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Education and Modernization in Japan and England*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

Marius B. Jansen  and
Lawrence Stone
Marius B. Jansen
Affiliation:
Department of History, Princeton University
Lawrence Stone
Affiliation:
Department of History, Princeton University
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Type
Education and Modernization: Japan and England
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 9 , Issue 2 , January 1967 , pp. 208 - 232
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1967

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References

1 The English translation appeared in 1963 (Tokyo, Ministry of Education). For comment and summary see Dore, R. P., “Education in Japan's Growth”, Pacific Affairs, XXXVII, 1 (Spring, 1964), pp. 66–79Google Scholar.

2 For Dore: “Talent and the Social Order in Tokugawa Japan”, Past and Present, No. 21, 1962; “Education”, pp. 176–204 in Ward, R. E.Google Scholar and Rustow, D. A., Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey (Princeton, 1964)Google Scholar, “The Legacy of Tokugawa Education”, in Jansen, M. B. (ed.), Changing Japanese Attitudes Toward Modernization (Princeton, 1965), pp. 99–132CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For Passin: “Education and Political Development in Japan”, in Coleman, J. S., Education and Political Development (Princeton, 1965)Google Scholar, “Writer and Journalist in the Transitional Society”, in Pye, L. W., Communications and Political Development (Princeton, 1963)Google Scholar.

3 Passin in, especially, J. W. Bennett, H. Passin, McKnight, R. K., In Search of Identity: The Japanese Overseas Scholar in America and Japan (University of Minnesota Press, 1958)Google Scholar, and Dore in City Life in Japan: Life in a Tokyo Ward (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1958)Google Scholar. Again, Passin in Raper, A. F.et al., The Japanese Village in Transition (Tokyo, SCAP, 1950)Google Scholar, and Dore's definitive Land Reform in Japan (London, Oxford University Press, 1959)Google Scholar.

4 “The Confucian Teacher in Tokugawa Japan”, in Confucianism in Action, ed. Nivison, D. S. and Wright, A. F. (Stanford, 1959), pp. 296–7Google Scholar.

5 Passin, p. 40, quoting Bellah, R., Tokugawa Religion (N.Y., Free Press, 1957), p. 149Google Scholar. Ishida Baigan's teachings were directed at merchants, primarily, but similar sentiments could be culled from the writings of rural reconstructionists like Ninomiya Sontoku.

6 P. 211. The quotation is from the memoir published in an inspirational magazine years later. That this sort of intensity is not dead can be seen from a remote “Spartan Academy” visited by Nagai Michio a century later, a school whose students display a kamikaze intellectualism directed toward success in the university entrance examinations and recite each morning in unison,“What someone else reads once, I will read three times; what someone else reads three times, I will read five times. Taking examinations is the student's battle. From this day forth I vow that I will study with the intensity of a madman or like a lunatic in order to achieve my goal.” Shūkan Asahi, January 1, 1961Google Scholar.

7 See, on Ogyū, McEwan, J. R., The Political Writings of Ogyū Sorai (Cambridge University Press, 1962)Google Scholar, and for a brilliant discussion of Ogyū's contribution to the modernization of political Confucianism, Masao, Maruyama, Nihon seiji shisō shi kenkyū [Studies in the History of Japanese Political Thought] (Tokyo, 1952, and nine subsequent impressions)Google Scholar.

8 See, for instance, Hall, R. K., Education for a New Japan (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1949)Google Scholar.

9 See Stone, L., The Crisis of the Aristocracy, 1558–1641 (Oxford, 1965)Google Scholar, ch. XII; Curtis, M. H., Oxford and Cambridge in Transition, 1558–1642 (Oxford, 1959)Google Scholar; Fletcher, H. F., The Intellectual Development of John Milton (Urbana, 1956–61)Google Scholar. Stone, L., “The Educational Revolution in England, 1560–1640”, Past and Present, 28 (1964), pp. 41–80Google Scholar.

10 Ong, W. J., “Latin Language Study as a Renaissance Puberty Rite”, Studies in Philology, LVI (ii), pp. 103–24Google Scholar.

11 Hall, J. W., “The Confucian Scholar in Tokugawa Japan” in Confucianism in Action, ed. Nivison, D. S. and Wright, A. F. (Stanford, 1959), pp. 270–7Google Scholar.

12 For England, see L. Stone, The Crisis of the Aristocracy, 1558–1641, ch. VII; for Japan, see Hirschmeier, J., The Origins of Entrepreneurship in Meiji Japan (Cambridge, Mass., 1964)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, chs. I, VII.

13 1Cf. Hall, op. cit., p. 297, with Stone, op. cit., p. 680.

14 Dore, p. 59.

15 15 Hall, op. cit., passim.

16 Quoted by Cipolla, C. M., Guns and Sails (London, 1965), pp. 41, 87Google Scholar n. 2.

17 Cipolla, op. cit., pp. 120–1.

18 For England, see Stone, op. tit., Past and Present.

19 Quoted by W. H. Dunham, from The Letters of F. W. Maitland, ed. Fifoot, C. S. H., in The Yale Law Journal, 75 (1965), p. 178Google Scholar.

20 Wilkinson, R., Gentlemanly Power (Oxford, 1964)Google Scholar.

21 Turner, Ralph H., “Sponsored and Contest Mobility and the School System”, Am. Soc. Rev., XXV (1960), pp. 855–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 Teng, Ssu-Yu, “Chinese Influence on the Western Examination System”, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 7 (1943)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Chang, Y. Z., “China and the English Civil Service Reform”, Am. Hist. Rev., XLVII (1942)Google Scholar.

23 Hirschmeier, op. cit., ch. V.

24 Passin, pp. 212–25.

25 J. D. Chambers, “Three Essays on the Population and Economy of the Midlands”, in Glass, D. V. and Eversley, D. E. C., Population in History (London, 1965), p. 330Google Scholar, n. 13.

26 Hirschmeier, op. cit., p. 249.

27 Mr. Dore's arguments are more clearly developed in his article in M. B. Jansen, ed., Changing Japanese Attitudes toward Modernization.

28 A. Craig, “Science and Confucianism in Tokugawa Japan”, in Jansen, ed., op. cit.

29 Ssu-Yu Teng, op. cit., p. 304.

30 Aldcroft, D. H., “The Entrepreneur and the British Economy, 1870–1914”, Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd Ser., XVII (1) (1964)Google Scholar; Wilson, C. H., “Economy and Society in Late Victorian England”, loc. cit., XVIII (1) (1965)Google Scholar.

31 Kendrick, T. D., British Antiquity (London, 1950)Google Scholar, pi. XI b.

32 Livingstone, R. W., The Greek Genius and its Meaning to Us (London, 1912), p. 68Google Scholar (see also pp. 239–50); A Defence of Classical Education (London, 1916), p. 187Google Scholar; Zimmern, A. E., The Greek Commonwealth (Oxford, 1911)Google Scholar; Brunt, P. A., “Reflections on British and Roman Imperialism”, Comparative Studies in Society and History, VII (1965), p. 227Google Scholar. The remark by Livingstone should be compared with the line taken by aristocratic apologists for the Southern Way of Life in the United States over the last hundred years (e.g., Fitzhugh, George, Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society, Richmond, 1854)Google Scholar.

33 Hall, op. cit.; Hirschmeier, op. cit., chs. V, VII.