Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T23:20:09.290Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ethnogeographic Integration and Exclusion in Anticolonial Nationalism: Indonesia and Indochina

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

David E. F. Henley
David E. F. Henley
Affiliation:
Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

In one chapter of Imagined Communities, Benedict Anderson draws attention to an obvious, yet seldom remarked, contrast between the anticolonial nationalist movements in the prewar Dutch East Indies and French Indochina. This contrast concerns not class, ideology, or politics but ethnicity and geography. In the Dutch colony, the Indonesian nationalist movement sought to unite all of the scattered islands and diverse ethnic groups into a single Indonesian nation based upon the ambiguous principle of unity in diversity. In Indochina, by contrast, existing ethnogeographic divisions were not abridged by the common reaction against French colonialism; and the colony ultimately disintegrated into the separate nations of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. The Indonesian and Indochinese responses to colonialism represent examples of what I will call integrative and exclusive nationalism, respectively.

Type
Constructing Identity
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 37 , Issue 2 , April 1995 , pp. 286 - 324
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Anderson, B. R. O.'G. 1991. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, 2nd ed.London: Verso.Google Scholar
Anthologie de la littérature Vietnamienne, 3 volumes, edited by Vien, Nguyen Khac and others. 1972–1975. Hanoi: Éditions en langues étrangères.Google Scholar
Avé, J. B. 1989. “‘Indonesia,’ ‘Insulinde’ and ‘Nusantara’: Dotting the I's and Cross ing the T.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 145:220–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benda, H. J. 1966. “The Pattern of Reforms in the Closing Years of Dutch Rule in Indonesia.” Journal of Asian Studies, 25:589–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, C. C. 1965. “The Javanese Picture of the Past,” in Soedjatmoko, Ali Mohammed, Resink, G. J. and Kahin, G. McT., eds., An Introduction to Indonesian Historiography. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Blumberger, J.T.P. 1931. De nationalistische beweging in Nederlandsch-Indië. Haarlem: H. D. Tjeenk Willink en Zoon.Google Scholar
Blust, R. 1987. “The Linguistic Study of Indonesia.” Archipel, 34:27–47.Google Scholar
Bonet, J. 1899–1900. Dictionnaire annamite français, 2 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.Google Scholar
Breuilly, J. 1982. Nationalism and the State. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Chandler, D. P. 1992. A History of Cambodia, 2nd ed.Boulder, Col.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Chesneaux, J. 1955. Contribution à l'histoire de la nation Vietnamienne. Paris: Editions Sociales.Google Scholar
Christie, J. W. 1983. “Raja and Rama: The Classical State in Early Java,” in Gesick, L., ed., Centers, Symbols, and Hierarchies: Essays on the Classical States of Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies.Google Scholar
Cook, M., 1977. The Constitutionalist Party in Cochinchina: The Years of Decline, 1930–1942. Clayton, Victoria: Monash University Centre of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Deutsch, K. W. 1953. Nationalism and Social Communication. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Drake, C. 1989. National Integration in Indonesia: Patterns and Policies. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Duiker, W. J. 1976. The Rise of Nationalism in Vietnam, 1900–1941. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Dunn, J. 1983. Timor: A People Betrayed. Milton, Queensland: Jacaranda Press.Google Scholar
Fall, B. B. 1963. The Two Vietnams: A Political and Military Analysis. London: Pall Mall Press.Google Scholar
, Feith H.; and Castles, L., eds. 1970. Indonesian Political Thinking, 1945–1965. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Les Frontières du Vietnam. 1989. Paris: L'Harmattan (Travaux du Centre d'Histoire et Civilisations de la Péninsule Indochinoise).Google Scholar
Geenz, C. 1960. The Religion of Java. Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press of Glencoe.Google Scholar
Gellner, E. 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Gunn, G. C. 1985. “Road through the Mountains: The Origins of Nationalism and Communism in Laos, 1930–1954.” Doctoral thesis, Monash University. Repro duced by University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1987.Google Scholar
Hall, D.G.E. 1981. A History of South-East Asia, 4th ed.New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Hatley, R.; Schiller, J.; Lucas, A.; and Martin-Schiller, B.. 1984. Other Javas Away from the Kraton. Clayton, Victoria: Monash University Centre of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Heesterman, J. C. 1986. “Unity and Diversity in India and Indonesia.” Itinerario, 10:83–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herz, M. F. 1958. A Short History of Cambodia. London: Atlantic.Google Scholar
Hodgkin, T. 1981. Vietnam: The Revolutionary Path. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hoffman, J. 1979. “A Foreign Investment: Indies Malay to 1901.” Indonesia, 27:65–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huard, P.; and Durand, M.. 1954. Connaissance du Viet-Nam. Paris: Imprimerle Nationale.Google Scholar
Khanh, Huynh Kim. 1982. Vietnamese Communism, 1925–1945. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Isoart, P. 1961. Le phénomène national Vietnamien. Paris: R. Pichon and R. DurandAuzias.Google Scholar
Kedourie, E., ed. 1970. Nationalism in Asia and Africa. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Kahin, G Mct 1952. Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kulke, H. 1991. “Epigraphical References to the ‘City’ and the ‘State’ in Early Indonesia.” Indonesia, 52:3–22.Google Scholar
Khoi, Le Thanh. 1955. Le Viet-Nam, histoire et civilisation. Paris: Les editions de minuit.Google Scholar
Legge, J. D. 1972. Sukarno: A Political Biography. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Levenson, J. R. 1958. Confucian China and Its Modern Fate: The Problem of Intellectual Continuity. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Levy, P. 1974. Histoire du Laos. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Liebermann, V. B. 1978. “Ethnic Politics in Eighteenth Century Burma.” Modern Asian Studies, 12:455–82.Google Scholar
Lockhart, G. 1989. Nation in Arms: The Origins of the People's Army of Vietnam. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Lynch, J. 1986. The Spanish-American Revolutions, 1808–1826, 2nd ed.New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Marr, D. G. 1971. Vietnamese Anticolonialism, 1885–1925. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Marr, D. G.. 1981. Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Maspero, H. 1916. “Etudes d'histoire d'annam-I: La dynastie des Li antérieurs (543–601).” Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extreme Orient, 16:1–26.Google Scholar
Maybon, C. B. 1920. Histoire moderne du pays dannam (1592–1820). Paris: PlonNourrit.Google Scholar
McLeod, M. W. 1991. The Vietnamese Response to French Intervention, 1862–1874. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Miert, H. van. 1994. “The Rise and Fall of Javanese Nationalism: Boedi Oetomo in the 1920's.” Paper for a conference on Comparative Approaches to National Identity inAsia, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, Copenhagen, 26–28May 1994.Google Scholar
Milner, A. C. 1982. Kerajaan: Malay Political Culture on the Eve of Colonial Rule. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Moertono, S. 1968. State and Statecraft in Old Java: A Study of the Later Mataram Period. Ithaca, New York: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project.Google Scholar
Molen, W. van der. 1992. “Wong sabrang,” in Houben, V.J.H., Meijer, H.M.J., and Molen, W. van der, eds., Looking in Odd Mirrors: the Java Sea. Leiden: Vakgroep TCZOAO, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden.Google Scholar
Morgenthau, R. S. 1984. “French-Speaking Tropical Africa,” in Crowder, M., ed., The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nagazumi, A. 1972. The Dawn of Indonesian Nationalism: The Early Years of Budi Utomo, 1908–1918. Tokyo: Institute of Developing Economies.Google Scholar
Nagtegaal, L. 1988. Rijden op een Hollandse tijger: de noordkust van Java en de V.O.C. 1680–1743. Doctoral thesis, Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht.Google Scholar
Niel, R. van. 1960. The Emergence of the Modern Indonesian Elite. The Hague: W. Van Hoeve.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Harrow, S. 1979. “Nguyen Trai's Binh Ngo Dai Cao of 1428: The Development of a Vietnamese National Identity.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 10:159–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Malley, W. J. 1978. “The Pakempalan Kawulo Ngajogjakarta: An Official Report on the Jogjakarta People's Party of the 1930s.” Indonesia, 26:111–58.Google Scholar
Osborne, M. E. 1969. The French Presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia: Rule and Response (1859–1905). Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Pluvier, J. M. 1953. Overzicht van de ontwikkeling der nationalistische beweging in Indonesia in de jaren 1930 tot 1942. 's-Gravenhage: W. Van Hoeve.Google Scholar
Po, S. C. 1928. Burma and the Karens. London: Elliot Stock.Google Scholar
Popkin, S. L. 1979. The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Porter, G. 1981. “Vietnamese Policy and the Indochina Crisis,” in Elliott, D.W.P., ed., The Third Indochina Conflict. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Ranade, M. G. 1900. Rise of the Maratha Power. Bombay: Punalekar and Company.Google Scholar
Ras, J. J. 1992. “Java and the Nusantara,” in Houben, V.J.H., Meijer, H.M.J., and Molen, W. van der, eds., Looking in Odd Mirrors: the Java Sea. Leiden: Vakgroep TCZOAO, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden.Google Scholar
Reid, A. 1979. “The Nationalist Quest for an Indonesian Past,” in Reid, A. and Maw, D., eds., Perceptions of the Past in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Reid, A., ed. 1983. Slavery, Bondage and Dependency in Southeast Asia. St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press.Google Scholar
Reid, A.. 1988. Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680, vol. 1. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Ricklefs, M. C. 1974. Jogjakarta under Sultan Mangkubumi, 1749–1792: A History of the Division of Java. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ricklefs, M. C.. 1978. Modern Javanese Historical Tradition: A Study of an Original Kartasura Chronicle and Related Materials. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.Google Scholar
Ricklefs, M. C.. 1992. “Unity and Disunity in Javanese Political and Religious Thought of the Eighteenth Century,” in Houben, V.J.H., Meijer, H.M.J., and Molen, W. van der. eds., Looking in Odd Mirrors: The Java Sea. Leiden: Vakgroep TCZOAO, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden.Google Scholar
Ricklefs, M. C.. 1993a. A history of modern Indonesia, 2nd ed.London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Ricklefs, M. C.. 1993b. War, Culture and Economy in Java, 1677–1726: Asian and European Imperialism in the Early Kartasura Period. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Robequain, C. 1944. The Economic Development of French Indo-China. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rousset, P. 1978. Communisme et nationalisme vietnamien: le Vietnam entre les deux guerres mondiales. Paris: Editions Galilee.Google Scholar
Scherer, S. P. 1975. Harmony and Dissonance: Early Nationalist Thought in Java. M.A. thesis, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Shiraishi, T. 1990. An Age in Motion: Popular Radicalism in Java, 1912–1926. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Sjamsuddin, N. 1985. The Republican Revolt: A Study of the Acehnese Rebellion. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Smith, A. D. 1986. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Smith, A. D.. 1991. National Identity. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Smith, R. 1968. Viet-Nam and the West. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Smith, R.. 1969. “Bui Quang Chieu and the Constitutionalist Party in French Cochinchina, 1917–30.” Modern Asian Studies, 3:131–50.Google Scholar
Smith, R.. 1973. “The Cycle of Confucianization in Vietnam,” in Vella, W. F., ed., Aspects of Vietnamese History. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.Google Scholar
Smith, R.. 1985. [Review of Taylor (1983)]. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 16:170–1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuart-Fox, M. 1986. Laos: Politics, Economics and Society. London: Frances Pinter.Google Scholar
Sutherland, H. A. 1979. The Making of a Bureaucratic Elite: The Colonial Transformation of the Javanese Priyayi. Singapore: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Taylor, K. W. 1983. The Birth of Vietnam. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Thayer, C. A. 1982. “Laos and Vietnam: The Anatomy of a Special Relationship,” in Stuart-Fox, M., ed., Contemporary Laos: Studies in the Politics and Society of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, V. 1937. French Indochina. London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Toye, H. 1968. Laos: Buffer State or Battleground. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lam, Truong Buu. 1967. Patterns of Vietnamese Response to Foreign Intervention, 1858–1900. New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies.Google Scholar
Tsuboi, Y. 1987. L' empire Vietnamsen face a la France eta la Chine. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Tsuchiya, K. 1987. Democracy and Leadership: The Rise of the Taman Siswa Movement in Indonesia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Vickery, M. 1986. Kampuchea: Politics, Economics and Society. London: Frances Pinter.Google Scholar
Volkstelling van Nederlandsch-Indië, 1930, 8 vols. 1933–1936. Batavia: Departement van Economische Zaken/Landsdrukkerij.Google Scholar
Walinsky, L. J. 1962. Economic Development in Burma, 1951–1960. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund.Google Scholar
Woodside, A. B. 1971. Vietnam and the Chinese model: A Comparative Study of Nguyen and Ch'ing Civil Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Woodside, A. B.. 1976. Community and Revolution in Modern Vietnam. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Woodside, A. B.. 1984. “Medieval Vietnam and Cambodia: A Comparative Comment.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 15:315–9.Google Scholar
Young, C. 1977. “Buganda,” in Lemarchand, R., ed., African Kingships in Perspective: Political Change and Modernization in Monarchical Settings. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Zainuʿddin, A. G. 1980. A Short History of Indonesia, 2nd ed.Stanmore, New South Wales: Cassel Australia.Google Scholar