^{page 47 note 1} Cahen, Claude, ‘The Buwayids or Buyids’, in The Encyclopedia of Islam, eds. Lewis, B., Pellat, Ch. and Schacht, J., I (1958), 1350.Google Scholar

^{page 47 note 2} Flodoard Annates, anno 932. Perhaps there was another act of homage in 941. If so this was the last one. On this see Lewis, Archibald R., The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718-1050 (Austin, Texas, 1965), pp. 187–9.Google Scholar

^{page 47 note 3} Ono's actual statement runs as follows: ‘Many make lawless use of power and authority, form confederacies, engage daily in military exercises: collect and maintain men and horses under pretext of hunting game: menace district garrisons, plunder the common people. ‥ My appeal is that with the exception of provincial governors' envoys who enter a province at the head of parties carrying bows and arrows—all such be recognized as bandits and thrown into prison on apprehension’. Trans, by Brinkley, F. in A History of the Japanese People (London, 1915), p. 255.Google Scholar

^{page 47 note 4} Wittek, Paul, ‘La Féodalité Mussulmane’, in Société Jean Bodin, Recueils, I, Les Liens de Vassaliti et les Immunitis, 2nd ed. (Bruxelles, 1958), 150, and especiallyGoogle ScholarCahen, Claude, ‘L'évolution de l'iqta du IX au XIII siècle, Annales, VIII (1953), 25–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 48 note 1} Cahen, Claude, ‘The Turkish Invasion: the Selchükids’, in A History of the Crusades, I, ed. Baldwin, Marshall W. (Philadelphia, 1958), p. 158s.Google Scholar

^{page 48 note 2} Lewis, op. cit., pp. 180–9. On this later feudalism and its unusual features in Southern France see Richardot, Henri, ‘Le fief routurier à Toulouse’, Revue historique de droit francais et étranger, XIII (1935) and ‘Francs fiefs: essai sur l'exemption totale ou partielle des services de fief’,Google Scholaribid., XXVII (1949).

^{page 48 note 3} Reischauer, Edwin O., ‘Japanese Feudalism’, in Feudalism in History, ed. Coulborn, Rushton (Princeton, 1956), p. 30.Google Scholar

^{page 48 note 4} Cahen op cit., p. 1353.

^{page 48 note 5} On this general development see Ganshof, Francois L., Feudalism (New York, 1961), pp. 6–53.Google Scholar

^{page 48 note 6} Hall, John W., Government and Local Power in Japan, 500–1700 (Princeton, 1966), p. 134.Google Scholar

^{page 49 note 1} Lewis, op. cit., pp. 220–2.

^{page 49 note 2} On the attacks of the Qaramanthes in the Baghdad area see Bowen, Howard, The Life and Times of Ali lbn Isa (Cambridge, 1928), pp. 162–97.Google Scholar

^{page 49 note 3} Gonthier, André, ‘Le Régime Féodale au Japon’, in Société Jean Bodin, Recueils, I, Les Liens de Vassalité et les Immunités, 2nd ed. (Bruxelles, 1958), 132.Google Scholar

^{page 49 note 4} On the collapse of the Carolingian Empire and its effects on the Midi see Lewis, op. cit., pp. 91–113. On the decay of the Abbassid State see Bowen, op. cit. On Japan see Reischauer, op. cit., p. 28.

^{page 49 note 5} Cahen, op. cit., p. 1353. See also Kabir, Mafizullah, The Buwayhid Dynasty of Baghdad 3341946–44711055 (Calcutta, 1964), pp. 139, 146–7.Google Scholar

^{page 49 note 6} Sansom, George R., Japan, A Short Cultural History, rev. ed. (London, 1946), pp. 264–5;Google ScholarMurdock, James, A History of Japan, rev. ed. I (New York, 1964), 265–7 and Reischauer, op. cit., pp. 29–30.Google Scholar

^{page 49 note 7} Lewis, op. cit., pp. 226–38, 299–301.

^{page 50 note 1} The shô in Japan was not a manor but property, often scattered in a general area given immunity from taxation by special government enactment. Reischauer, op. cit., p. 29, and Andre Gontier, ‘Japonais, Le Shô’, in Société Jean Bodin, Recueils, III, La Tenure (Bruxelles, 1938), 306–7 and ‘L'organisation générate du ≪Shô≫ japonais’, in Société Jean Bodin, Recueils, IV, Le Domaine (Weteren, 1949). Some fiefs in the Midi were also not manors but grants of land or fiscal rights to dependent fighting men and others as well. Lewis, op. cit., pp. 267–71.Google Scholar

^{page 50 note 2} Cahen, op. cit., p. 1353 and Wittek, op. cit. p. 150.

^{page 50 note 3} Kabir, op. cit., p. 149.

^{page 50 note 4} Ibid., p. 139.

^{page 50 note 5} Ibid., pp. 146–7.

^{page 50 note 6} Cahen, op. cit., p. 1355, and Kabir, op. cit., pp. 134–5.

^{page 50 note 7} Kabir, op. cit., pp. 135–6.

^{page 50 note 8} On the leading noble families in the Midi see Lewis, op. cit., pp. 104–13. On those of Japan see Hall, op. cit., pp. 132–6, and Reischauer, op. cit., pp. 29–30.

^{page 51 note 1} On the bushi see Hall, op. cit., p. 132, and Gontier, Le Régime Féodale au Japon, pp. 132–3. For an example of the humble origin of milites see a Charter of 971 which mentions their rising from the class of serfs. Cartulaire de Vabbaye de Beaulieu, ed. Deloche, M. (Paris, 1859), No. 50.Google Scholar

^{page 51 note 2} Lewis, op. cit., pp. 226–38, 299–301.

^{page 51 note 3} Sansom, op. cit., pp. 264–5.

^{page 51 note 4} Reischauer, Edwin O., Japan Past and Present (New York, 1963), pp. 46–7.Google Scholar

^{page 51 note 5} Ibid., pp. 225–8 and 292–7.

^{page 51 note 6} Hall, John W., ‘The Castle Town and Japan's Modern Urbanization’, Far Eastern Quarterly, XV (1955), 37–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 51 note 7} Cahen, op. cit., p. 1355.

^{page 51 note 8} On Seljuk tactics see Kaegi, Walter E. Jr , ‘The Contribution of Archery to the Turkish Conquest of Anatolia’, Speculum, XXXIX (1964), 96–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 52 note 1} On the Midi's oaths of loyalty, records of which are found as early as 954, see Lewis, op. cit., pp. 307–10. Some of these, however, seem to be convenientia which were ‘La convenientia’ in Etudes d'histoire du droit privé offertes à Pierre Petot (Paris, 1959), pp. 413–20.Google Scholar

^{page 52 note 2} Concerning the truer feudalism found among Turkish border Gazis see Wittek, Paul, The Rise of the Ottoman Turks (London, 1965), pp. 1–40.Google Scholar

^{page 52 note 3} Cahen, op. cit., p. 1353. Wittek, La Féodalité Mussulmane, p. 150.

^{page 52 note 4} See Lewis, Archibald R., ‘Count Gerald of Aurillac and Feudalism in South Central France in the early Tenth Century’, Traditio, XX (1964), 52–6.Google Scholar

^{page 52 note 5} Lewis, , Southern French and Catalan Society, pp. 276–8, 395–400. See also a similar situation in nearby Catalonia inGoogle ScholarBonnassie, Pierre, ‘Une famille de la campagne barcelonaise et ses activites economiques aux alentours de l'an mil’, in Annates du Midi, LXXVI (1964).Google Scholar

^{page 52 note 6} However there was a right to the income of a shô called a shiki which could be divided as fiefs were in the Midi during this period. On these shikis see Reischauer, op. cit., p. 30, and Gontier, Le Régime Feodale au Japon, pp. 134–5.

^{page 52 note 7} Murdock, op. cit., pp. 265–7.