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⁴⁵ Rashiduddin Fazlullah, Jami‘ u't-tawarikh, pt. 3, 664.

⁴⁶ Tomoko Masuya, The Ilkhanid Phase of Takht-i Sulaiman, PhD diss., Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, 1997, 34; and Petrushevsky, “Rashid al-Din's Conceptions of the State,” 512–13.

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⁵³ Grupper, “Buddhist Sanctuary,” 42.

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⁵⁶ Rashiduddin Fazlullah, Jami‘ u't-tawarikh, pt. 3, 667. Rashid al-Din lists Arabic, Persian, Hindi, Kashmiri, Tibetan, Cathaian, and Frankish, among the language spoken by Ghazan and his court.

⁵⁷ Allsen, Thomas T., “The Yuan Dynasty and the Uighurs of Turfan in the 13^th Century,” in Rossabi, Morris, ed., China among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10^th–14^th Centuries (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), 253–58Google Scholar.

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⁶⁶ Arezou Azad, “Three Rock-Cut Cave Sites,” 212.

⁶⁷ Ibid.: 223.

⁶⁸ Tomoko Masuya, Ilkhanid Phase of Takht-I Sulaiman, 220.

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⁸⁴ Rashiduddin Fazlullah, Jami‘ u't-tawarikh, pt. 1, 8, also 7–9.

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¹¹⁶ Polo, Marco, The Travels, Latham, Ronald, trans. (New York: Penguin Books, 1958)Google Scholar, 279, 283.

¹¹⁷ Polo, Travels, 283. Kamalashri also conveyed that the Buddha died and was reborn eighty-four thousand times. There are also numerous references to animals and non-killing. Karl Jahn, “Kamalashri-Rashid al-Din's Life and Teaching of Buddha,” 96, 103,105,111.

¹¹⁸ See Wilson, Joseph A. P., “The Life of the Saint and the Animal: Asian Religious Influence in the Medieval Christian West,” Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 3, 2 (2009): 169–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar, here 179, 181, 183.