – and the working masses in particular – in governing their own worldly commitments include Maritain, Jacques, Humanisme Intégral: Problèmes temporels et spirituels d’une nouvelle chrétienté (Paris: F. Aubier, 1936)Google Scholar; Chenu, Marie-Dominique, Spiritualité du travail (Liège: La Pensée catholique, 1947Google Scholar).

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80 ‘Notatka w sprawie możliwej roli Katolików polskich na terenie Europy Zachodniej’, 1950, AKSCC V/87. While the document sports neither Kętrzyński's name nor his initials, all available evidence points to his authorship.

81 Horodyński and Łubieński's security files can be found in the Archives of the Institute of National Remembrance (Archiwum Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, AIPN): AIPN BU 00169/91/2 and AIPN BU 0648/118/1. See esp. Łubieński, ‘Ogólne sprawozdanie z pobytu w Paryżu w okresie od 1.XI do 14.XI.52’, AIPN BU 0648/118/1, 147–54.

82 Kunicki, Between the Brown and the Red, 93.

83 On Belgian progressive Catholicism, see Jadoulle, Jean-Louis, Chrétiens modernes? L’Engagement des intellectuels catholiques ‘progressistes’ belges de 1945 à 1958 (Louvain-la-Neuve: Academia Bruylant/Presses Universitaires de Louvain, 2003)Google Scholar; also the Aug.-Sept. 1953 special issue of the journal Routes de la Paix, esp. Constantin [Konstanty] Łubieński, ‘Un catholique polonais nous donne ses impressions’, Routes de la Paix 17–18 (1953), 36–7.

84 Deery, Philip, ‘The Dove Flies East: Whitehall, Warsaw and the 1950 World Peace Congress’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, 48, 4 (2002), 449–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ullrich, ‘Preventing “Peace”’, 7.

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86 ‘Notatka sprawozdawcza ze spotkania katolików, biorących udział w II Kongresie Pokoju’, Nov. 1950, AKSCC V/87.

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89 Domenach to Kętrzyński, 10 Apr. 1950, AKSCC V/88.

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91 Domenach to Kętrzyński, 30 Aug. 1950, AKSCC V/88.

92 Kętrzyński to Domenach, 5 Dec. 1950, AKSCC V/87.

93 Béguin to Łubieński, 17 Aug. 1951, AKSCC V/90.

94 The West German progressive-Christian Frankfurter Hefte journal editor Walter Dirks had nudged Domenach towards his activism. See Dirks to Domenach, 14 Apr. 1950, quoted in Martin Strickmann, ‘Französische Intellektuelle als deutsch-französische Mittlerfiguren 1944–1950’, in Patricia Oster and Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink, eds, Am Wendepunkt: Deutschland und Frankreich um 1945: Zur Dynamik eines ‘transnationalen’ kulturellen Feldes / Dynamiques d’un champ culturel ‘transnational’: L’Allemagne et la France vers 1945 (Bielefeld: transcript, 2008), 17–49, at 42.

95 Domenach and Bruguier to [Kętrzyński], 10 Mar. 1952, AKSCC V/92.

96 On the Pleven Plan, see Sutton, Michael, France and the Construction of Europe, 1944–2007: The Geopolitical Imperative (New York: Berghahn Books, 2007), 64–68Google Scholar.

97 ‘Document de Travail élaboré à l’occasion de la Conférence d’Odense en vue de la recherche d’une solution pacifique du problème allemand’, 15 Jun. 1952, AKSCC V/92. For a published (rev.) version of the document, see ‘Avertissement adopté à la Conférence d’Odense sur la solution du problème allemand’, Routes de la Paix, Jul. (1952), 10–11.

98 On Dąbrowski, see Nitecki, Piotr, Ksiądz Eugeniusz Dąbrowski, apostoł pisma świętego: 1901–1970 (Warsaw: ODiSS, 1982)Google Scholar.

99 Horodyński to Domenach, 20 Jul. 1953, IMEC ESP2.C1-02.06; Horodyński and Dłuski to Domenach, 26 Sept. 1953, IMEC ESP2.C1-02.06.

100 On Kaczmarek's arrest and show trial, see Śledzianowski, Jan, Ksiądz Czesław Kaczmarek – biskup kielecki 1895–1963 (Kielce: Kuria Diecezjalna, 1991), 225–305Google Scholar.

101 ‘Doniosły zwrot’, Dziś i Jutro, 4 Oct. 1953. On Wyszyński's arrest and Dziś i Jutro/PAX's response to the event, see Kunicki, Between the Brown and the Red, 98–102.

102 Dominik Horodyński, ‘Nous faisons confiance à la France’, Aujourd’hui et demain (Dziś i Jutro), 25 Dec. 1953.

103 Domenach to Horodyński and Dłuski, 5 Jan. 1954, IMEC ESP2.C2-03.02; Domenach to Horodyński and Dłuski, 11 Feb. 1954, IMEC ESP2.C2-03.02. The quotation is drawn from the latter.

104 Krasiński to Domenach, 29 May 1954, AKSCC V/95.

105 Jean-Marie Domenach, Speech on the occasion of the conferral of the Włodzimierz Pietrzak Prize, Dziś i Jutro, 1 Aug. 1954.

106 Domenach to Stanisław Michalski, 2 Jul. 1954, IMEC ESP2.C2-03.02.

107 KOMUNIKAT, ‘Wręczenie Nagrody Pietrzaka’, Dziś i Jutro, 13 Jun. 1954; repr. in Zygmunt Lichniak, ed., Księga o nagrodzie imienia Włodzimierza Pietrzaka (1948–1972) (Warsaw: PAX, 1978), 91. See also Wojciech Kętrzyński, ‘Jean-Marie Domenach’, Dziś i Jutro, 18 Jul. 1954; ‘Jean-Marie Domenach laureatem nagrody im. Wł. Pietrzaka’, Dziś i Jutro, 1 Aug. 1954; Domenach, Speech on the occasion of the conferral of the Włodzimierz Pietrzak Prize.

108 Domenach, Speech on the occasion of the conferral of the Włodzimierz Pietrzak Prize.

109 Khrushchev, N. S., Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004–2007), III, 55–64Google Scholar.

110 See Jean Lacroix, ‘Sens nowoczesnego ateizmu’, Dziś i Jutro, 8 May 1955; Henri Bartoli, ‘O cywilizację pracy’, Dziś i Jutro, 28 Aug. 1955.

111 See, e.g. Henri Bartoli's discussion of logistics for his visit: Bartoli to Wanda Urstein, 22 Sept. 1955, AKSCC V/98.

112 [Untitled front-cover note], Dziś i Jutro, 8 May 1955. The Vienna Appeal was issued by the World Council of Peace on 17–19 Jan. 1955.

113 On the condemnation, see Raina, Peter, Piasecki na indeksie watykańskim: Geneza sprawy (Warsaw: von Borowiecky, 2002)Google Scholar; Kunicki, Between the Brown and the Red, 102–5.

114 Antoni Dudek and Grzegorz Pytel have suggested this also explains Piasecki's abortive project of co-operation with the East German Christians: Antoni Dudek and Pytel, Grzegorz, Bolesław Piasecki: Próba biografii politycznej (London: Aneks, 1990), 212–14Google Scholar.

115 See, e.g. Dembiński, Ludwik, ‘The General Secretary “who came in from the cold”’, in Trisconi, Michela, ed., Mémoires engagées / Memorias comprometidas / Memories of committed persons (Fribourg: Pax Romana ICMICA/MIIC, 1997), 89–98Google Scholar.

116 Kosicki, ‘L’Avènement des intellectuels catholiques’, 40–7.

117 The importance for Domenach of his personal relationships with Krasiński and Kętrzyński is clear in his correspondence from the time justifying his realignment – and his realignment of Esprit – with Więź: Domenach to Krasiński, 7 Jan. 1957, IMEC ESP2.C3-02.06; Domenach to Tadeusz Mazowiecki, 21 Mar. 1958, IMEC ESP2.C3-02.06.

118 Intrepid recent work includes, Nisonen-Trnka, Riikka, ‘The Prague Spring of Science: Czechoslovak Natural Scientists Reconsidering the Iron Curtain’, Europe-Asia Studies, 60, 10 (2008), 1749–1766CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Pleskot, Patryk, Intelektualni sąsiedzi: Kontakty historyków polskich ze środowiskiem Annales 1945–1989 (Warsaw: IPN-KŚZpNP, 2010)Google Scholar; Kind-Kovács, Friederike and Labov, Jessie, eds, Samizdat, Tamizdat and Beyond: Transnational Media During and After Socialism (New York: Berghahn Books, 2013)Google Scholar; Koivunen, Pia, ‘Overcoming Cold War Boundaries at the World Youth Festivals’, in Autio-Sarasmo, Sari and Miklóssy, Katalin, eds, Reassessing Cold War Europe (London: Routledge, 2011), 175–92Google Scholar.