¹ There are, unsurprisingly, as many definitions of modernity as theorists who have sought to define it. Although only a partial definition, Therborn's description of modernity as an ‘epoch turned to the future’ is a helpful start and it underscores a distinction between traditional and modern societies that we might call historical non-boundedness. See Therborn, Göran, European Modernity and Beyond. The Trajectory of European Societies 1945–2000 (London: Sage, 1995), 4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Baudelaire stressed the phenomenological aspect of modernity, arguing that it represented ‘the transient, the fleeting, the contingent; it is the one half of art, the other being the external and immutable’. Cited in Harvey, David, The Condition of Postmodernity (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990), 10.Google Scholar

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¹³ Although curiously not by Porter in his otherwise exhaustive account of popular London pastimes.

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²⁴ Fr. Meta Thurgau in real life. See Read, and Fisher, , Berlin, 192.Google Scholar

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³⁴ ibid.

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³⁶ ibid., 169.

³⁷ ‘The growth of fascism within the East End was impressive. In Bethnal Green and Hackney, and parts of Poplar and Stepney, the BUF had established itself strongly by 1936 and had built a significant degree of mass support.’ Lewis, D. S., Illusions of Grandeur. Mosley, Fascism and British Society, 1931–81 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987), 105.Google Scholar

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⁴⁶ The Führer's bunker was linked by an underground tunnel to Albert Speer's office and Hitler would continue to inspect the vast scale model with its four airports and huge triumphal arch that was to be double the height of the Arc de Triomphe even as allied bombs reduced old Berlin to rubble during the last months of the war. Read, and Fisher, , Berlin, 204–5.Google Scholar

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⁴⁹ See, in particular, Harvey, David, Consciousness and the Urban Experience (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985)Google Scholar, and idem, Social Justice and the City (London: Edward Arnold, 1973).Google Scholar

⁵⁰ The best historical account of the rebel East End Labour boroughs which defied the government's draconian Poor Law regulations in the 1920s is provided by Branson, Noreen, Poplarism 1919–1925. George Lansbury and the Councillors’ Revolt (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1979).Google Scholar

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⁵³ Arthur Bernard, Jean Pierre, Paris rouge: 1944–1964. Les communistes français dans la capitale (Seyssel: Change Vallon, 1991), 11.Google Scholar

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