² Schumpeter, Joseph A., Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (New York and Evanston, 1962).Google Scholar

³ Hagen, Everett, On the Theory of Social Change (Homewood, Illinois, 1962).Google Scholar

⁴ Ibid., p. 5 and passim.

⁵ Ibid., pp. 353–384.

⁶ Ibid., p. 377.

⁷ Ibid., p. 371–372.

⁸ The figures are 15.5% in the population at large versus 22.2% among executives.

⁹ Ibid., pp. 380–383.

¹⁰ Ibid., p. 372. 11Ibid., Table 15–3 pp. 382–383.

¹² Ibid., p. 383.

¹³ Kulischer, Eugene, Europe on the Move (New York, 1948), p. 227.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Vicens-Vives, Jaime, Historia Social y Economica de España y America, Vol. 2, Book 2 (Barcelona, 1959), p. 256.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Hagen, op. cit., p. 372.

¹⁶ Ibid., pp. 61–74.

¹⁷ Ibid., pp. 55–56.

¹⁸ For a province by province analysis see Brennan, Gerald, The Spanish Labyrinth (Cambridge, 1960), pp. 87–130.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Since the middle of the 19th century there has been a decrease in the degree of self-sufficiency.

²⁰ Caro, Julio, Los Vascos (Madrid, 1949), p. 275.Google Scholar

²¹ Dovring, Folke, Land and Labour in Europe 1900–1950 (The Hague, 1956), p. 158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²² Caro, op. cit., p. 277.

²³ Ibid.,

²⁴ Veyrin, Phillippe, Les Basques: de Labourde, de Soule et Basse Navarre (Grenoble, 1947).Google Scholar

²⁵ Caro, op. cit., pp. 277–278.

²⁶ Ibid., p. 278.

²⁷ Those who choose the church, or to remain celibate members of their own households, would tend to be individuals who want a well defined institutional framework and are willing to accept it at the sacrifice of possibly much greater, although less sure, rewards outside.

²⁸ A similar adaptation may be at the root of the boundary maintenance systems of many peasant groups where the land is inadequate for supporting a growing population. Cf. Hughes, Everett, French Canada in Transition (London, 1946), pp. 20–21, 216.Google Scholar

²⁹ Hagen, op. cit., 193–194.

³⁰ This is greatly facilitated by the fact that the basic comparative data on Ireland and Norway have been summarized in a form particularly useful for the interests of concern here. Park, George K., “Sons and Lovers: Characterological Requisites of the Roles in a Peasant Society”, Ethnology, 1 (4): 412–424, 10 1962CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Professor G. P. Murdock suggested this comparison to me.

³¹ George K. Park, personal communication.

³² George K. Park, op. cit., 417–419

³³ It might seem reasonable to assume that birth order determines differences in personality. The most recent evidence on this is largely negative. See Turner, Ralph, “Some Family Determinants of Ambition”, Sociology and Social Research, 46: 397–411 (07 1962)Google Scholar, and also Weller, Leonard, “The Relationship of Birth Order to Anxiety”, Sociometry, 25: 415–417 (12 1962).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁴ Park, op. cit., 422–423, makes a similar point in discussing “character” as a sociologically significant variable in understanding peasant societies.

³⁵ Erasmus, Charles, Review of David McClelland, The Achieving Society in American Anthropologist, 64: 624 (06 1962).Google Scholar

³⁶ Ibid., p. 625.