Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T04:25:27.906Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Patterns of Religious Reformations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

Sheldon Shapiro
Affiliation:
Indiana University, South Bend

Extract

It is an historical truism that the Reformation of the sixteenth century consisted of a unique series of events. What we don't always realize, however, is that this series of events was itself one member of a class of historical phenomena. The most direct approach to elucidating this proposition is to start with the most obvious characteristic of Luther's teaching, his emphasis on salvation through faith. It is not generally recognized that this idea can be found in other religions and that it developed in those, as it did in Europe, in reaction to religious ideas which stressed works and subtle theological knowledge as the road to salvation.

Type
Religious Reformations
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1973

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Ch'en, Kenneth K. S., Buddhism the Light of Asia (Woodbury, 1968), p. 33.Google Scholar

2 Ch'en, , p. 33.Google Scholar

3 Conze, Edward, Buddhism: Its Essence and Development (New York, 1959), p. 67.Google Scholar

4 Ch'en, , p. 63.Google Scholar

5 Conze, , pp. 145–9.Google Scholar

6 Ibid., pp. 144–5.

7 Ibid., pp. 157–8.

8 The Lesser Sukhavati-vyuha as quoted in SirEliot, Charles, Japanese Buddhism (London, 1935), p. 106.Google Scholar

9 Conze, , p. 146.Google Scholar

10 Eliot, , p. 101.Google Scholar

11 Ibid., p. 104.

12 Conze, , p. 146.Google Scholar

13 Eliot, , p. 104.Google Scholar

14 Ch'en, , p. 70.Google Scholar

15 Conze, , p. 145.Google Scholar

16 Ibid., p. 124.

17 Luther, Martin, The Bondage of the Will, trans, by Packer, J. I. and Johnston, O. R. (Westwood, New Jersey, 1957), p. 314.Google Scholar

18 SirSansom, George, A History of Japan, Vol. I (Stanford, 1968), pp. 63–4.Google Scholar

19 Eliot, , pp. 327, 330, 331.Google Scholar

20 Ibid., p. 327. Reischauer, August Karl, Studies in Japanese Buddhism (New York, 1970; reprinted from the edition of 1917), pp. 101–2.Google Scholar

21 Eliot, , pp. 365–6.Google Scholar

22 Honen in the Letter to Tsukinowa's Wife, quoted in Sources of Japanese Tradition, compiled by Tsunoda, Ryusaku, Theodore de Bary, William and Keene, Donald, vol. I. (New York, 1964), p. 200.Google Scholar

23 Eliot, , pp. 368–9.Google Scholar

24 The Bondage of the Will, p. 317.Google Scholar

25 Ch'en, , p. 182.Google Scholar

26 Manschreck, Clyde, Melanchthon: the Quiet Reformer (New York, 1958), p. 296.Google Scholar

27 Bloom, Alfred, The Life of Shinran Shonin: The Journey to Self-Acceptance (Leiden, 1968), p. 10.Google Scholar

28 Ch'en, , pp. 181–2.Google Scholar

29 Quoted in Reischauer, , p. 113.Google Scholar

30 Gibb, H. A. R., Mohammedanism (New York, 1966), p. 53.Google Scholar

31 Gibb, , p. 48.Google Scholar

32 Quoted in Gibb, , p. 55.Google Scholar

33 Watt, W. Montegomery, Islamic Philosophy and Theology (Edinburgh, 1962), p. 32.Google Scholar

34 Ibid., p. 33. Laoust, Henri, Les Schismes dans l'Islam (Paris, 1965), p. 440.Google Scholar

35 Watt, , p. 33.Google Scholar

36 Ibid., p. 34.

37 Ibid., p. 34. Wensinck, A. J., ‘al-Murdji'a’, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. III (Leiden, 1936), p. 734.Google Scholar

38 Laoust, , p. 448.Google Scholar

39 Conze, , p. 40.Google Scholar

40 SirEliot, Charles, Hinduism and Buddhism, vol. II (London, 1921), pp. 206–7.Google Scholar

41 Ch'en, , p. 3.Google Scholar

42 Bernard, Theos, Hindu Philosophy (New York, 1968), pp. 89.Google Scholar

43 A Source Book in Hindu Philosophy, ed. by Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli and Moore, Charles A. (Princeton, 1957), pp. 506–7.Google Scholar

44 Eliot, , Hinduism and Buddhism, vol. II, pp. 313–14.Google Scholar

45 A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, p. 539.Google Scholar

46 Ibid., p. 508.

47 Eliot, , Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol. II, p. 317.Google Scholar

48 A Source Book in Indian Philisophy, p. 557.Google Scholar

49 Eliot, , Hinduism and Buddhism, vol. I, p. xiv.Google Scholar

50 Gibb, , pp. 121–2.Google Scholar

51 Ibid., pp. 122–3.

52 Ibid., pp. 125–6.

53 Ibid., p. 130.

54 Arberry, A. J., Sufism (London, 1950), p. 35.Google Scholar

55 Quoted by Gibb, , p. 133.Google Scholar

56 Gibb, , p. 132.Google Scholar

57 Quoted by Gibb, , p. 133.Google Scholar

58 Gibb, , p. 132.Google Scholar

59 Ibid., pp. 137.

60 Quoted in Leff, Gordon, Medieval Thought (Baltimore, 1958), p. 135.Google Scholar

61 Southern, R. W., Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages (Harmondsworth, 1970), p. 260.Google Scholar

62 Leff, GordonHeresy in the Later Middle Ages (Manchester, 1967), pp. 60–1.Google ScholarMoorman, John, A History of the Franciscan Order (Oxford, 1968), pp. 417.Google ScholarJorgensen, Johannes, Saint Francis of Assisi, trans, by O'Conor Sloane, T. (New York, 1912), p. 29.Google Scholar

63 Moorman, , p. 54.Google Scholar

64 Jorgensen, , p. 67.Google Scholar

65 Quoted in Jorgensen, , p. 69.Google Scholar

66 Moorman, , p. 123.Google Scholar

67 Leff, , Heresy, p. 316.Google Scholar

68 Ibid., pp. 312–13. Cohn, Norman, The Pursuit of the Millennium, 2nd ed. (New York, 1961), pp. 151–2.Google Scholar

69 Leff, , Heresy, p. 310.Google Scholar

70 Ibid., p. 405.

71 Cohn, , p. 151.Google Scholar

72 Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. I, p. 204.Google Scholar

73 Cragg, G. R., The Church and the Age of Reason, 1648–1789 (Harmondsworth, 1960), p. 101.Google Scholar

74 Ibid., p. 102.

75 Ibid., p. 104.

76 Schmidt, Martin, Wesley, John, A Theological Biography, trans, by Godhawk, Norman P., vol. I (New York, 1962), pp. 38, 40.Google Scholar

77 The Journal of the Rev. Wesley, John, A. M., (London, 1827), vol. I, pp. 96–8.Google Scholar

78 Ibid., vol. I, p. 181.

79 Cragg, , p. 153.Google Scholar

80 Smart, Ninian, ‘The Work of the Buddha and the Work of Christ’, in The Savior God, ed. by Brandon, S. G. F. (New York, 1963), p. 171.Google Scholar

81 Weber, Max, The Sociology of Religion, trans, by Fischoff, Ephraim (Boston, 1964), pp. 196, 197.Google Scholar