Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T05:21:22.822Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Gender, Culture, and Capitalism: Women and the Remaking of Islamic “Tradition” in a Sudanese Village

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

Victoria Bernal
Victoria Bernal
Affiliation:
University of California, Irvine
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Have women in third-world societies been made second-class citizens by colonialism, incorporation into the capitalist world economy, and class formation? Or are women relegated to less prestigious and less economically rewarding roles by patriarchal ideologies and practices the origins of which lie in indigenous cultures? Much of the anthropological scholarship on women can be divided between those who emphasize the relative importance of capitalism (for example, Leacock 1981; Nash and Fernandez-Kelly 1983; Boserup 1970) and those who emphasize culture (for example, Ortner and Whitehead 1981; Schlegel 1990; Rosaldo 1974) as determinants of gender roles and relations.

Type
Gendered Economies
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 36 , Issue 1 , January 1994 , pp. 36 - 67
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdalla, Ismail. 1991. “From the Editor.” Sudan Studies Association Newsletter, 11:3–4, 2–5.Google Scholar
Abu-Lughod, Lila. 1986. Veiled Sentiments: Honor and Poetry in a Bedouin Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ahmed, Leila. 1992. Women and Gender in Islam. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. 1991. Imagined Communities, rev. ed. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Antoun, Richard. 1989. Muslim Preacher in the Modern World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richard, Antoun, and Heglund, Mary, eds. 1987. Religious Resurgence. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Appadurai, Arjun. 1990. “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy.” Public Culture, 2:2, 1–24,CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asad, Talal. 1986. The Idea of an Anthropology of Islam. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University.Google Scholar
Austin, R. W. J. 1983. “Islam and the Feminine,” in Islam in the Modern World, 36–48, MacEoin, Denis and al-Shahi, Ahmed. eds. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
El, Bakri Zeinab B., and El-Wathiq, M Kameir. 1990. “Women's Participation in Economic, Social and Political Life in Sudanese Urban and Rural Communities: The Case of Saganna in Khartoum and Wad al-Asha Village in the Gezira Area,” 160–98, in Women in Arab Society, Shami, Seteney, Taminian, Lucine, Morsy, Soheir A., Bakri, Zeinab B. El, and Kameir, el Wathig M., eds. Providence: UNESCO, Berg Publishers.Google Scholar
Bauer, Janet. 1984. “New Models and Traditional Networks: Migrant Women in Teheran,” 269–93, in Women in the Cities of Asia, Fawcett, James, Khoo, Sieu-Ean, and Smith, Peter, eds. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Bedri, Balghis Yousif. 1987. “Food and Deferential Roles in the Fetiehab Household,” 67–91, in The Sudanese Woman, Kenyon, Susan, ed. Khartoum: University of Khartoum Press.Google Scholar
Bernal, Victoria. 1988. “Losing Ground-Women and Agriculture on Sudan's Irrigated Schemes: Lessons From a Blue Nile Village,” 131–56, in Agriculture, Women, and Land: The African Experience, Davison, Jean, ed. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Bernal, Victoria. 1990. “Agricultural Development and Food Production on a Sudanese Irrigation Scheme,” 197–227, in Anthropology and Rural Development in North Africa and the Middle East, Salem-Murdock, Muneera and Horowitz, Michael, eds. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Bernal, Victoria. 1991. Cultivating Workers: Peasants and Capitalism in a Sudanese Village. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Boddy, Janice. 1985. “Bucking the Agnatic System: Status and Strategies in Rural Northern Sudan,” 101–16, in In Her Prime: A New View of Middle-Aged Women, Brown, Judith and Kerns, Virginia, eds. South Hadley: Bergin and Garvey.Google Scholar
Boddy, Janice. 1989. Wombs and Alien Spirits. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Boon, James. 1987. “Anthropology, Ethnology, and Religion.” Encyclopedia of Religion, 308–16, Eliade, Mircea, ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Boserup, Esther. 1970. Women's Role in Economic Development. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Canton, Louis J. 1990. “The Islamic Revival as Conservatism and as Progress in Contemporary Egypt,” 183–94, in Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World, Sahliyeh, Emile, ed. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Cloudsley, Anne. 1983. Women of Omdurman. London: Ethnographica.Google Scholar
Dwyer, Daisy. 1978. “Women, Sufism, and Decision-Making in Moroccan Islam,” 585–98, in Women in the Muslim World, Keddie, Nikki and Beck, Lois, eds. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Eickelman, Dale, AND James, Piscatori. 1990, “Social Theory in the Study of Muslim Societies,” 3–28, in Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration, and the Religious Imagination, Eickelman, Dale and Piscatori, James, eds. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Engels, Friedrich. 1970. The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State. New York: International Publishers.Google Scholar
Fernandez-Kelly, Maria Patricia. 1983. ‘For We Are Sold, I and My People’: Women and Industry in Mexico's Frontier. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Friedl, Erika. 1981. “Division of Labor in an Iranian Village.” Merip Reports, 95 (03-04), 12–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gellner, Ernest. 1981. Muslim Society. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.Google Scholar
Giddens, Anthony. 1991. Modernity and Self-Identity. Oxford: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Gilsenan, Michael. 1982. Recognizing Islam. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Glazer, Ilsa. 1991. “Serving Up WID: Is the Cup Half Empty or Half Full?” Reviews in Anthropology, 16:1–4, 11–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, Ellis. 1991. “Smashing Idols and the State: The Protestant Ethic and Egyptian Sunni Radicalism.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 33:1, 3–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gruenbaum, Ellen. 1991. “The Islamic Movement, Development and Health Education: Recent Changes in the Health of Rural Women in Central Sudan.” Social Science and Medicine, 33:6, 637–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
el-Guindi, Fadwa. 1981. “Veiling Infitah with Muslim Ethic: Egypt's Contemporary Islamic Movement.” Social Problems, 28:4, 465–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haddad, Yvonne. 1985. “Islam, Women, and Revolution in Twentieth Century Arab Thought,” 275–306, in Women, Religion, and Social Change, Haddad, Yvonne and Findly, Ellison, eds. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Hale, Sondra. n.d. “Gender and Politics in Sudan: Islamism, the Party, and the State.” Manuscript.Google Scholar
Hasan, Yusuf Fadl. 1973. The Arabs and the Sudan. Khartoum: Khartoum University Press.Google Scholar
Hassan, Riffa. 1987. “Women in the Context of Change and Confrontation within Muslim Communities,” 96–109, in Women of Faith in Dialogue, Mollenkott, V. R., ed. New York: Cross Road Press.Google Scholar
aI-Hibri, Azizah. 1982. “A Study of Islamic Herstory: or How Did We Ever Get Into This Mess?” Women's Studies International Forum, 5:2, 207–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hijab, Nadia. 1988. Womenpower: The Arab Debate on Women at Work. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric. 1989. “Introduction: Inventing Traditions,” 1–14, in The Invention of Tradition, Hobsbawm, Eric and Ranger, Terence, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hoffman-Ladd, Valerie J. 1987. “Polemics on the Modesty and Segregation of Women in Contemporary Egypt.” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 19:1, 23–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holt, P. M. 1969. “;Four Funj Land Charters.” Sudan Notes and Records, 50:2, 2–14.Google Scholar
Holt, P. M., and Martin, Daly. 1979. The History of the Sudan. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Holy, Ladislay. 1991. Religion and Custom in a Muslim Society: The Berti of Sudan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ILO/UNHCR, . 1984. Labor Markets in the Sudan. Geneva: International Labor Organization.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, Abdullahi Ali. 1989. “Popular Islam: The Religion of the Barbarous Throng.” Northeast African Studies, 11:2, 21–40.Google Scholar
Kabeer, Naila. 1991. “The Quest for National Identity: Women, Islam and the State in Bangladesh,” 115–43, in Women, Islam and the State, Kandiyoti, Deniz, ed. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kandiyoti, Deniz. 1991. “Introduction,” 1–21, in Women, Islam and the State, Kandiyoti, Deniz, ed. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keddie, Nikki. 1986. “The Islamist Movement in Tunisia.” Maghreb Review, 11:1, 26–39.Google Scholar
Kandiyoti, Deniz. 1990. “The Past and Present of Women in the Muslim World.” Journal of World History, 1:1, 77–108.Google Scholar
Kheir, Al Hag Hamad M. 1987. “Women and Politics in Medieval Sudanese History,” 8–39, in The Sudanese Woman, Kenyon, Susan, ed. Khartoum: University of Khartoum Press.Google Scholar
Lambek, Michael. 1990. “Certain Knowledge, Contestable Authority: Power and Practice on the Islamic Periphery.” American Ethnologist, 17:1, 23–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leacock, Eleanor. 1981. Myths of Male Dominance. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
MacLeod, Arlene. 1991. Accommodating Protest. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Maher, Vanessa. 1978. “Women and Social Change in Morocco,” 100–23, in Women in the Muslim World, Lois Beck and Nikki Keddie, eds. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mari, Mariam, and Samí Mari. 1985. The Role of Women as Change Agents in Arab Society in Israel, 251–9, in Women's Worlds, Safir, Marilyn, Med-nick, Martha, Israeli, Dafne, and Bernard, Jessie, eds. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
McDonnell, Mary Byrne. 1990. “Patterns of Muslim Pilgrimage From Malaysia, 1885–1985”, 111–30, in Muslim Travellers, Pilgrimage, Migration, and the Religious Imagination, Eickelman, Dale and Piscatori, James, eds. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Mernissi, Fatima. 1985. “Women's Work: Religious and Scientific Concepts as Political Manipulation in Dependent Islam,” 214–28, in Contemporary North Africa, Barakat, Halim, ed. Washington, D.C.: Center for Contemporary Arab Studies.Google Scholar
Mernissi, Fatima. 1987. Beyond the Veil, rev. ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Mernissi, Fatima. 1989. “Women, Saints, and Sanctuaries in Morocco,” 112–24, in Unspoken Worlds, Faulk, Nancy and Gross, Rita, eds. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.Google Scholar
Mernissi, Fatima. 1991. The Veil and the Male Elite. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Metcalf, Barbara. 1990. “The Pilgrimage Remembered: South Asian Accounts of the Hajj,” 85–110, in Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration, and the Religious Imagination, Eickelman, Dale and Piscatori, James, eds. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Mikhail, Mona. 1979. Images of Arab Women, Fact and Fiction. Washington, D.C.: Three Continents Press.Google Scholar
Munson, Henry. 1988. Islam and Revolution in the Middle East. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
An-Na'im, Abdullahi, AND Peter, Kok. 1991. Fundamentalism and Militarism: A Report on the Root Causes of Human Rights Violations in the Sudan. New York: Fund for Peace.Google Scholar
June, Nash, and Fernandez-Kelly, , eds. 1983. Women, Men and the International Division of Labor. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
New York Times. 1992. “Iran Learns to Relax” (11 13).Google Scholar
Ong, Aihwa. 1987. Spirits of Resistance and Capitalist Discipline: Factory Women in Malaysia. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Ong, Aihwa. 1990. “State Versus Islam: Malay Families, Women's Bodies, and the Body Politic in Malaysia.” American Ethnologist, 17:2, 258–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ong, Aihwa. 1991. “The Gender and Labor Politics of Postmodernity.” Annual Review of Anthropology, 20:279–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherry, Ortner, and Whitehead, Harriet, eds. 1981. Sexual Meanings: The Cultural Construction of Gender and Sexuality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Papanek, Hanna. 1988. “Afterword, Caging the Lion: A Fable for Our Time,” 58–85, in Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain, Sultana's Dream, Jahan, Roushan, ed. and trans. New York: Feminist Pres.Google Scholar
Riad, Ibrahim. 1990. “Factors Contributing to the Political Ascendency of the Muslim Brethren in Sudan.” Arab Studies Quarterly, 12:3–4, 33–53.Google Scholar
Rogers, Barbara. 1980. The Domestication of Women. London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Rosaldo, Michelle. 1974. “Woman, Culture and Society: A Theoretical Overview,” 17–42, in Woman, Culture, and Society, Lamphere, Louise and Rosaldo, Michelle, eds. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
El, Saadawi Nawal. 1982. “Woman and Islam.” Women's Studies International Forum, 5:2, 193–206.Google Scholar
Sacks, Karen Brodkin, AND Nancy, Scheper-Hughes. 1987. “Introduction,” in As the World Turns: Women, Work, and International Migration (special issue). Women's Studies, 13:3, 173–82.Google Scholar
Sahliyeh, Emile. 1990. Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Said, Edward. 1978. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Sanad, Jamal, AND Mark, Tessler. 1990. “Women and Religion in a Modern Islamic Saiety: The Case of Kuwait,” 19–218, in Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Con temporary World, Sahliyeh, Emile, ed. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Schimmel, Annemarie. 1982. “Women in Mystical Islam.” Women's Studies International Forum, 5:2, 145–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlegel, Alice. 1990. “Gender Meanings: General and Specific,” 21–42, in Beyond the Second Sex: New Directions in the Anthropology of Gender, Sandsy, Peggy Reeves and Goodenough, Ruth Gallagher, eds. Philadelphia: University of Pennsyl vania Press.Google Scholar
Al-Shahi, Ahmed. 1983. “Sufism in Modern Sudan,” 57–72, in Islam in the Modern World, MacEoin, Denis and Al-Shahi, Ahmed, eds. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Smith, Jane, AND Yvonne, Haddad. 1982. “Eve: Islamic Image of Woman.” Women's Studies International Forum, 5:2, 135–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spaulding, Jay. 1982. “The Misfortunes of Some-The Advantages of Others: Land Sales by Women in Sinnar,” 3–18, in African Women and the Law: Historical Perspectives, Hay, Jean and Wright, Marcia, eds. Boston: Boston University Papers on Africa, VII.Google Scholar
Stowasser, Barbara. 1984. “The Status of Women in Early Islam,” 11–43, in Muslim Women, Hussain, Freda, ed. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Sered, Susan Starr. 1990. “Women, Religion, and Modernization: Tradition and Transformation among Elderly Jews in Israel.” American Anthropologist, 92:2, 306–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tapper, Nancy. 1990. “Ziyaret: Gender, Movement, and Exchange in a Turkish Community,” 236–55, in Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration and the Religious Imagination, Eickelman, Dale and Piscato, James, eds. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
al-Tayib, Griselda. 1987. “Women's Dress in the Northern Sudan,” 40–66, in The Sudanese Woman, Kenyon, Susan, ed. Khartoum: University of Khartoum Press.Google Scholar
Trimingham, J. S. 1965. Islam in the Sudan. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Bryan, Turner, ed. 1990. Theories of Modernity and Postmodernity. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Voll, John. 1983. “The Evolution of Islamic Fundamentalism in Twentieth-Century Sudan,” 113–42, in Islam, Nationalism, and Radicalism in Egypt and the Sudan, Warburg, Gabriel and Kupferschmidt, Uri, eds. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Voll, John. 1986. “Revivalism and Social Transformation in Islamic History.” The Muslim World, 76:3–4, 168–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warburg, Gabriel. 1991. “The Sharia in Sudan: Implementation and Repercussions,” 90–107, in Sudan: State and Society in Crisis, Voll, John O., ed. Blooniington: Middle East Institute, Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Watt, W. Montgomery. 1983. “Islam and the West,” 1–8, in Islam in the Modern World, MacEoin, Denis and al-Shahi, Ahmed, eds. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar