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A Standard Fit for Neoliberalism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 March 2012

Peter Gibbon  and
Lasse Folke Henriksen
Peter Gibbon*
Affiliation:
Danish Institute for International Studies
Lasse Folke Henriksen*
Affiliation:
Department of Business and Politics, Copenhagen Business School
*
[email protected]
Corresponding author: Lasse Folke Henriksen ([email protected]).
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Extract

Social scientists and historians writing on techniques of contemporary rule, particularly those influenced by post-Marxist paradigms such as governmentality, have become increasingly preoccupied by the expanding role of standardization and the subjection of an ever-expanding array of spheres of activity to inspection (or self-inspection), audit, and certification. In the course of their investigations, the elements of a common narrative are emerging. This links standardization, audit, and certification with neoliberalism and contraction of the state, on one hand, with a reconfiguration of everyday life in business, communication, and social provision on the other (see Power 1997; Brunsson and Jakobsen 2000; Strathern 2000; and Higgins and Larner 2010).

Type
Research Article
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 54 , Issue 2 , April 2012 , pp. 275 - 307
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 2012

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References

REFERENCES

The U.S. standards referred to were downloaded from the websites of ASSIST (US Department of Defense Acquisition Streamlining and Standardization Information System), ANSI (American National Standards Institution), sqonline, everyspec, mynasa, and dstan. Copies of different drafts of BS 9000 and of BS 5179/5750 can be found in UK National Archive files FV 6/9 and FV 9/14–9/19, respectively.Google Scholar
AIR 20/12692: Royal Air Force quality assurance policy, 1976–1980.Google Scholar
DEFE 72/8: Defence Quality Assurance Board I.Google Scholar
DEFE 72/9: Defence Quality Assurance Board II.Google Scholar
DEFE 72/85: Defence Quality Assurance Board Annual Conference, 1973.Google Scholar
DEFE 72/87: Defence Quality Assurance Board Annual Conference, 1975.Google Scholar
FG 5/89: National Economic Development Council, Automation and Instrumentation Sector Working Party, Quality Assurance Sub-Group, 1976–1980.Google Scholar
FV 6/9: Electronic Standards. Burghard Report.Google Scholar
FV 9/14–9/19: Inter-Departmental Committee on QA and Standards. Master series of papers.Google Scholar
T225/4792: Defence Department review of equipment inspection policy, Raby Committee, 1967–1969.Google Scholar
Agamben, G. 2009. What Is an Apparatus? Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Akerlof, G. 1970. The Market for Lemons: Qualitative Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism. Quarterly Journal of Economics 84: 488–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amable, B. 2011. Morals and Politics in the Ideology of Neo-Liberalism. Socio-Economic Review 9: 3–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldwin, R. 1970. Nontariff Distortions of International Trade. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute.Google Scholar
Berg, M. 1997. Rationalizing Medical Work: Decision-Support Techniques and Medical Practices. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Berg, M. 1998. Order(s) and Disorder(s): Of Protocols and Medical Practices. In Berg, M. and Mol, A., eds., Difference in Medicine: Unraveling Practices, Techniques, and Bodies. Durham: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanks, H. 1973. A Review of New Methods and Attitudes in Reliability Engineering. Microelectronics and Reliability 12: 310–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blyth, M. 2002. Great Transformations: Economic Ideas and Institutional Change in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunsson, N., Jacobsen, B., and associates. 2000. A World of Standards. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Callon, M. 1986. Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation: Domestication of Scallops and the Fishermen of St Brieuc Bay. In Law, J., ed., Power, Action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge? London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Callon, M., Millo, Y., and Muniesa, F., eds. 2007. Market Devices. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Campbell, J. and Pedersen, O. K., eds. 2001. The Rise of Neo-Liberalism and Institutional Analysis. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chwieroth, J. 2007. Testing and Measuring the Role of Ideas: The Case of Neoliberalism in the International Monetary Fund. International Studies Quarterly 51: 5–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chwieroth, J. 2010. Capital Ideas: The IMF and the Rise of Financial Liberalization. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Cimoli, M., Dosi, G., Nelson, R., and Stiglitz, J.. 2006. Institutions and Policies Shaping Industrial Development: An Introductory Note. Laboratory of Economics and Management Working Paper Series 2006/2, Universidad de Pisa. http://www.ebookbrowse.com/cimoli-dosi-nelson-stiglitz-institutions-and-policies-shaping-development-pdf-d76255637 (last accessed 11 Jan. 2012).Google Scholar
Coppola, A. 1984. Reliability Engineering of Electronic Equipment: A Historical Perspective. Institute of Electronic Engineers Transactions on Reliability 33, 1: 29–35.Google Scholar
Coutinho, J. 1964. Failure-Effect Analysis. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Division of Engineering. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 564–85.Google Scholar
Cronon, W. 1991. Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Daviron, B. 2002. Small Farm Production and the Standardization of Tropical Products. Journal of Agrarian Change 2, 2: 162–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dean, M. 1999. Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Deleuze, G. 1992. ‘What Is a Dispositive?' In Armstrong, T. J., ed. and trans., Michel Foucault: Philosopher. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dunn, E. 2005. Standards and Person-Making in East Central Europe. In Ong, A. and Collier, S., eds., Global Assemblages: Technology, Politics, and Ethics as Anthropological Problems. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1977. Entrevue. Le jeu de Michel Foucault (Conversation avec Alain Grosrichard). Ornicar 10: 62–92.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1980. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and other Writings, 1972–1977. Gordon, C., ed. New York: Harvester Press.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1991 [1975]. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1994. The Order of Things: An Archeology of the Human Sciences. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1998. The Will to Knowledge. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 2007. Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France 1977–1978. Senellart, M., ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 2008. The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France 1978–1979. Senellart, M., ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Gibbon, P. and Henriksen, L. F.. 2011. On the Pre-History of ISO 9000: The Making of a Neo-Liberal Standard. In Ponte, S., Gibbon, P., and Vestergaard, J., eds., Governing through Standards: Origins, Drivers and Limitations. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 130–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, W. 1982. The Political Economy of Industrial Policy. London: Butterworth-Heinemann.Google Scholar
Hansard, . 1968. Debate of 25 June. 767, cc 69–70w. House of Commons Debates. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Harvey, D. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgins, V. and Larner, W.. 2010. Calculating the Social: Standards and the Reconfiguration of Governing. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgins, W. and Tamm Hallström, K.. 2007. Standardization, Globalization and Rationalities of Government. Organization 14, 5: 685–704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hounshell, David A. 1984. From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Electrotechnical Commission. n.d. Historical Background and Perspective (on Standards for Electrical Products). http://www.sourceiec.com/Chapter%201%20History.pdf (accessed 7 Feb. 2010).Google Scholar
James, S. 1986. The Central Policy Review Staff, 1970–1983. Political Studies 34, 3: 423–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kast, F. and Rosenzweig, J.. 1962. Management in the Space Age: An Analysis of the Concept of Weapon Systems Management and Its Non-Military Applications. New York: Exposition Press.Google Scholar
Klein, J. 2000. Economics for a Client: The Case of Statistical Process Quality Control and Sequential Analysis. History of Political Economy 32 (supp. 1): 25–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lampland, M. and Star, S. L., eds. 2009. Standards and Their Stories: How Quantifying, Classifying and Formalizing Practices Shapes Everyday Life. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Lamprecht, J. 2000. Quality and Power in the Supply Chain. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Larner, W. 2000. Neo-liberalism: Policy, Ideology, Governmentality. Studies in Political Economy 63: 5–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latour, B. 1988. The Pasteurization of France. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Levi-Faur, D. 2005. The Global Diffusion of Regulatory Capitalism. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 598, 1: 12–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mennicken, A. 2010. From Inspection to Auditing: Audit and Markets as Linked Ecologies. Accounting, Organization and Society 35: 334–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mirowski, P. and Plehve, D., eds. 2009. The Road from Mont Pelerin: The Making of the Neoliberal Thought Collective. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, C. and Yates, J.. 2011. ISO 26000, Alternative Standards, and the “Social Movement of Engineers” Involved with Standard-Setting. In Ponte, S., Gibbon, P., and Vestergaard, J., eds., Governing through Standards: Origins, Drivers and Limitations. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 159–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nairn, T. 1964. The British Political Elite. New Left Review 23: 19–25.Google Scholar
National Audit Office. 1990. Department of Trade and Industry: Promotion of Quality and Standards. Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Nicholls, T. 1986. The British Worker Question: A New Look at Workers and Productivity in Manufacturing. London: Routledge Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Otsuki, T., Wilson, J. S., and Sewadeh, M.. 2001. Saving Two in a Billion: Quantifying the Trade Effect of European Food Safety Standards on African Exports. Food Policy 26, 5: 495–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Overbeek, H., ed. 1993. Restructuring Hegemony in the Global Political Economy: The Rise of Transnational Neoliberalism in the 1980. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pemberton, H. 2004. Relative Decline and British Economic Policy in the 1960s. Historical Journal 47, 1: 989–1013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollard, S. 1962. The Development of the British Economy, 1914–1950. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Power, M. 1994. The Audit Explosion. London: Demos.Google Scholar
Power, M. 1997. The Audit Society: Rituals of Verification. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Power, M. 2007. Organized Uncertainty: Designing a World of Risk Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rees, M. 1980. The Mathematical Sciences and World War II. American Mathematical Monthly 87, 8: 607–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ringe, A. and Rollings, N.. 2000. Responding to Relative Decline: The Creation of the National Economic Development Council. Economic History Review 53: 331–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, N. 1993. Government, Authority and Expertise in Advanced Liberalism. Economy and Society 22, 3: 282–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, N. 1996. Governing ‘Advanced’ Liberal Democracies. In Barry, A., Osborne, T., and Rose, N., eds., Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, Neo-Liberalism and Rationalities of Government. London: University College of London Press, 37–65.Google Scholar
Rose, N. 1999. Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, N. and Miller, P.. 1992. Political Power beyond the State. British Journal of Sociology 43, 2: 173–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, N., O'Malley, P., and Valverde, M.. 2006. Governmentality. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 2: 83–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sampson, A. 1962. The Anatomy of Britain. London: Hodder & Stoughton.Google Scholar
Sapolsky, H. 1972. The Polaris System Development: Bureaucratic and Programmatic Success in Government. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sawyer, M. 1991. Industrial Policy. In Artis, M.. and Cobham, D., eds., Labour's Economic Policies, 1974–79. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Shanks, M. 1961. The Stagnant Society: A Warning. Harmondsworth: Pelican Books.Google Scholar
Simmons, B., Dobbin, F., and Garrett, G.. 2006. Introduction: The International Diffusion of Liberalism. International Organisation 60: 781–810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, R. 1990. Defence Procurement and Industrial Structure in the UK. International Journal of Industrial Organization 8: 185–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snow, C. P. 1959. The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stout, D. 1977. International Price Competitiveness, Non-Price Factors and Export Performance. London: National Economic Development Office.Google Scholar
Strathern, M., ed. 2000. Audit Cultures: Anthropological Studies in Accountability, Ethics and the Academy. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Timmermans, S. and Berg, M.. 1997. Standardization in Action: Achieving Local Universality through Medical Protocols. Social Studies of Science 27: 273–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timmermans, S. and Berg, M.. 2003. The Gold Standard: The Challenge of Evidence-Based Medicine and Standardization in Health Care. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Tomlinson, J. 1990. Public Policy and the Economy since 1900. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomlinson, J. 2001. The Politics of Decline: Understanding Post-War Britain. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
United Kingdom Cabinet Office. 1982. The Impacts on Product Design of Standards, Regulation, Certification and Approvals. Advisory Council for Applied Research and Development. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
United Kingdom Government. 1955. The Supply of Military Aircraft. Cmd. 9388. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
United Kingdom Government. 1971a. Report of a Committee on the Means of Authenticating the Quality of Engineering Products and Materials. Department of Trade and Industry. London: HMSO)Google Scholar
United Kingdom Government. 1971b. Government Organization for Defence Procurement and Civil Aerospace. Cmd. 4641. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
United Kingdom Government. 1982. Standards, Quality and International Competitiveness. Cmd. 8621. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
The U.S. standards referred to were downloaded from the websites of ASSIST (US Department of Defense Acquisition Streamlining and Standardization Information System), ANSI (American National Standards Institution), sqonline, everyspec, mynasa, and dstan. Copies of different drafts of BS 9000 and of BS 5179/5750 can be found in UK National Archive files FV 6/9 and FV 9/14–9/19, respectively.Google Scholar
AIR 20/12692: Royal Air Force quality assurance policy, 1976–1980.Google Scholar
DEFE 72/8: Defence Quality Assurance Board I.Google Scholar
DEFE 72/9: Defence Quality Assurance Board II.Google Scholar
DEFE 72/85: Defence Quality Assurance Board Annual Conference, 1973.Google Scholar
DEFE 72/87: Defence Quality Assurance Board Annual Conference, 1975.Google Scholar
FG 5/89: National Economic Development Council, Automation and Instrumentation Sector Working Party, Quality Assurance Sub-Group, 1976–1980.Google Scholar
FV 6/9: Electronic Standards. Burghard Report.Google Scholar
FV 9/14–9/19: Inter-Departmental Committee on QA and Standards. Master series of papers.Google Scholar
T225/4792: Defence Department review of equipment inspection policy, Raby Committee, 1967–1969.Google Scholar
Agamben, G. 2009. What Is an Apparatus? Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Akerlof, G. 1970. The Market for Lemons: Qualitative Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism. Quarterly Journal of Economics 84: 488–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amable, B. 2011. Morals and Politics in the Ideology of Neo-Liberalism. Socio-Economic Review 9: 3–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldwin, R. 1970. Nontariff Distortions of International Trade. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute.Google Scholar
Berg, M. 1997. Rationalizing Medical Work: Decision-Support Techniques and Medical Practices. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Berg, M. 1998. Order(s) and Disorder(s): Of Protocols and Medical Practices. In Berg, M. and Mol, A., eds., Difference in Medicine: Unraveling Practices, Techniques, and Bodies. Durham: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanks, H. 1973. A Review of New Methods and Attitudes in Reliability Engineering. Microelectronics and Reliability 12: 310–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blyth, M. 2002. Great Transformations: Economic Ideas and Institutional Change in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunsson, N., Jacobsen, B., and associates. 2000. A World of Standards. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Callon, M. 1986. Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation: Domestication of Scallops and the Fishermen of St Brieuc Bay. In Law, J., ed., Power, Action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge? London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Callon, M., Millo, Y., and Muniesa, F., eds. 2007. Market Devices. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Campbell, J. and Pedersen, O. K., eds. 2001. The Rise of Neo-Liberalism and Institutional Analysis. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chwieroth, J. 2007. Testing and Measuring the Role of Ideas: The Case of Neoliberalism in the International Monetary Fund. International Studies Quarterly 51: 5–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chwieroth, J. 2010. Capital Ideas: The IMF and the Rise of Financial Liberalization. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Cimoli, M., Dosi, G., Nelson, R., and Stiglitz, J.. 2006. Institutions and Policies Shaping Industrial Development: An Introductory Note. Laboratory of Economics and Management Working Paper Series 2006/2, Universidad de Pisa. http://www.ebookbrowse.com/cimoli-dosi-nelson-stiglitz-institutions-and-policies-shaping-development-pdf-d76255637 (last accessed 11 Jan. 2012).Google Scholar
Coppola, A. 1984. Reliability Engineering of Electronic Equipment: A Historical Perspective. Institute of Electronic Engineers Transactions on Reliability 33, 1: 29–35.Google Scholar
Coutinho, J. 1964. Failure-Effect Analysis. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Division of Engineering. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 564–85.Google Scholar
Cronon, W. 1991. Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Daviron, B. 2002. Small Farm Production and the Standardization of Tropical Products. Journal of Agrarian Change 2, 2: 162–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dean, M. 1999. Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Deleuze, G. 1992. ‘What Is a Dispositive?' In Armstrong, T. J., ed. and trans., Michel Foucault: Philosopher. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dunn, E. 2005. Standards and Person-Making in East Central Europe. In Ong, A. and Collier, S., eds., Global Assemblages: Technology, Politics, and Ethics as Anthropological Problems. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1977. Entrevue. Le jeu de Michel Foucault (Conversation avec Alain Grosrichard). Ornicar 10: 62–92.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1980. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and other Writings, 1972–1977. Gordon, C., ed. New York: Harvester Press.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1991 [1975]. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1994. The Order of Things: An Archeology of the Human Sciences. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1998. The Will to Knowledge. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 2007. Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France 1977–1978. Senellart, M., ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 2008. The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France 1978–1979. Senellart, M., ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Gibbon, P. and Henriksen, L. F.. 2011. On the Pre-History of ISO 9000: The Making of a Neo-Liberal Standard. In Ponte, S., Gibbon, P., and Vestergaard, J., eds., Governing through Standards: Origins, Drivers and Limitations. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 130–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, W. 1982. The Political Economy of Industrial Policy. London: Butterworth-Heinemann.Google Scholar
Hansard, . 1968. Debate of 25 June. 767, cc 69–70w. House of Commons Debates. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Harvey, D. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgins, V. and Larner, W.. 2010. Calculating the Social: Standards and the Reconfiguration of Governing. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgins, W. and Tamm Hallström, K.. 2007. Standardization, Globalization and Rationalities of Government. Organization 14, 5: 685–704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hounshell, David A. 1984. From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Electrotechnical Commission. n.d. Historical Background and Perspective (on Standards for Electrical Products). http://www.sourceiec.com/Chapter%201%20History.pdf (accessed 7 Feb. 2010).Google Scholar
James, S. 1986. The Central Policy Review Staff, 1970–1983. Political Studies 34, 3: 423–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kast, F. and Rosenzweig, J.. 1962. Management in the Space Age: An Analysis of the Concept of Weapon Systems Management and Its Non-Military Applications. New York: Exposition Press.Google Scholar
Klein, J. 2000. Economics for a Client: The Case of Statistical Process Quality Control and Sequential Analysis. History of Political Economy 32 (supp. 1): 25–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lampland, M. and Star, S. L., eds. 2009. Standards and Their Stories: How Quantifying, Classifying and Formalizing Practices Shapes Everyday Life. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Lamprecht, J. 2000. Quality and Power in the Supply Chain. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Larner, W. 2000. Neo-liberalism: Policy, Ideology, Governmentality. Studies in Political Economy 63: 5–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latour, B. 1988. The Pasteurization of France. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Levi-Faur, D. 2005. The Global Diffusion of Regulatory Capitalism. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 598, 1: 12–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mennicken, A. 2010. From Inspection to Auditing: Audit and Markets as Linked Ecologies. Accounting, Organization and Society 35: 334–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mirowski, P. and Plehve, D., eds. 2009. The Road from Mont Pelerin: The Making of the Neoliberal Thought Collective. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, C. and Yates, J.. 2011. ISO 26000, Alternative Standards, and the “Social Movement of Engineers” Involved with Standard-Setting. In Ponte, S., Gibbon, P., and Vestergaard, J., eds., Governing through Standards: Origins, Drivers and Limitations. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 159–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nairn, T. 1964. The British Political Elite. New Left Review 23: 19–25.Google Scholar
National Audit Office. 1990. Department of Trade and Industry: Promotion of Quality and Standards. Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Nicholls, T. 1986. The British Worker Question: A New Look at Workers and Productivity in Manufacturing. London: Routledge Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Otsuki, T., Wilson, J. S., and Sewadeh, M.. 2001. Saving Two in a Billion: Quantifying the Trade Effect of European Food Safety Standards on African Exports. Food Policy 26, 5: 495–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Overbeek, H., ed. 1993. Restructuring Hegemony in the Global Political Economy: The Rise of Transnational Neoliberalism in the 1980. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pemberton, H. 2004. Relative Decline and British Economic Policy in the 1960s. Historical Journal 47, 1: 989–1013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollard, S. 1962. The Development of the British Economy, 1914–1950. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Power, M. 1994. The Audit Explosion. London: Demos.Google Scholar
Power, M. 1997. The Audit Society: Rituals of Verification. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Power, M. 2007. Organized Uncertainty: Designing a World of Risk Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rees, M. 1980. The Mathematical Sciences and World War II. American Mathematical Monthly 87, 8: 607–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ringe, A. and Rollings, N.. 2000. Responding to Relative Decline: The Creation of the National Economic Development Council. Economic History Review 53: 331–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, N. 1993. Government, Authority and Expertise in Advanced Liberalism. Economy and Society 22, 3: 282–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, N. 1996. Governing ‘Advanced’ Liberal Democracies. In Barry, A., Osborne, T., and Rose, N., eds., Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, Neo-Liberalism and Rationalities of Government. London: University College of London Press, 37–65.Google Scholar
Rose, N. 1999. Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, N. and Miller, P.. 1992. Political Power beyond the State. British Journal of Sociology 43, 2: 173–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, N., O'Malley, P., and Valverde, M.. 2006. Governmentality. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 2: 83–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sampson, A. 1962. The Anatomy of Britain. London: Hodder & Stoughton.Google Scholar
Sapolsky, H. 1972. The Polaris System Development: Bureaucratic and Programmatic Success in Government. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sawyer, M. 1991. Industrial Policy. In Artis, M.. and Cobham, D., eds., Labour's Economic Policies, 1974–79. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Shanks, M. 1961. The Stagnant Society: A Warning. Harmondsworth: Pelican Books.Google Scholar
Simmons, B., Dobbin, F., and Garrett, G.. 2006. Introduction: The International Diffusion of Liberalism. International Organisation 60: 781–810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, R. 1990. Defence Procurement and Industrial Structure in the UK. International Journal of Industrial Organization 8: 185–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snow, C. P. 1959. The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stout, D. 1977. International Price Competitiveness, Non-Price Factors and Export Performance. London: National Economic Development Office.Google Scholar
Strathern, M., ed. 2000. Audit Cultures: Anthropological Studies in Accountability, Ethics and the Academy. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Timmermans, S. and Berg, M.. 1997. Standardization in Action: Achieving Local Universality through Medical Protocols. Social Studies of Science 27: 273–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timmermans, S. and Berg, M.. 2003. The Gold Standard: The Challenge of Evidence-Based Medicine and Standardization in Health Care. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Tomlinson, J. 1990. Public Policy and the Economy since 1900. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomlinson, J. 2001. The Politics of Decline: Understanding Post-War Britain. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
United Kingdom Cabinet Office. 1982. The Impacts on Product Design of Standards, Regulation, Certification and Approvals. Advisory Council for Applied Research and Development. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
United Kingdom Government. 1955. The Supply of Military Aircraft. Cmd. 9388. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
United Kingdom Government. 1971a. Report of a Committee on the Means of Authenticating the Quality of Engineering Products and Materials. Department of Trade and Industry. London: HMSO)Google Scholar
United Kingdom Government. 1971b. Government Organization for Defence Procurement and Civil Aerospace. Cmd. 4641. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
United Kingdom Government. 1982. Standards, Quality and International Competitiveness. Cmd. 8621. London: HMSO.Google Scholar