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⁸ Bichler, Lorenz, ‘Public Secrets: Propaganda of the Chinese Communist Party and Correspondents in Shanghai after 1949’, in Rittersporn, Gabór T., Rolf, Malte and Behrends, Jan C., eds. Sphären von Öffentlichkeit in Gesellschaften sowetischen Typs (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2003), 373–4.Google Scholar

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¹¹ Pal'gunov, Nikolai, Osnovy informatsii v gazete: TASS i ego rol' (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo universiteta, 1955), 3.Google Scholar

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¹⁶ Bogdanov, Spravochnik, 324.

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¹⁹ See Roxburgh, Angus, Pravda: Inside the Soviet News Machine (London: Victor Gollancz, 1987), 66–7.Google Scholar

²⁰ On this process, see Zakhar'ko, Vasilii, Zvezdnye chasy i drama ‘Izvestii’: Za kulisami snamenitoi gazety (Moscow: Vremia, 2014), 38–43.Google Scholar

²¹ Komsomol'skaia pravda (KP) editorial letuchka, 9 Nov. 1959, Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI), f.98М, op.1, d.253, ll.26–27. Foreign correspondents working at TASS faced similar processes of approval. See Polevoi to TsK KPSS, 10 December 1955, RGASPI, f.5, op.16, d.734, ll.148–149.

²² I. Izgaryshev, ‘Ot serdtsa k serdtsu’, TVMuseum.ru (2008). See http://tvmuseum.ru/catalog.asp?ob_no=12963 (last visited 4 July 2017) Sergei Esin, ‘V rodnom efire: iz zapisok byvshego preuspevaiushchego chinovnika’, TVMuseum.ru (1989), See http://tvmuseum.ru/catalog.asp?ob_no=8465 (last visited 4 July 2017).

²³ For contributions within the totalitarian paradigm see Thom, Françoise, Newspeak: The Language of Soviet Communism, tr. Connelly, Ken (London: The Claridge Press, 1989)Google Scholar; Ellis, Frank, ‘The Media as Social Engineer’, in Kelly, Catriona and Shepherd, David, eds., Russian Cultural Studies: An Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 192–222.Google Scholar

²⁴ ‘Zapiska Glavlita pri SM SSSR o narushenii poriadka tsennovskogo kontrolia Tsentral'noi studiei televideniia pri SM SSSR’, 25 Dec. 1958, Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (RGANI), f.5, op.33, d.73, ll.78–81; ‘Zapiska Glavlita pri SM SSSR o narushenii tsenzorskogo kontrolia na radio’, 9 Sept. 1961, RGANI, f.5, op.33, d.175, ll.50–52.

²⁵ See, for example, Natal'ia Otamas’, Interview with Leonid Zolotarevskii, TVMuseum.ru, available at http://tvmuseum.ru/catalog.asp?ob_no=10636 (last visited 4 July 2017).

²⁶ ‘Decisions of the Editorial Board of KP’, Jan. 1960, RGASPI, f.98M, op.1, d.266, ll.5, 17. On this point see Blium, Arlеn, Sovetskaia tsenzura v epokhu total'nogo terrora, 1929–1953 (St. Petersburg: Akademicheskii proekt, 2000), 78.Google Scholar

²⁷ See Korneshov, Lev, ‘Ia ee liubil. A ona menia?’ in Bol'she, chem gazeta, Semina, Liudmila ed. (Moscow: PoRog, 2006), 154, 157Google Scholar; Volkova, Tat'iana, Interview with Aleksandr Iakovlev in A.I. Adzhubei – redaktor i publitsist, PhD thesis, Moscow State University, 2010, 354.Google Scholar

²⁸ See Mitrokhin, Nikolai, ‘“Lichnye sviazi” v apparate TsK KPSS’, Neprikosnovennyi zapas 3, 83 (2012)Google Scholar, available at http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2012/3/m13.html (last visited 4 July 2017).

²⁹ See, for example, Komsomol First Secretary Aleksandr Shelepin's corrections to an article on CIA Director Allen Dulles: ‘Chego boitsia g-n Dalles’ (sent for verification to A.N. Shelepin), 12 Mar. 1957, RGASPI, f.1M, op.32, d.847, 145–53, and the Komsomol Central Committee's request for an article on “Soviet-Chinese friendship”, ‘Extract from Protocol No.26 of Komsomol Central Committee Secretariat Meeting’, 11 Feb. 1959, RGASPI, f.98M, op.1, d.237, l.5. Other documents from this delo concern similar requests to Komsomol'skaia pravda.

³⁰ ‘On the Incorrect Practice of Excessive Illustration in Some Newspapers’, Central Committee Resolution, 11 Feb. 1958 in Sovetskaia pechat’ v dokumentakh (Moscow: Gospolitizdat, 1961), 286–7.

³¹ ‘Combined plan, Feb.–Mar. 1960 for Sovetskaia Rossiia’, 1960, RGANI, f.96, op.1, d.22, ll.59–76. On the importance of planning, see Bogdanov, Spravochnik, 242–65.

³² Figures are from a one-week content analysis of Komsomol'skaia pravda conducted by the author. Figures refer to column space.

³³ KP editorial letuchka, 18 Apr. 1960, RGASPI, f.98M, op.1, d.271, l.83. For complaints see ‘Some Remarks on the Work of TASS’, n/d 1954, RGASPI, f.98M, op.1, d.136, ll.11–13; ‘On the Work of TASS’, 8 May 1956, RGASPI, f.1M, op.32, d.821, ll.8–13; KP editorial letuchka, 28 May 1956, RGASPI, f.98M, op.1, d.172, l.118; KPSS o sredstvakh massovoi informatsii i propagandy (Moscow: Politizdat, 1987), 46–9.

³⁴ TASS even dictated where, and on which page, a story should appear. See ‘On the Work of TASS’, l.8.

³⁵ Polevoi to TsK KPSS, 10 Dec. 1955, RGASPI, f.5, op.16, d.734, ll.148-149. This was a particular problem in a climate where most national newspapers were refused foreign correspondents until the early 1960s.

³⁶ KP editorial letuchka, 16 May 1956, RGASPI, f.98M, op.1, d.171, ll.96–97; see also 11 Jun. 1956, f.98M, op.1, d.173, l.6. On the journalistic hierarchy see Mamleev, Dmitrii, ‘Polpred gazety’, SP, 6 (1963), 14–7.Google Scholar

³⁷ This led to frequent debates about broadening the ‘geography’ of the newspaper. Izvestiia letuchka, 27 May 1958, State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), f.R1244, op.1, d.186, l.26; 2/6/58, d.227, ll.28, 30.

³⁸ Quite literally ‘prized’: the award for ‘article of the week’ at Komsomol'skaia pravda, which came with a fat honorarium, was seldom awarded to news items.

³⁹ Raspevin, A., ‘Nuzhen reporter – nuzhen reportazh!’, SP, 2 (1955), 8.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Kalinin, N, ‘Da, nuzhen reporter, nuzhen reportazh!’, SP, 1 (1956), 24.Google Scholar

⁴¹ All items from Sovetskaia Rossiia, 21 July 1956, 4.

⁴² ‘Vstrecha so ‘snezhnym chelovekom’’, Komsomol'skaia pravda, 14 Jan. 1958, 4.

⁴³ KP editorial letuchka, 19 Mar. 1956, RGASPI, f.98M, op.1, d.170, ll.43–44.

⁴⁴ Kitain, V., Starodub, A., ‘Za interesnyi, iarkii reportazh’, SP, 9 (1956), 22–4.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Protocol of Closed Party Meeting at KP, 14 Mar. 1956, Division for Preservation of Records of Moscow's Socio-Political History (OKhDOPIM, formerly TsAOPIM), f.1968, op.1, d.30, ll.101–102.

⁴⁶ See also ‘Tvoi dolg, zhurnalist!’, SP, 1 (1955), 1–3.

⁴⁷ Simon Huxtable, ‘Shortcomings: Soviet Journalists and the Changing Role of Press Criticism after the Twentieth Party Congress’, in Bohm, Thomas M., Einax, Rayk, Abeβer, Michel eds., De-Stalinisation Reconsidered: Persistence and Change in the Soviet Union (Frankfurt-am-Main: Campus, 2014), 209–22.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ KP editorial letuchka, 3 Sept. 1956, RGASPI, d.176, ll.4–5, 20–21, here l.34, emphasis added.

⁴⁹ See Huxtable, ‘Shortcomings’; KP editorial letuchka, 28 Jan. 1957, RGASPI, f.98M, op.1, d.189, ll.122–128; Afanas'ev, B., ‘Sostoianie i zadachi gazetnoi informatsii’, SP, 12 (1958), 11Google Scholar; Blatin, A., ‘Proizvodstvennaia informatsiia’, SP, 12 (1958), 13.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Brooks, Jeffrey, Thank You Comrade Stalin: Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 97–105Google Scholar, 195–232; Lenoe, Matthew, Closer to the Masses: Stalinist Culture, Social Revolution, and Soviet Newspapers (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), 212–44.Google Scholar

⁵¹ ‘Protocol of Closed Party Meeting at KP’, 14 Mar. 1956, OKhDOPIM, f.1968, op.1, d.30, l.96. Evans likewise argues that the journalism of the First Five Year Plan was an inspiration for TV news producers (Between Truth and Time, 115–9).

⁵² Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 1991), 33.Google Scholar

⁵³ ‘Odin den’ piatiletki’, Komsomol'skaia pravda, 1 Mar. 1956, 1–4.

⁵⁴ Mickiewicz, Ellen, Split Signals: Television and Politics in the Soviet Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 28–30Google Scholar; Evans, Between Truth and Time, 119–21.

⁵⁵ Burenkov, M., ‘Korrespondentsiia - osnovnoi gazetnyi zhanr’, SP, 1 (1957), 10–2.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ KP editorial letuchka, 5 Mar. 1956, RGASPI, f.98M, op.1, d.170, l.111.

⁵⁷ KP editorial letuchka, 12 Jan. 1959, RGASPI, f.98M, op.1, d.242, ll.55–56, see also l.73.

⁵⁸ Kamenetskii, E., ‘“Fitil”’, SP, 8 (1960), 37–8Google Scholar. On Adzhubei's Den’ mira project see Wolfe, Governing, 48–70.

⁵⁹ Adzhubei, Aleksei, Te desiat’ let (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1989), 232–4.Google Scholar

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⁶² Eimermacher, Karl, ‘Partiinoe upravlenie kul'turoi i formy ee samoorganizatsii (1953–1964/67)’, in Ideologicheskie Komissii TsK KPSS, 1958–1964. Dokumenty (Moscow: Rosspen, 1998), 8–10.Google Scholar

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⁶⁴ Razzakov, Fedor, Gibel’ Sovetskogo TV. Tainy televideniia: ot Stalina do Gorbacheva, 1930–1991 (Moscow: Eksmo, 2009), 14.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Narodnoe khoziaistvo v SSSR v 1956 g. (Moscow: Statistika, 1957), 158; Narodnoe khoziaistvo SSSR v 1962 g. (Moscow: Statistika, 1963), 422.

⁶⁶ On the difficulties of early TV news see Ibid., ll.8, 25–6; Iurovskii, A., ‘Reportazh na ekrane televizora’, SP, 4 (1956), 31–2Google Scholar; Zelenov, A., ‘Televizionnyi reportazh’, Sovetskoe radio i televidenie (henceforth SRT), 3 (1959), 34Google Scholar; Mushnikov, N., ‘Televizionnaia informatsiia’, SRT, 4 (1959), 22–3Google Scholar; Riazhskii, N., ‘Novosti li eto?’ SRT, 5 (1962), 22–3Google Scholar; Evans, ‘Panorama’, 127.

⁶⁷ Paulu, Burton, Radio and Television Broadcasting in Eastern Europe (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1974), 101.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Conversation between staff of KP and Central Television Studio, 8 May 1959, RGASPI, f.98M, op.1, d.255, ll.14–15, 40.

⁶⁹ Lovell, Russia, 107–33.

⁷⁰ Ibid., 163–8. See also Roth-Ey, Moscow, 159–60.

⁷¹ Roth-Ey, Moscow, 196–8; Condee, Nancy, ‘The Cultural Codes of the Thaw’, in Taubman, William, Khrushchev, Sergei and Gleason, Abbot, eds., Nikita Khrushchev (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), 161.Google Scholar

⁷² This might be considered as a process of ‘remediation’: Bolter, Jay David and Grusin, Richard, Remediation: Understanding New Media (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998).Google Scholar

⁷³ On the growing importance of everyday speech styles on television see Huxtable, Simon, ‘The Problem of Personality on Soviet Television, 1950s-1960s’, VIEW: Journal of European Television History and Culture, 3, 5 (2014), 119–130Google Scholar; Roth-Ey, Moscow, 161. Boglovskii, T., Lifshits, Z., ‘Prodolzhaem razgovor’, SRT, 4 (1958), 5Google Scholar; Kiperman, M., ‘Vse strana chitaet gazetu’, SRT, 5 (1962).Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Lovell, Stephen, ‘Broadcasting Bolshevik: The Radio Voice of Soviet Culture’, Journal of Contemporary History, 48, 1 (2012), 78–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Roth-Ey, Moscow, 236–45.

⁷⁵ Meeting with A.A. Puzin on Development of Television, 2 Feb. 1956, GARF, f.R6903, op.1, d.500, ll.9–10; Rogov, A., ‘Razgovor o reportazhe’, SRT, 5 (1957), 11Google Scholar; Lovell, Russia, 174–8.

⁷⁶ ‘O ’Poslednikh izvestiiakh’ Vsesoiuznogo radio’, SRT, 6 (1957), 39–40.

⁷⁷ Frolov, M, ‘Reportazh - glavnaia forma informatsii’, SRT, 2 (1957), 20, 21.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ See also Kleinerman, Ia., ‘Pliusy i minusy ‘TN’’, SRT, 6 (1965), 14–15Google Scholar. See also Khataevich, L., ‘‘Chto’ ili ‘kak’?’ SRT, 10 (1964), 5–6.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Bogdanov, Spravochnik, 331. For a useful overview of the development of reportage see Iuliia Urakcheeva, Zhanra reportazha v rosiiskoi i nemetskoi zhurnalistike, unpublished Master's Dissertation, Rostov State University, 2003. Available at: http://www.mediasprut.ru/jour/theorie/genre/report-his.shtml (Accessed 4 July 2017).

⁸⁰ Khataevich, ‘Chto’, 5–6. See also Riabchikov, E., ‘Reporter ekrana’, SRT, 3 (1961), 8Google Scholar; Evans, Between Truth and Time, 129–31.

⁸¹ Zubok, Vladimir, Zhivago's Children: The Last Russian Intelligentsia (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2009), 51–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁸³ Riabchikkov, ‘Reporter’, 8.

⁸⁴ Lundgren, Lars, ‘Live From Moscow: The Celebration of Yuri Gagarin and Transnational Television in Europe’, VIEW: Journal of European Television History and Culture, 1, 2 (2012), 45–55Google Scholar; Fokin, Iu., ‘‘TN’ na novykh rubezhakh’, SRT, 2 (1965), 12Google Scholar; Lovell, Russia, 190–1.

⁸⁵ ‘Chitatel’ i gazeta, vyp. 1: Chitateli Truda’. IKSI AN SSSR Informatsionnyi biulleten’, 20 (35), 1969, 100. ‘Naselenie o sredstvakh massovoi kommunikatsii kak istochnike informatsii’, 1968, Boris Grushin Files, Hoover Institution, Box 9, Folder 6, Q.18; Fainberg, ‘Notes’, 62–4.

⁸⁶ E.g. Adzhubei, A., ‘Boevoe oruzhie partii’, SP, 5 (1963), 6.Google Scholar

⁸⁷ Roth-Ey, Moscow, 160.

⁸⁸ Ibid., 140–6; Mikkonen, ‘Stealing’; Michael Nelson, War of the Black Heavens: The Battles of Western Broadcasting in the Cold War (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1997).

⁸⁹ Kosinova, Tat'iana, ‘Sobytiia 1956 g. v Pol'she glazami sovetskikh dissidentov’, in Eremina, L.S. and Zhemkova, E.B., Korni travli: Sbornik statei molodykh istorikov (Moscow: Zvenia, 1996), 193–215.Google Scholar

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⁹² ‘V vengrii podnimal golovu fashizm. Chto proizoshlo v vengrii?’ Komsomol'skaia pravda, 11 Dec. 1956, 4.

⁹³ KP editorial letuchka, 5 Nov. 1956, RGASPI, f.1M, op.32, d.821, ll.63–65, 75.

⁹⁴ Ibid., l.89.

⁹⁵ KPSS o sredstvakh massovoi informatsii, 43–9, 533–45.

⁹⁶ Cold War Broadcasting, 539, 543.

⁹⁷ Mikkonen, ‘Stealing’, 797–803.

⁹⁸ Hochmuth, Hanno, ‘Feindbild und Leitbild: Westfernsehen in der DDR’, in Aust, Martin and Schönpflug, Daniel, Vom Gegner lernen: Feindschaften und Kulturtransfers im Europa des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts (Frankfurt: Campus-Verlag, 2007), 283–7.Google Scholar

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¹⁰⁰ Khazanov, A., ‘Den’ nashei planety’, SRT, 8 (1964), 7–9.Google Scholar

¹⁰¹ Ibid., 9.

¹⁰² Lisann, Maury, Broadcasting to the Soviet Union: International Politics and Radio (New York: Praeger, 1975), 68.Google Scholar

¹⁰³ Osipov, Vladimir. ‘Kliuchi Bi-Bi-Si.’ Zhurnalist, 5 (1968), 56–9Google Scholar. See also Sagal, G., ‘Samoe trudnoe – vodit’ peryshkom po bumage’, SP, 10 (1966), 39–41Google Scholar; Anri P'er [Henri Pierre], ‘Le Monde’ Zhurnalist, 3 (1968), 43.

¹⁰⁴ Peskov, Vasilli, ‘Shelest stranits, kak shelest znamen’ Zhurnalist, 10 (1967), 7Google Scholar; Nosov, Lev, ‘Ulitsa novostei’, Zhurnalist, 1 (1968), 42.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁵ For an elaboration of this point see Mills, Rilla Dean, The Soviet Journalist: A Cultural Analysis, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1981, 105–9.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ Roth-Ey, Moscow, 156–74.

¹⁰⁷ Ibid., 173.

¹⁰⁸ Transcript of Second Congress of the Union of Journalists, 28 Sept. 1966, GARF, f.10124, op.1, d.301, l.218. My thanks to Mary-Catherine French for helping me locate this source. See also the comments of Dmitrii Goriunov, ll.45–46, 49–51; Tolkunov, Lev, ‘Slovo est’ delo’ Zhurnalist 7, (1967), 5Google Scholar. These salvos appear to stem from an earlier Kommunist editorial: ‘Antisovetizm – odno iz glavnykh napravlenii v ideologii sovremennogo imperializma’ Kommunist, 10 (1965), 77.

¹⁰⁹ All-Union Creative Meeting of Publicists, 28 Sept. 1966, GARF, f.10124, op.1, d.242, l.24. See also Zimanas's comments, ll.19–20.

¹¹⁰ Lisann, Broadcasting, 52, 64; Kruzhilin, Iu. ‘Sem' s polovinoi’ SP, 6 (1966), 8–9.Google Scholar

¹¹¹ I have not been able to locate this resolution, but it is mentioned and quoted by several speakers at a meeting at the Journalists’ Union: ‘All-Union Meeting on Problems of Radio and Television Information’, 23 Nov. 1966, GARF, f.R6903, op.1, d.901, ll.36–38.

¹¹² Lovell, Russia, 174–8, 189; Roth-Ey, Moscow, 173; Nelson, War, 119–20.

¹¹³ KP editorial letuchka, 1 June 1966, RGASPI, f.98M, op.1, d.430, l.12.

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¹²³ Peskov, ‘Shelest stranits’, 7. See also Barashev, ‘Polstroki’.

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¹²⁸ Evans, Between Truth and Time, 135–45.

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¹³⁵ On news media during perestroika see Wolfe, Governing, 151–70; Mickiewicz, Ellen, Changing Channels: Television and the Struggle for Power in Russia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997)Google Scholar; McNair, Brian, Glasnost, Perestroika and the Soviet Media (Abingdon: Routledge, 1991)Google Scholar.