¹ Recent studies of cultural divergence in the Americas include Harris, R. C., The seigneurial system in Canada. A geographical study (Madison and Quebec, 1966)Google Scholar; Lockhart, J. M., Spanish Peru, 1532–1560. A colonial society (Madison, 1968)Google Scholar; Powell, S. C., Puritan village; the formation of a New England town (Middletown, 1963)Google Scholar; Russell-Wood, A. J. R., Fidalgos and Philanthropists. The Santa Casa da Misericordia of Bahia, 1550–1755 (Berkeley and London, 1968)Google Scholar. The only study in English of the Portuguese Senado is Boxer, C. R., Portuguese society in the tropics. The municipal councils of Goa, Macao, Bahia, and Luanda, 1510–1800 (Madison, 1965).Google Scholar

² Frank's, A. Gunder thesis, ‘Goal ambiguity and conflicting standards: an approach to the study of organization’, Human Organization, vol. 17, no 4 (Winter, 1958–1959), pp. 8–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar has been applied to the Spanish empire by Phelan, J. L., ‘Authority and flexibility in the Spanish imperial bureaucracy’, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 5 (06, 1960), pp. 47–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³ The opening up of the interior of Brazil in the colonial period is described in de Abreu, J. Capistrano, Caminhos antigos epovoamento do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro, 1930)Google Scholar; de Magalhaes, Basilio, Expansao geographica do Brasil colonial (2nd. ed., Sao Paulo, 1935)Google Scholar and Júnior, Caio Prado, The colonial background of modern Brazil (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1969)Google Scholar. The Arquivo Publico Mineiro at Belo Horizonte is an indispensable repository of materials on the colonial period in Minas Gerais. An outline catalogue of Crown correspondence and gubernatorial edicts of the section entitled ‘Secretaria do governo’ is contained in the Revista do Archivo Público Mineiro, ano 12 (Belo Horizonte, 1908), pp. 745–56Google Scholar. Manuscript catalogues exist for the registers of the individual town councils, but should be consulted with caution. The Revista, vols. 1–25 (1896–1937)Google Scholar contains numerous transcripts of documents in the archives, but these should be checked against the originals. A somewhat difficult to consult Indice geral da Revista do Archivo Publico Mineiro, vols. 1–18 (1896–1913) organizado por Theophilo Feu de Carvalho (Belo Horizonte, 1914) serves as an indication of the scope of the Revista.Google Scholar

⁴ Cardozo, M., ‘The Brazilian gold rush’, The Americas, vol. 3 (10, 1946), pp. 137–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Boxer, C. R., The golden age of Brazil, 1695–1750. Growing pains of a colonial society (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1962), pp. 30–60Google Scholar. For the effects on the littoral, see Russell-Wood, A. J. R., Fidalgos and Philanthropists, pp. 67–8, 70, 78, 111.Google Scholar

⁵ The classic study of the bandeirantes is Affonso de Taunay, E., História geral das bandeiras paulistas (vols. 1–11, Sāo Paulo 1924–1950)Google Scholar and Relatos senanistas (Sāo Paulo, 1953)Google Scholar. See also Morse, R. M., ed. The bandeirantes: The historical role of the Brazilian pathfinders (New York, 1965)Google Scholar. On the change of name see Boxer, C. R., The golden age, p. 162Google Scholar, cf. Caetano da Costa Matoso, ‘Colesam das noticias dos primeiros descobrimentos das Minas na America, que fez o Dr. Caetano da Costa Matoso, sendo Ouvidor Geral das do ouro preto de que tomou pose em Fevr0 de 1749’ (Biblioteca municipal de Sao Paulo MS D/l /a/43) ff. 37 v, 69r. Dom Pedro visited Vila Rica on April 9, 1822: the first reference in the municipal registers to city status is of March 22, 1823, Arquivo Público Mineiro, Camara municipal de Ouro Prēto (henceforth abbreviated to APMCMOP), vol. 137, ff. 334r–6r, 394r. On the change of capital see Moema Miranda de Siqueira, ‘Mudanca da capital de Minas: uma questao ideológica’, Revista brasileira de estudos politicos, no. 33 (January, 1972), pp. 89–101.Google Scholar

⁶ On this era see Caetano da Costa Matoso, ‘Colesam’, ff. 44r–48r, 64r–66r; Boxer, C. R., The golden age, pp. 30–60Google Scholar; Calogeras, P., As minas do Brasil e sua legislacao (3 vols., Rio de Janeiro, 1904–1905), vol. 1, pp. 44–75Google Scholar; Antonil, André Joçao, Cultura e opulência do Brasil por suas drogas e minas (ed., Mansuy, Andrée, Paris, 1968), 3^a parteGoogle Scholar; Cardozo, M. S., ‘The collection of the fifths in Brazil, 1695–1709’, Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 20 (08, 1940), no. 3, pp. 359–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷ Cardozo, M., ‘The Guerra dos Emboabas: Civil war in Minas Gerais, 1708–1709’, Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 22 (1942), pp. 470–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Boxer, C. R., The golden age, pp. 61–83; Albuquerque's measures in Sãao Paulo are registered in Arquivo Público Mineiro, Secretaria do Govêrno (henceforth abbreviated to APMSG), vol. 7, ff. lr–32v.Google Scholar

⁸ APMSG, vol. 7, ff. 42v–43r, 52v–53r.

⁹ Ibid., vol. 7, ff. 58v–59r, 59v–60r.

¹⁰ Decree of January 22, 1711, ibid., vol. 7, f. 73v.

¹¹ Ibid., vol. 7, ff. 33v, 34v, 38r, 40r–v, llOv, 114v.

¹² Ibid., vol. 7, ff. 35v, 38r–39r, 39r–v, 44r–v, 45r–v, inter alia. Some sesmarias are copied in Revista do Arquivo Público Mineiro, ano 10, fasc. 3–4 (Belo Horizonte, 1906), pp. 899–979Google Scholar. For the appointments see APMSG 7, ff. 42r–v, 105v.Google Scholar

¹³ See Boxer, and Antonil, , op. cit.Google Scholar, to which may be added Goulart, M., Escravidão africana no Brasil (São Paulo, 1949), pp. 134–6.Google Scholar

¹⁴ APMSG, vol. 7, ff. 84r, 86v–87r, 104r, HSr–v, 115v–116r, 118v–119r, 122r–v, 123v.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Ibid., ff. 36v, 40v–41r, 67v, 73r–v, 75v, 83v, lOlv.

¹⁶ Ibid., f. 37v. The edict prohibiting firearms was dated São Paulo, July 18, 1710 and extended to Minas Gerais on December 1, 1710, APMSG, ibid., ff. 8r, 37v; for other examples see Revista do Arquivo Público Mineiro, vol. 7, pp. 276–7Google Scholar and APMSG, vol. 11, ff. 268r, 279r–80rGoogle Scholar; Russell-Wood, A. J. R., ‘Class, creed and colour in colonial Bahia: a study in prejudice’, Race, vol. 9 (10, 1967), no. 2, p. 151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁷ APMSG, vol. 7, ff. 38r, 40v, 62r–v.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Ibid., ff. 42r–v, 58v–59r, 137r–v; Costa Matoso, ‘Colesam’, f. 47r. For biographical details, see Franco, Francisco de Assis Carvalho, Diciondrio de bandeirantes e sertanistas do Brasil (São Paulo, 1954), p. 176.Google Scholar

¹⁹ On Crown policy, consult Caio Prado Júnior, Evolução politico do Brasil e outros estudos (Sãao Paulo, 1963), pp. 27–30Google Scholar; Russell-Wood, A. J. R., Fidalgos, p. 244Google Scholar; Boxer, C. R., The golden age, pp. 147–8Google Scholar; Matoso, Costa, ‘Colesam’, ff. 37v, 48v–49r, 69rGoogle Scholar; Pedro Taques de Almeida Paes Leme, Informação sobre as minas de São Paulo (São Paulo-Rio de Janeiro, s/d), pp. 152–3.Google Scholar

²⁰ General histories of these foundations are Augusto de Lima Júnior, As primeiras vilas do ouro (Belo Horizonte, 1962)Google Scholar and A Capitania das Minas Gerais (Origens e formação) (3rd. ed., Belo Horizonte, 1965)Google Scholar. A documented history of Vila Rica has yet to be written, but the following may be consulted: Augusto de Lima Júnior, Vila Rica do Ouro Preto: Sintese historica e descritiva (Belo Horizonte, 1957)Google Scholar. Francisco António Lopes, Os paldcios de Vila Rica: Ouro Preto no ciclo do ouro (Belo Horizonte, 1955)Google Scholar, Cabral, Henrique Barbosa da Silva, Ouro Preto (Belo Horizonte, 1969)Google Scholar and de Vasconcellos, Sylvio, Vila Rica: Formação e desenvolvimento-residências (Rio de Janeiro, 1956)Google Scholar and Boxer, C. R., The golden age, pp. 162–203Google Scholar. Information on other municipal foundations in Minas Gerais is contained in Revista do Arquivo Público Mineiro, ano 2, fac. 1 (1897), pp. 81–107 and ano. 1, fac. 2 (1896), pp. 347–72.Google Scholar

²¹ Ribeirāo, , APMSG, 7, ff. 74v–75r, 79r, 86rGoogle Scholar; Rica, Vila, ff. 108r, 108r–v, 121v–122r; Sahará, ff. 52r, 59r–v, 65v, 66Ar, 67r, 70v.Google Scholar

²² Matoso, Costa, ‘Colesam’, ff. 37v, 69r.Google Scholar

²³ Ibid., ff. 49r–v; the first register of council meetings (1711–15) is published in Annaes da Biblioteca National do Rio de Janeiro, vol. 49 (1927) (Rio de Janeiro, 1936), pp. 199–391Google Scholar, and the second (APMCMOP, vol. 4, 1716–1721)Google Scholar in Revista do Arquivo Publico Mineiro, ano 25, 2 ⁰ vol., 07 1937 (Belo Horizonte, 1938), pp. 3–166.Google Scholar

²⁴ Costa Matoso, ‘Colesam’, f. 49r–v.

²⁵ Captain Felix de Gusman Mendonca e Bueno, ‘sendo da principal nobreza’ of Rio de Janeiro, served as councillor in 1711, APMSG, vol. 7, f. 35v; vol. 8, ff. 2v–3vGoogle Scholar; Anais da Biblioteca National, vol. 49, p. 203.Google Scholar

²⁶ Costa Matoso, ‘Colesam’, f. 37v.

²⁷ In 1717 the Council refused to allow the lawyer Dr. Antonio de Brito Lira to leave Vila Rica on pain of suspension, APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 29v, 30r–vGoogle Scholar. António Martins Leça, procurador in 1714 and judge in 1722, earned the reprobation of the Count of Assumar ‘q'muito pouco tempo hâ foi capat¹⁰ nesta v^a e n^alm^te home de pouca capacid^e’, APMSG, vol. 23, ff. 105v, 107rGoogle Scholar; Anais da Biblioteca Nacional, vol. 49, p. 287Google Scholar; APMCMOP, vol. 13, f. 35r.Google Scholar

²⁸ Russell-Wood, A. J. R., chapter on ‘Colonial Brazil’ in Greene, J. P. and Cohen, D., eds., Neither Slave nor Free: The Freedmen of African Descent in the Slave Societies of the New World (Baltimore, 1972), p. 112.Google Scholar

²⁹ On perquisites see APMCMOP, vol. 13, ff. 91v–92r, vol. 28, ff. 23v–24rGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 81, doc. 79 and accompanying docs.; vol. 32, ff. 4r, 63v–64vGoogle Scholar; the Crown judge, Dr. Caetano da Costa Matoso, was severely reprimanded by the king in 1752 for allocating perquisites from municipal funds to the councillors and to himself, APMCMOP, vol. 63, ff. 136v–137vGoogle Scholar. Requests for privileges ranged from the concession of those of Lisbon and Oporto, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo to individual titles for the councillors and the raising of Vila Rica to city status, APMCMOP, vol. 9, ff. 24v–25r, 28r–v, 34r–35r, 46r–47r, 64r–v, 66v–67r; vol. 7, ff. 26r–v; vol. 6, ff. 133r–v; vol. 60, f. 64r–v; vol. 54, ff. 178v–179vGoogle Scholar; AMPSG, vol 35, doc. 100.Google Scholar

³⁰ APMCMOP, vol. 6, f. 10v–llr; vol. 4, ff. 65r, 65v; vol. 28, ff. lOv; vol. 43, ff. 23r–25r; vol. 112, ff. 43r–44r, inter aliaGoogle Scholar. APMSG, vol. 5, ff. 150r–151v; vol. 11, (T. 229v–30r; vol. 35, doc. 100 and vol. 44, ff. 136v–138v.Google Scholar

³¹ APMCMOP, vol. 77, ff. 228r–229v, ‘conspiracao de estranhos e menos nobres’Google Scholar; cf. ibid., vol. 6, f. 133r–v; vol. 9, ff. 34r–35r, 46r–47r, 41v–42r, 64r–v.

³² APMSG, vol. 7, ff. 120r–v`1Google Scholar; APMCMOP, vol 4, ff. 17v, 52v.Google Scholar

³³ APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 76v–77r; vol. 60, ff. 60v–61rGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 11, ff. 126v–127r; cf. vol. 27, f. 51r.Google Scholar

³⁴ APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 38r–v, 145v–146r; vol. 99, ff. 177v–179v, 283r–v.Google Scholar

³⁵ APMCMOP, vol. 13, ff. 43r–v, 50r; vol. 42, ff. 110v–113r inter aliaGoogle Scholar; on royal approval for salaries, see CMOP, vol. 28, ff. 151r–v, 169r–171r, 137r–138r; vol. 36, f. 8r–v; vol. 7, f. 47vGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 81, doc. 61.Google Scholar

³⁶ APMCMOP, vol. 39, f. 74v–76r; vol. 90, ff. 22v–23v.Google Scholar

³⁷ Alden, D., Royal government in colonial Brazil, with special reference to the administration of the Marquis of Lavradio, 1769–1779 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1968), pp. 29–44Google Scholar, supports the thesis of increased restrictions being placed on the authority of the viceroy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, vis-á-vis governors. Rather, I would suggest, there was an extension of viceregal responsibilities to governors of captaincies with the opening up of the hinterland. In Minas Gerais, this did not result in greater autonomy of action. Royal admonitions to governors for failing to report current issues to the viceroy were commonplace. Moreover, Dom Joño V, pathologically sensitive to cases of usurpation of jurisdiction, and the Overseas Council maintained a rigorous scrutiny of every administrative step taken by governors in Minas Gerais. On racial discrimination within the coloured sector see Russell-Wood, A. J. R., ‘Colonial Brazil’, pp. 117–18Google Scholar, and Fritz Teixeira de Salles, Associates religiosas no ciclo do ouro (Belo Horizonte, 1963).Google Scholar

³⁸ On the social life and development, see Boxer, C. R., The golden age, pp. 162–203Google Scholar; the influx of slaves is described in Goulart, M., Escravidão africana, pp. 139–71Google Scholar. The basic studies of the rise and fall in gold production are still Calogeras, P., As minas do Brasil, vol. 1, pp. 5–263Google Scholar, and Simonsen, R., História econdmica do Brasil (1500/1820) (4th ed., São Paulo, 1962), pp. 247–301Google Scholar; cf. Caio Prado Júnior, The colonial background, pp. 195–212Google Scholar, and História econdmica do Brasil (8th ed., S>o Paulo, 1963), pp. 57–66o+Paulo,+1963),+pp.+57–66>Google Scholar. Sugar production in Minas Gerais is described in Miguel Costa Filho, , A Cana-de-acucar em Minas Gerais (Rio de Janeiro, 1963).Google Scholar

³⁹ Mourāo, Paulo Krüger Correa, As igrejas setecentistas de Minas (Belo Horizonte, 1964)Google Scholar; Carrato, José Ferreira, Igreja, iluminismo, e escolas minelras coloniais (Notas sôbre a cultura de decadencia mineira setecenlista) (São Paulo, 1968)Google Scholar; Avila, Affonso, Residuos seiscentistas em Minas. Textos do século do ouro e as projeções do munaφ barroco (2 vols., Belo Horizonte, 1967)Google Scholar; Frieiro, Eduardo, O diabo na livraria do Cônego (Belo Horizonte, 1957)Google Scholar; Burns, E. Bradford, ‘The Enlightenment in Two Colonial Brazilian Libraries’, Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 25 (1964), no. 3, pp. 430–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴⁰ APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 22r–v, 22v–23rGoogle Scholar; Lopes, Francisco António, Os palácios, pp. 127–8Google Scholar. On the 1720 revolt see da Veiga, J. P. Xavier, A revolta de 1720 em Vila Rica: Discurso historicopolitico (Ouro Prêto, 1898).Google Scholar

⁴¹ Ellis, M., 'Contribuiç>o ao estudo do abastecimento das zonas mineradoras do Brasil no século XVIII), Revista de história, vol. 36 (São Paulo, 1958), pp. 429–67Google Scholar; Zemella, M. P., O abastecimento da Capitania das Minas Gerais no século XVIII (S>o Paulo, 1951).Google Scholar

⁴² APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 109v–110rGoogle Scholar; Ellis, Myriam, O monopdlio do sal no Estado do Brasil, 1631–1801 (São Paulo, 1955).Google Scholar

⁴³ Russell-Wood, A. J. R., ‘Colonial Brazil’, pp. 86–7.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ APMCMOP, vol. 6, ff. 42r, 183v–190v; vol. 33, ff. 5r–6rGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 37, ff. 36v–37r.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Russell-Wood, A. J. R., ‘Colonial Brazil’, p. 87.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ APMCMOP, vol. 77, ff. 6v–7r; vol. 4, ff. 51r, 59r, 63v; vol. 13, f. 112r–v.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 54v, 43r–44v; vol. 28, ff. 7r–v, 62v–63r; vol. 77, ff. 7r–9r.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 83r, 83v.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ APMSG, vol. 35, doc. 139Google Scholar; APMCMOP, vol. 7, ff. 183r–187r; vol. 9, ff. 32v–33r, 36v–37v.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. HOv–lllr; vol. 77, ff. 240v–242r; see note 120 on captains.Google Scholar

⁵¹ APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 22r–v, 22v–23r, 113v–114r, U4v, 123r, 125r–126v.Google Scholar

⁵² APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. lr–v, 18v–19r, 25r–v, 43v–45r, 76v, 1 lOr, 135v; vol. 28, ff. 116r–vGoogle Scholar. The welcoming committees and elaborate preparations for the arrival of the Count of Assumar in 1717 were not repeated for the Count of Galveas in 1732, APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 28v–29r, 30r, 31v–32r; vol. 28, f. 38r–vGoogle Scholar. In 1734 the Council asked the king to order the governor to respect the municipal privilege of registration of such appointees, APMCMOP, vol. 9, f. 44r–vGoogle Scholar. The bishop of Rio de Janeiro visited Vila Rica in 1726 and 1742 (CMOP, vol. 9, f. 14v; vol. 42, ff. 121v–122vGoogle Scholar); in 1745 the king sought papal approval for the creation of bishoprics in São Paulo and the newly created city of Mariana in Minas Gerais (APMSG, vol. 86, docs. 13, 15).Google Scholar

⁵³ Such celebrations involved heavy expenditure, APMCMOP, vol. 9, f. 14r–v; vol. 7, ff. 46v–47r; vol. 4, ff. 56v–57r–v, 124r–v; vol. 28, ff. 166v–7r; vol. 56, ff. 86r–91r; 112v–114r, 134v–135r, 137v–138r, 140v–141r.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ APMCMOP, vol. 9, ff. lv, 5v–6v, 4v; vol. 63, ff. 128r–129rGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 5, doc. 133Google Scholar. APMCMOP, vol. 9, ff. 16v–17r, 51v–52v; vol. 63, f. 34r–v.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ APMSG, vol. 27, f. 42r–vGoogle Scholar; APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 115v–116r, 51r, 71v–2r, 75r–v, 115v–122r; vol. 112, f. 70r–v; vol. 137, ff. 8v. etc.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Disputes between the Council and the Crown judge over the latter's jurisdiction in municipal affairs were bitter and frequent, APMSG, vol. 4, f. 207v; vol. 81, doc. 5Google Scholar; APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 9r–llr, 13r–v; vol. 6, ff. 19r–20r; vol. 8, ff. 8r–9r; Costa Matoso, ‘Colesam’, ff. 38r–39r.Google Scholar

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⁵⁸ APMCMOP, vol. 4, 4, ff. 136r–v, 141v–42r, 143r; vol. 13, ff. 8r–v, 20r–v.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ APMCMOP, vol. 39, ff. 38r–v, 97r–98r, lOOv–lOlv; vol. 7, ff. 89r–90r; vol. 28, f. 52r–v; vol. 32, ff. 219v–220rGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 32, f. 4r.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 47r–48r, 49r–v; vol. 60, ff. 45r–v, 49r–v, 61 r–v.Google Scholar

⁶¹ APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 54r–55vGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 29, doc. 55Google Scholar; CMOP, vol. 65, ff. 283v–288v; vol. 9, f. 28r–v.Google Scholar

⁶² APMCMOP, vol. 52, ff. 81v–82r.Google Scholar

⁶³ APMCMOP, vol. 120, ff. 22v–23r, 61v–62r, lOlr, 154v–155r, 190r–v; vol. 124, ff. 41v–42rGoogle Scholar. The procurator/treasurer during these years was not required to provide collateral because it was a non–salaried post, CMOP, vol. 124, ff. 7r–8v.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ APMCMOP, vol. 7, f. 6r–v.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ APMCMOP, vol. 4, f. 114r; vol. 6, ff. 29r–30rGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 21, ff. 68r–69r; vol. 23, ff. 105v–107r.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Royal letters of February 1, 1726 and April 29, 1727, APMSG, vol. 5, ff. 117v, 123r–vGoogle Scholar; APMCMOP, vol. 9, f. 4r.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Royal resolution with the Overseas Council of December 10, 1748, communicated to de Andrada, Gomes Freire, 12 5, 1750, APMSG, vol. 19, doc. 2.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ As early as 1723 the Council of Vila Rica had informed the king of the benefits to Minas Gerais of a High Court in Rio de Janeiro, APMCMOP, vol. 9, ff. 9v–10vGoogle Scholar; the Councils of the larger townships had taken up the issue again in the 1730s; see note 60 to which should be added APMSG, vol. 32, ff. 78v–79v; vol. 5, ff. 169v–170r; vol. 35, docs. 99, 153Google Scholar; APMCMOP, vol. 6, ff. 145r–146v; vol. 9, ff. 49v–50r, 66r–v; vol. 60, ff. 61v–62r.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ For the situation in Bahia and Luanda, see Boxer, C. R., Portuguese society pp. 74–5, 113.Google Scholar

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⁷¹ APMSG, vol. 29, doc. 133; vol. 32, ff. lOv–llrGoogle Scholar; APMCMOP, vol. 7, fT. 90r–v; vol. 9, ff. 23v–24r, 24r–v.Google Scholar

⁷² APMCMOP, vol. 52, ff. 3v–4r.Google Scholar

⁷³ APMCMOP, vol. 54, ff. 179v–180r.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ The post of juiz defora of Vila do Ribeirao was annexed to those of judge of orphans and Provedor of the dead and absent and salaried at 400$00 annually from the royal treasury and 80$00 from the town council for lodging (Costa Matoso, ‘Colesam’, f. 71r).

⁷⁵ APMCMOP, vol. 4, f. 62r–v.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ APMCMOP, vol. 9, f. 2v; vol. 4, f. 85rGoogle Scholar. In 1725 the king upheld the Council's prerogative (APMSG, vol. 29, doc. 1Google Scholar), later reversing this decision (APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 44v–45v).Google Scholar

⁷⁷ APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 43r–8r; vol. 6, ff. 138v–140r, 141r–144vGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 10, f. 5r; vol. 18, f. 32r; vol. 35, doc. 136.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 104r, 118v; vol. 32, ff. 83v–84v: vol. 52, ff. 204r–206v, etc.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ APMCMOP, vol. 77, ff. 7r–9r for a comprehensive range of rulings and punishments.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 126v–127r, 128r, 181v–182r–v; vol. 36, ff. 50r–51v; all the statutes for artisan trades were modified in 1735 as a result of the increase in gold from 1$200 to 1$500 per oitava; vol. 52, ff. 58r–59r, 81v–82r, 83v–84v.Google Scholar

⁸¹ APMCMOP, vol. 14, ff. 51v–52rGoogle Scholar; for other terms see ibid., ff. 26v–28v; vol. 13, ff. 90v–91r; vol. 32, ff. 226v–227r; vol. 14, ff. 5r–6r; vol. 28, ff. 120v–121v.

⁸² APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 15r–v; vol. 32, ff. 197r–8r, 213v–217r, 226v–227r; 13, ff. 90v–91r; 42, ff. 21v–22r; vol. 63, ff. lllv–112r; vol. 77, ff. 9r–10v.Google Scholar

⁸³ APMCMOP, vol.4, ff. 144v–145v; vol. 13, ff.90v–91r; vol. 14, f. 40r–v; vol. 28, f. 12r–v.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ APMCMOP vol. 4, f. 144r–v; vol. 32, ff. 197r–198r, 213v–217r; vol. 50, ff. 77r–78rGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 63, doc. 109; vol. 62, ff. 109v–110r. Alleged abuses by the contractor had been listed in the petition made to the Count of Assumar by the inhabitants of Vila Rica following the 1720 revolt (Costa Matoso, ‘Colesam’, f. 157r–v).Google Scholar

⁸⁵ APMCMOP, vol. 52, ff. 97r–98v; vol. 69, ff. 45v–46v, 195v–198v; vol. 99, ff. 105v–106r; vol. 71.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ APMCMOP, vol. 4, f. 179v; vol. 6, ff. 170v–172r; vol. 42, ff. 55v–56r.Google Scholar

⁸⁷ APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 179v (loose sheets at beginning of volume), 15r–v; vol. 39, ff. 88r–89r;Google Scholar

⁸⁸ APMCMOP, vol. 36, ff. 17r–18r; see p. 222 of this article.Google Scholar

⁸⁹ For several years the contract of inspection and the contract of weights and measures were amalgamated, distorting the value of the former. An indication of its decreasing importance may be seen from the successful bids in those years when it was autonomous, e.g. 1734: 255$000 (APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 105v–106rGoogle Scholar); 1742: 100 oitavas (vol. 42, ff. 75v–76r); 1796: 10$150 (vol. 120, ff. 159v–160r). In comparison, in 1796 the contract for weights and measures went for 2,811$000 and that of the half patacas on cattle for 1,500$000 (ibid., ff. 158v, 160r).

⁹⁰ APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 43v–t4v.Google Scholar

⁹¹ APMCMOP, vol. 49, ff. 18r–19r: for other terms see vol. 32, ff. 95r–97v, 99r–v.Google Scholar

⁹² APMCMOP, vol. 120, ff. 148v–149r.Google Scholar

⁹³ APMCMOP, vol. 7, ff. 85v–86r; vol. 28, ff. 22r–23r, 137r–138rGoogle Scholar; Lopes, Francisco Antonio, Os patdcios, pp. 111–13. See note 105 on this appointment.Google Scholar

⁹⁴ Conditions of this contract are in APMCMOP, vol. 14, ff. 22r–23v; vol. 32, ff. llr–14r, 227v–228r; vol. 33, ff. 49v–50r, 69v–70v; vol. 39, ff. 37v–38r, 45r–46r; vol. 42, ff. 110r–v.Google Scholar

⁹⁵ APMCMOP, vol. 13, ff. 70v–71r; vol. 4, ff. 144r–v; vol. 42, ff. 131r–v; vol. 43, ff. 19 r–v, 30v, 31v; vol. 52, ff. 19r–20r; vol. 69, ff. 118r–119vGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 55, ff. 188r–189r; vol. 67, ff. 141v–142r.Google Scholar

⁹⁶ APMCMOP, vol. 69, ff. 139v–140v, 181r–182v.Google Scholar

⁹⁷ APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 74v, 148v–149v; vol. 65, ff. 194v–195r.Google Scholar

⁹⁸ APMCMOP, vol. 32, ff. 25v–28r, 132r–v, 173v–174r; vol. 36, ff. 44v–45r.Google Scholar

⁹⁹ Revista do Arquivo Publico Mineiro, ano XX (1924) (Belo Horizonte, 1926), pp. 339–52Google Scholar. APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 77r–78r, 91r–96r, 118r–v, 172v–173r; vol. 36, ff. 40r–v, 86r–v; vol. 9, ff. 47r–48r, 66r–67r; vol. 32, ff. lllv–112r, 154r–158v, 161v–162v, 167r, 172v–173v, 176r–v.Google Scholar

^1OO For details of such contracts see Lopes, Francisco António, Os paldciosGoogle Scholar, and de Vasconcellos, Sylvio, Vila Rica.Google Scholar

¹⁰¹ An example of this was the appointment of Dr. Joseph Peixoto da Silva as lawyer on October 27, 1718, being dismissed on February 18, 1719 as redundant; on December 2, 1719 another lawyer was appointed and likewise declared unnecessary on February 10, 1720 (APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 61v–62r, 77r, 96v, 105r).Google Scholar

¹⁰² APMCMOP, vol. 7, ff. 34r–v, 47v; vol. 9, ff. 17r–v, 34r–35r, 38r–v; vol. 28, ff. 118r–vGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 81, doc. 61.Google Scholar

¹⁰³ APMCMOP, vol. 4, f. 73r; vol. 63, ff. 64r–66v; vol. 69, ff. 242r–v.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁴ APMCMOP, vol. 137, ff. 257v–258r, 268r–v.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁵ The first such appointee was the Frenchman Ldo. Antonio Labedrene, one of the few foreigners allowed in the mining areas, APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 137r–138r; vol. 33, ff. 53v–54v; vol. 32, f. 179r–v; vol. 107, ff. 257v–8v, 263v–265r.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ Francisco António Lopes, Os paldcios, pp. 187–90Google Scholar; Russell-Wood, A. J. R., A craftsman of the golden age of Brazil: Manuel Francisco Lisboa (Belo Horizonte, 1968), pp. 29–35.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ APMCMOP, vol. 50, ff. 185v–186r; vol. 69, ff. 283v–284v; 393r–v; vol. 78, f. 63vGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 23, If. 6r–v, 101 r–vGoogle Scholar. de Carvalho, Feu, ‘Instrucção pública. Primeiras aulas e escolasde MinasGerais, 1721–1860’, Revista do Arquivo Publico Mineiro, ano 24 (1933), vol. 1, pp. 345–91Google Scholar; Carrato, Jose Ferreira, Igreja, pp. 96–102.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 4r–v, 15v–16v; vol. 13, ff. 3r–4r.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁹ APMCMOP, vol. 137, ff. 113v–114v.Google Scholar

¹¹⁰ APMCMOP, vol. 7, ff. 130v–lr, 133v–8vGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 55, ff. 94v–95vGoogle Scholar; APMCMOP, vol. 13, ff. 6v–7r, 51r–v.Google Scholar

¹¹¹ APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 34v–5r, 43r–v, lv–2r.Google Scholar

¹¹² APMCMOP, vol. 13, ff. 91v–92r.Google Scholar

¹¹³ APMCMOP, vol. 13, f. 14v; vol. 28, ff. 110v–l 1 lr; vol. 39, ff. 34v–35r, 37v–38r, 45r–46r, 71r–72r, vol. 52, ff. 188r–189v.Google Scholar

¹¹⁴ APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 171v–72v; 13, f. 9r; 28, ff. 83r–v, 108r–v; 39, ff. 77r–78r; 42, ff. 103r–v.Google Scholar

¹¹⁵ Russell-Wood, A. J. R., Fidalgos, pp. 266–7.Google Scholar

¹¹⁶ APMCMOP, vol. 4, f. 72v; 32, ff. 195r–v, 202v–203r; vol. 42, ff. 30v–31v, 129v–130r; vol. 49, ff. 18r–19r, 56v–57r; vol. 54, f. 3r–v; see note 42 and vol. 6, ff. 134r–136r.Google Scholar

¹¹⁷ APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 2v–3r.Google Scholar

¹¹⁸ APMCMOP, vol. 32, ff. 47r–v; vol. 36, ff. 46v–47r; vol. 7, ff. 167r–168r.Google Scholar

¹¹⁹ APMCMOP, vol. 49, ff. 12v–13r, 34r–v; 56, ff. 114v–115r; 77, ff. 137v–139r, inter alia.Google Scholar

¹²⁰ APMCMOP, vol. 6, ff. 60v–62r; 28, f. 73r–vGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 62, f. 108v; 63, doc. 40.Google Scholar

¹²¹ APMSG, vol. 7, ff. 40v–41rGoogle Scholar; CMOP, vol. 39, ff. 129v–130r.Google Scholar

¹²² Boxer, C. R., Portuguese Society, pp. 76–7, 179, 181.Google Scholar

¹²³ Francisco Curt Lange, ‘As dancas coletivas públicas no periodo colonial brasileiro e as danças das corporações de oficios em Minas Gerais’, Barroco (Belo Horizonte, 1969), vol. 1, pp. 15–62.Google Scholar

¹²⁴ APMCMOP, vol. 32, ff. 42r–v; 44r–v, 45 r–v.Google Scholar

¹²⁵ APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 113v–114r, 116v–117v; vol. 50, ff. 170v–172r, 172v–174v.Google Scholar

¹²⁶ APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 20v–22r, 45v–47r; vol. 6, f. 63r–v; vol. 49, f. 73r–v.Google Scholar

¹²⁷ APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 119r–120r.Google Scholar

¹²⁸ APMCMOP, vol. 13, ff. 33r–34r, 38r–v, 39r–v; 60, ff. 85 r–v, 123r–4v; 63, ff. lr–2r, 90r–91 r; 77, ff. 266v–270r; 120, ff. 69r–v.Google Scholar

¹²⁹ APMCMOP, vol. 69, ff. 331r–332v; vol. 77, ff. 94v–96v, 130v–131r, 284r–v, 286r–v–288r, 295 r–v.Google Scholar

¹³⁰ APMCMOP, vol. 107, ff. 92v–93r; vol. 137, ff. 154v–155r.Google Scholar

¹³¹ APMCMOP, vol. 114, ff. 54v–55r, 73r–v.Google Scholar

¹³² APMCMOP, vol. 28, f. 133r–v; vol. 9, ff. 65v–66r; vol. 32, ff. 241v–242r.Google Scholar

¹³³ APMCMOP, vol. 43, ff. 86v–87v; vol. 9, f. 43r–vGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 5, ff. 15r, 102v, 120r–vGoogle Scholar; vol. 20, doc. 147. Other Councils likewise disputed royal intervention in such elections, APMSG, vol. 28, ff. 63v–64r; vol. 66, f. 189r–v; vol. 67, f. 142r.Google Scholar

¹³⁴ APMCMOP, vol. 49, f. 32r–v.Google Scholar

¹³⁵ APMCMOP, vol. 9, ff. 31r–32v, 38v–40r, 45r–v.Google Scholar

¹³⁶ Decree of May 18, 1722, APMCMOP, vol. 7, ff. 22v–23r; 6, f. 38r–v.Google Scholar

¹³⁷ Although raffles had been forbidden by the king (APMCMOP, vol. 9, f. 16rGoogle Scholar) in 1784 a municipal lottery was initiated in Vila Rica to meet the costs of rebuilding the Council building and jail (APMCMOP, vol. 112, ff. 76r–v, 77r–79r, 104r–v).Google Scholar

¹³⁸ These contracts were amalgamated in the following years, which I have been able to document: 1737 (CMOP, vol. 32, ff. 120r–122rGoogle Scholar), 1743–7 (vol. 50, ff. 60r–v, 68v, 134r–v; 52, f. 14r–v), 1749 (52, f. 232r–v), 1759–61 (vol. 69, ff. 95v–97v, 179v–81r, 249r–51r), 1763–5 (vol. 69, ff. 357r–9r; 81, ff. 47r–v, 155r–7r), 1769 (ibid., f. 389r–v), 1774–5 (vol. 99, ff. 78r–v, 226v), 1778–89 (vol. 107, ff. 162v–3r, 207v–8r, 254r–v, 317r–v, 368v–9r; 112, ff. 12v–13r, 64v; 114, ff. 23v–4r). See note 144.

¹³⁹ This was the case from 1794–5 (vol. 120, ff. 71r–2r, lllr–112r) and 1798–1802 (vol. 124, ff. 51r, 107v, 163v–4r, 221r–2r, 262r–3v), 1816, 1818, 1822 (vol. 137, ff. 181r–v, 226r–v, 323v- 4v). In the early part of the nineteenth century the Council adopted the practice of granting a percentage of the product of the fees collected to an administrator.

¹⁴⁰ APMCMOP, vol. 6, ff. 170v–172r.Google Scholar

¹⁴¹ APMCMOP, vol. 32, ff. 153r–v, 169v–170v; vol. 71.Google Scholar

¹⁴² APMCMOP, vol. 39, ff. 34v–35r, 37v–38v, 45r–46r.Google Scholar

¹⁴³ APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 22r–23r; 32, ff. 83v–84v, 85r–86r, 125r–v; vol. 35, f. 72r–v.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁴ APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 168v–169v, 179v (loose folios), 15r–v, 45r–v, 54r, 77v; 39, ff. 88r–89r; 42, ff. 20v–21r, 25r–v.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁵ APMCMOP, vol. 33, ff. 70v–72v, 76v–77v; 52, ff. 97r–98v; 63, ff. 104r–105r, 152r–v, vol. 77, ff. 5v–6r; 99, ff. 105v–106r.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁶ APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 171v–172v (loose), 110v–l 1 lr; 28, ff. 26v–27r on the alcaide; 69, ff. 345r–346rGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 7, ff. 40v–tlr, 75v, 83v; 50, ff. 90r–96v.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁷ APMCMOP, vol. 4, ff. 138r–v; 7, f. 8r–v; 13, f. 65v; 42, ff. 103v–105vGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 81.doc. 79.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁸ Accord of July 8, 1750, repeating a similar measure taken in 1747 (APMCMOP, vol. 54, ff. lv–2v; 55, ff. 80v–82r.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁹ APMCMOP, vol. 32, ff. 120r–122r.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁰ APMCMOP, vol. 32, f. 153r–v.Google Scholar

¹⁵¹ APMCMOP, vol. 33, ff. llv–12vGoogle Scholar; repeated in 1738, APMCMOP, vol. 32, f. 163-r–vGoogle Scholar; Crown judges were charged with levying extortionate and unauthorized fees and acting in collusion with councillors in the allocation of perquisites, APMCMOP, vol. 7, ff. 127r–8v; 60, ff. 46v–47rGoogle Scholar; APMSG, vol. 32, ff. 4r, 63v–64v.Google Scholar

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¹⁵⁶ APMCMOP, vol. 32, ff. 153r–v.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁷ Accord of October 31, 1733, APMCMOP, vol. 28, ff. 88v–90r.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁸ APMCMOP, vol. 39, ff. 96v–97r.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁹ APMSG, vol. 44, ff. 136v–138v.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁰ APMCMOP, vol. 42, ff. 80v–81v; vol. 49. f. 14v.Google Scholar

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