Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T04:04:11.212Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Specter of Dwindling Numbers: Population Quantity and Jewish Biopolitics in the United States

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2020

Michal Kravel-Tovi
Michal Kravel-Tovi*
Affiliation:
Sociology and Anthropology, Tel-Aviv University
*
[email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Over the last three decades, the organized American-Jewish community has preoccupied itself with sociodemographic concerns regarding maintenance of a viable Jewish life in the United States. In this article, I study a key dimension of this preoccupation with population trends: the quantity of the Jewish population, that is, the number of Jews. I show the centrality of this dimension in shaping a cluster of anxious discourses and interventionist engagements directed toward stemming numerical decline. Analyzing this policy world in terms of a “Jewish biopolitics,” I assess how the voluntary nature of American Jewry has shaped a distinct biopolitical field, reliant on “making Jews” by both biological and cultural reproduction, enmeshing dimensions of quantity and quality. Juxtaposing this Jewish biopolitical engagement with the one exercised by the Israeli state, I flesh out broader considerations and contributions, and introduce the exploratory concept of “minority community biopolitics.” The article is grounded in an anthropological study of policy, including fieldwork, interviews, and a review of the flurry of archival and public materials related to the topic.

Keywords

American JewrybiopoliticsJewish biopoliticsminoritycommunitycontemporary Jewrypopulationdemographic crisisvoluntarismbiological reproductioncultural reproduction
Type
Diaspora Anxieties
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 62 , Issue 1 , January 2020 , pp. 35 - 67
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abelson, Kassel and Dorff, Elliot. 2007. Mitzvah Children. Even HaEzer 1, 5: 1–14. At: https://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/public/halakhah/teshuvot/20052010/mitzvah_children.pdf (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
American Jewish Committee. 1983. National Conference on Jewish Population Growth, Summary of Proceedings (archival document, no file number available).Google Scholar
American Jewish Committee. 1997. Jewish Continuity: Policy Statement and Action Plan http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=7oJILSPwFfJSG&b=8449821&ct=12484907 (no longer on-line).Google Scholar
Bachi, Roberto. 1992. World Jewish Population: Trends and Policies. In Pergola, S. Della and Cohen, I., eds., World Jewish Population. Jeruslaem: Magnes, 20–28.Google Scholar
Barack-Fishman, Sylvia. 1994. The Changing American Jewish Family Faces the 1990s. In Bayme, Steve and Rosen, Gladys, eds., The Jewish Family and Jewish Continuity. Brooklyn: Ktav Pub. & Distributors Inc., 3–52.Google Scholar
Barack-Fishman, Sylvia. 2004. Double or Nothing? Jewish Families and Mixed Marriage. Waltham: Brandeis University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bashford, Alison. 2006. Nation, Empire, Globe: The Spaces of Population Debate in the Interwar Years. Comparative Studies in Society and History 49: 170–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben, Aviv. 2016. Why Infertility Is a Jewish Issue—and What We Can Do about It. Forward, 16 July, https://forward.com/sisterhood/345222/why-infertility-is-a-jewish-issue-and-what-we-can-do-about-it / (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Berkovitch, Nitza. 1997. Motherhood as a National Mission: The Construction of Womanhood in the Legal Discourse in Israel. Women's Studies International Forum 20: 605–19.Google Scholar
Bitton, Mijual and Cohen, Steven. 2015. More Is Better when It Comes to Jewish Numbers. Forward, 1 May, http://forward.com/opinion/national/306669/why-we-need-the-numbers/ (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Boyarin, Jonathan. 2013. Jewish Families. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Brodkin, Karen. 1998. How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says about Race in America. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Brodkin, Karen. 2016. How Jews Became White Folks—and May Become Nonwhite under Trump. Forward, 6 Dec., https://forward.com/opinion/356166/how-jews-became-white-folks-and-may-become-nonwhite-under-trump/?fbclid=IwAR1jAB-WmuhQDUQJlpLRp1k3NZ2KEx1Ogw3RVeIWsMscyNQabQ2LuzlS7uA (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Cameron, Deborah. 2007. Language Endangerment and Verbal Hygiene: History, Morality and Politics. In Duchêne, Alexandre and Heller, Monica, eds., Discourses of Endangerment. London: Continuum, 268–85.Google Scholar
Campbell, Timothy C. and Sitze, Adam, eds. 2013. Biopolitics: A Reader. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, Steven. 2015. Can Intermarriage Lead to an Increase in the Number of Jews in America? Mosaic, 9 Nov., https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/politics-current-affairs/2015/11/can-intermarriage-lead-to-an-increase-in-the-number-of-jews-in-america/ (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Commentary (magazine). 2006. An Exchange between Jack Wertheimer and readers on his October 2005 piece, “Jews and the Jewish Birthrate,” 1 Jan., https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/jews-and-the-jewish-birthrate/ (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Connelly, Matthew. 2008. Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, Marilyn. 2017. Is Intermarriage Good for the Jews? A Moment Symposium. Moment, 6 Nov., https://www.momentmag.com/intermarriage/ (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Corwin Berman, Lila. 2009. Speaking of Jews: Rabbis, Intellectuals, and the Creation of an American Public Identity. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Corwin Berman, Lila. 2017. How Americans Give: The Financialization of American Jewish Philanthropy. American Historical Review 122: 1459–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curtis, Bruce. 2002. The Politics of Population: State Formation, Statistics, and the Census of Canada, 1840–1875. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Dash Moore, Deborah. 1978. From Kehillah to Federation: The Communal Functions of Federated Philanthropy in New York City, 1917–1933. American Jewish History 68, 2: 131–46.Google Scholar
Dashefsky, Arnold and Sheskin, Ira. 2017. Contribution to George Johnson, ed., “What Will the Jewish World Look Like in 2050?” A Moment Symposium. Moment, 13 Feb., https://www.momentmag.com/will-jewish-world-look-like-2050/ (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Dorff, Elliot. 2006. Love Your Neighbor and Yourself: A Jewish Approach to Personal Ethics. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.Google Scholar
Douglass, Carrie. 2005. Barren States: The Population Implosion in Europe. London: Berg.Google Scholar
Duchêne, Alexandre and Heller, Monica. 2007. Discourses of Endangerment: Ideology and Interest in the Defence of Languages. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Duchêne, Alexandre and Humbert, Philippe N.. 2018. Surveying Languages: The Art of Governing Speakers with Numbers. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 252: 1–20.Google Scholar
Duden, Barbara. 2009. Population. In Sachs, Wolfgang, ed., The Development Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge as Power. London: Zed Books, 146–57.Google Scholar
Eisner, Jane. 2014. Be Fruitful and Multiply—Please? Forward, 4 Dec., http://forward.com/opinion/editorial/210290/be-fruitful-and-multiply-please (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Philanthropy, E-Jewish. 2015. A Statement: Strategic Directions for Jewish Life: A Call to Action. E-Jewish-Philanthropy, 1 Oct., http://ejewishphilanthropy.com/strategic-directions-for-jewish-life-a-call-to-action/ (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Elazar, Daniel. 1976. Community and Polity: The Organizational Dynamics of American Jewry. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.Google Scholar
Talks, ELI. 2016. Looking for a Solution to Jewish Continuity? Introducing: The BirthRATE Program, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2m5-SPHFt00 (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1978. The History of Sexuality. Vol. 1. Hurley, Robert, trans. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 2006 [1991]. Governmentality. In Sharma, Aradhana and Gupta, Akhil, eds., The Anthropology of the State: A Reader. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 2007 [2004]. Security, Territory, Population. Burchell, Graham, trans. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Friedman, Joshua and Kornfeld, Moshe. 2018. Identity Projects: Philanthropy, Neoliberalism, and Jewish Cultural Production. American Jewish History 102, 4: 537–61.Google Scholar
Ginsberg, Faye and Rapp, Rayna, eds. 1995. Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction. Berkley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Eric. 2006. The Price of Whiteness: Jews, Race, and American Identity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Sidney. 1992. What of the Future? The New National Jewish Population Study for American Jewry. In Harlow, Rabbi Jules, ed. Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly. New York: Rabbinical Assembly.Google Scholar
Gordis, Robert. 1982. Be Fruitful and Multiply: Biography of a Mitzvah. Midstream 28: 21–29.Google Scholar
Gordon, Antony and Horowitz, Richard. 2016. Will Your Grandchildren be Jews: Updated. Aish.com, 12 Dec., http://www.aish.com/jw/s/Will-Your-Grandchildren-Be-Jews.html (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Greenhalgh, Susan. 1996. The Social Construction of Population Science: An Intellectual, Institutional, and Political History of Twentieth-Century Demography. Comparative Studies in Society and History 38, 1: 26–66.Google Scholar
Greenhalgh, Susan and Winckler, Edwin A.. 2005. Governing China's Population: From Leninist to Neoliberal Biopolitics. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hacking, Ian. 1982. Biopower and the Avalanche of Printed Numbers. Humanities in Society 5: 279–95.Google Scholar
Handwerker, Haim. 2018. Tinder for Jews Only. In Hebrew. Haaretz, 20 July, https://www.haaretz.co.il/blogs/haimhandwerker/BLOG-1.2606316 (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Hazelton, Lesley. 1977. The Cult of Fertility. Israeli Women. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Heller, Monica and Duchêne, Alexandra. 2007. Discourses of Endangerment: Sociolinguistics, Globalization and Social Order. In Duchêne, Alexandre and Heller, Monica, eds., Discourses of Endangerment. London: Continuum, 1–13.Google Scholar
Hertin, Julia, et al. 2004. Are ‘Soft’ Policy Instruments Effective? The Link between Environmental Management Systems and the Environmental Performance of Companies. SPRY Electronic Working Paper Series, no. 124. Falmer: Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, https://ideas.repec.org/p/sru/ssewps/124.html (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Hoffman, Maayan. 2016. Seeding Our Future. eJewish Philantropy, 20 Nov., http://ejewishphilanthropy.com/seeding-our-future/ (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Jessop, Bob. 2016. The State: Past, Present, Future. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Kahn, Susan M. 2000. Reproducing Jews: A Cultural Account of Assisted Conception in Israel. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Kelner, Shaul. 2010. Tours that Bind: Diaspora, Pilgrimage, and Israeli Birthright Tourism. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Kelner, Shaul. 2011. In Its Own Image: Independent Philanthropy and the Cultivation of Young Jewish Leadership. In Wertheimer, Jack, ed., The New Jewish Leaders: Reshaping the American Jewish Landscape. Hanover: University Press of New England, 261–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, Leslie. 2002. Demographic Trends, Pronatalism, and National Ideologies in the Late Twentieth Century. Ethnic and Racial Studies 25, 3: 367–89.Google Scholar
Krause, L. Elizabeth and Zordo, Silvia De. 2012. Introduction. Ethnography and Biopolitics: Tracing ‘Rationalities’ of Reproduction across the North–South Divide. Anthropology & Medicine 19, 2: 137–51.Google ScholarPubMed
Kravel-Tovi, Michal. 2012. ‘National mission’: Biopolitics, Non-Jewish Immigration and Jewish Conversion Policy in Contemporary Israel. Ethnic and Racial Studies 35, 4: 737–54.Google Scholar
Kravel-Tovi, Michal. 2016. Wet Numbers: The Language of Continuity Crisis and the Work of Care among the Organized American Jewish Community. In Kravel-Tovi, Michal and Dash-Moore, Deborah, eds., Taking Stock: Cultures of Enumeration in Contemporary Jewish Life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 141–63.Google Scholar
Kravel-Tovi, Michal. 2017. When the State Winks: The Performance of Jewish Conversion in Israel. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kravel-Tovi, Michal. 2018a. Who Needs Conversion? Jewish Conversion in a Time of Shattered Boundaries. The Immanent Frame: Secularism, Religion, and the Public Space (forum), 29 May, https://tif.ssrc.org/2018/05/29/who-needs-conversion/ (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Kravel-Tovi, Michal. 2018b. Accounting of the Soul: Enumeration, Affect, and Soul-Searching among American Jewry. American Anthropologist 120, 4: 711–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurtzer, Yehuda. 2014. Abraham's Lesson: Quality Over Quantity in Push for Jewish Continuity. Forward, 16 Dec., https://forward.com/opinion/210981/abrahams-lesson-quality-over-quantity-in-push-for/ (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Lemke, Thomas. 2011. Bio-Politics: An Advanced Introduction. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Levisohn, Jon. 2015. Three Cheers for the Jewish Vitality Statement—and Three Qualifications. eJewish Philanthropy, 4 Oct., https://ejewishphilanthropy.com/three-cheers-for-the-jewish-vitality-statement-and-three-qualifications/ (accessed 5 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Linde, Steve. 2015. American Jews Need to Have More Babies, Says Outgoing JFNA Chairman. Jerusalem Post, 8 Nov., https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/American-Jews-need-to-have-more-babies-says-outgoing-JFNA-chairman-432342 (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Lippman Kanfer Foundation for Living Torah. 2015. The “Statement on Jewish Vitality”: One Foundation's Response. eJewish Philanthropy, 12 Oct., http://ejewishphilanthropy.com/the-statement-on-jewish-vitality-one-foundations-response / (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Lustick, Ian S. 1999. Israel as a Non-Arab State: The Political Implication of Mass Immigration of Non-Jews. Middle East Journal 53: 417–33.Google Scholar
Lustick, Ian S. 2019. The Red Thread of Israel's “Demographic Problem.” Middle East Policy 26, 1: 141–49.Google Scholar
Magid, Shaul. 2014. Why the Jewish Now (and Future) Can't be Confined to the Paradigms of the Past. Zeek, 20 Nov., http://zeek.forward.com/articles/118426/ (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Maltz Bovy, Phoebe. 2017. I.V.F. as Birthright: Jewish Fertility Foundation Offers Grants. Forward, 19 Jan., http://forward.com/sisterhood/360571/ivf-as-birthright-jewish-fertility-foundation-offers-grants/ (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Markoe, Lauren. 2015. US Jewish Numbers no Longer Declining, but Demographic Worries Persist. Washington Post, 12 June, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/us-jewish-numbers-no-longer-declining-but-demographic-worries-persist/2015/06/12/28333b6e-110d-11e5-a0fe-dccfea4653ee_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.7f37c4223f97 (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
McGinity, Keren. 2009. Still Jewish: A History of Women and Intermarriage in America. New York: New York University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGinity, Keren. 2014. Marrying Out: Jewish Men, Intermarriage, and Fatherhood. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mirsky, Yehudah. 2011. The New WASPs. Erez Acheret 59 (Jan.), Special Issue: “Two Countries for Two States? American Jews and Us.”Google Scholar
Moore, E. Robert, Pietikäinen, Sari, and Blommaert, Jan. 2010. Counting the Losses: Numbers as the Language of Language Endangerment. Sociolinguistic Studies 4, 1: 1–26.Google Scholar
Mott, Frank. 2006. Response to Jack Wertheimer's Jewish Numbers. Commentary, 1 Jan., https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/jewish-numbers / (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Muehlmann, Sahlih. 2012. Rhizomes and other Uncountables: The Malaise of Enumeration in Mexico's Colorado River Delta. American Ethnologist 39, 2: 339–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Jewish Population Survey (NJPS). 1971. Prime Researchers: Massarik Fred, Bernard Lazerwitz, Morris Axelrod, and Alvin Chenkin. New York: Council of Jewish Federations.Google Scholar
National Jewish Population Survey (NJPS). 1990. Prime Researchers: Goldstein Sidney, Barry A. Kosmin, Jeffrey Scheckner, Ariela Keysar, Nava Lerer, and Joseph Waksberg. New York: Council of Jewish Federations.Google Scholar
National Jewish Population Survey (NJPS). 2000–2001. Prime Researchers: Cohen Steven M., Frank Mott, Lorraine Blass, Jim Schwartz, Jonathon Ament, Vivian Klaff, and Laurence Kotler-Berkowitz. New York: United Jewish Communities.Google Scholar
Paxson, Heather. 2004. Making Modern Mothers: Ethics and Family Planning in Urban Greece. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. 2013. A Portrait of Jewish Americans. Washington, D.C., https://www.pewforum.org/2013/10/01/a-portrait-of-jewish-americans/ (accessed 6 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Portugese, Jacqueline. 1998. Fertility Policy in Israel: The Politics of Religion, Gender and Nation. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Prell, Riv-Ellen. 2014. The (Un)Importance of Jewish Difference. Mosaic, 17 Nov., https://mosaicmagazine.com/response/2014/11/the-unimportance-of-jewish-difference/ (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Rákosník, Jakub and Šustrová, Radka. 2018. Toward a Population Revolution? The Threat of Extinction and Family Policy in Czechoslovakia 1930s–1950s. Journal of Family History 43, 2: 177–93.Google Scholar
Rawidowicz, Simon. 1986. Israel, the Ever-Dying People, and other Essays. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.Google Scholar
Remennick, Larissa 2000. Childless in the Land of Imperative Motherhood: Stigma and Coping Among Infertile Israeli Women. Sex Roles 43: 11–12: 821–41.Google Scholar
Sacket, Shmuel. 2017. The Disappearing Jews. Arutz Sheva, 20 July, http://www.israelnationalnews.com/Articles/Article.aspx/20982 (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Sanua, Marianne. 2007. Let Us Prove Strong: The American Jewish Committee, 1945–2006. Waltham: Brandeis University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarna, Jonathan. 2004. American Judaism: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sasson, Theodore. 2013. New Analysis of Pew Data: Children of Intermarriage Increasingly Identify as Jews. Tablet, 11 Nov., https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/151506/young-jews-opt-in (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Saxe, Leonard, et al. 2010. Intermarriage: The Impact and Lessons of Taglit-Birthright Israel. Contemporary Jewry 31, 2: 151–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shore, Cris and Wright, Susan. 2011. Introduction: Conceptualizing Policy: Technologies of Governance and the Politics of Visibility. In Shore, Cris, Wright, Susan, and Però, Davide, eds., Policy Worlds: Anthropology and the Analysis of Contemporary Power. New York: Berghahn, 1–25.Google Scholar
Silverman, Jerry. 2014. Lessons from Pew. In “After Pew: What Will It Take to Save American Jewry?” Jewish Action (Summer), https://jewishaction.com/religion/outreach/jonahs-sukkah/ (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Solinger, Rickie and Nakachi, Mie. 2016. Introduction. In Solinger, Rickie and Nakachi, Mie, eds., Reproductive States: Global Perspectives on the Invention and Implementation of Population Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1–32.Google Scholar
Steinhardt, Michael. 2003. On the Question of Crisis. Contact: The Journal of Jewish Life Network 5, 3: 9–10Google Scholar
Stratton, Jon. 2000. Coming out Jewish. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Tal, Alon. 2016. The Land Is Full: Addressing Overpopulation in Israel. New Heaven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, Malcolm. 2012. Foucault, Fields of Governmentality, and the Population-Family-Economy nexus in China. History and Theory 51, 1: 42–62.Google Scholar
Thompson, Jennifer A. 2014. Jewish on Their Own Terms. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Tobin, Gary, 1999. Opening the Gates: How Proactive Conversion Can Revitalize the Jewish Community. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Tobin, Jonathan. 2013. Loving Us to Death: How America's Embrace Is Imperiling American Jewry. Commentary 136, 4: 11–16.Google Scholar
Ungar-Sargon, Batya, 2018. Pittsburgh Massacre Taught Me about Jews in the Age of Trump. Forward, 29 Oct., https://forward.com/opinion/413045/what-the-pittsburgh-massacre-taught-me-about-jews-in-the-age-of-trump/ (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Urla, Jacqueline and Burdick, Christa. 2018. Counting Matters: Quantifying the Vitality and Value of Basque. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 252: 73–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valley, Ely, ed. 2004. Measurement and Accountability in the Jewish World. Special issue of Contact: The Journal of Jewish Network 6, 4.Google Scholar
Valley, Ely, ed. 2006. Social Research and the Jews. Special issue of Contact: The Journal of Jewish Network 8, 4.Google Scholar
Vogelstein, C. Ilene and Jacobs, Francine. 2003. Universal Jewish Early Care and Education: A Worthy Solution to Our Demographic Woes. Contact 5, 3: 13–15.Google Scholar
Wertheimer, Jack. 2005. Jews and the Jewish Birthrate. Commentary, 1 Oct., https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/jews-and-the-jewish-birthrate/ (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Wertheimer, Jack. 2007. Family Matters: Jewish Education in an Age of Choice. Waltham: Brandeis University Press.Google Scholar
Wertheimer, Jack. 2018. The New American Judaism: How Jews Practice Their Religion Today. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wertheimer, Jack and Cohen, Steven M.. 2014a. The Pew Survey Reanalyzed: More Bad News, but a Glimmer of Hope. Mosaic, 2 Nov., https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/2014/11/the-pew-survey-reanalyzed/ (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Wertheimer, Jack and Cohen, Steven M.. 2014b. No Apology for Alarm. Mosaic, 24 Nov., https://mosaicmagazine.com/response/2014/11/no-apology-for-alarm/ (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Wiener, Julie. 2000. Intermarriage: Jewish Attitudes. My Jewish Learning, https://www.jta.org/2000/11/01/life-religion/features/survey-acceptance-of-intermarriage-growing (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar
Wuthnow, Robert. 2015. Inventing American Religion: Polls, Surveys, and the Tenuous Quest for a Nation's Faith. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Zero Population Growth Endangers Jewish Survival. 1983. Jewish Press (serving Nebraska, Iowa) 61, 44 (15 July): 1, https://issuu.com/jewishpress7/docs/1983-07-15 (accessed 19 Aug. 2019).Google Scholar