The author gratefully acknowledges the help of a research grant from Central Washington University.

¹ Frentz's remarks were made on December 12, 1978, before the showing of thy television film, “Die Kunst zu bauen—das Erbe Europas.” For European Community, see Goldsborough, James Oliver, Rebel Europe: How America can Live with a Changing Continent (New York, 1982), 104–6Google Scholar; 115. For interplay between city and its various environments, Burtenshaw, D.et al., The City in West Europe (New York, 1981), 3, 6Google Scholar, 8; Canter, D.et al., Environmental Interaction: Psychological Approaches to Our Physical Surroundings (New York, 1975), 226–7Google Scholar; Preziosi, Donald, Architecture, Language and Meaning: The Origins of the Built World and its Semiotic Organization (New York, 1979), 48CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Chastel, Andre, “The ‘Representation’ of Cities,” in Paris through the Ages Couperie, Pierre, ed. (New York, 1968)Google Scholar; Leff, Herbert, Experience, Environment and Human Potentials (New York, 1975), 335.Google Scholar Cities as a reflection of community, see Relph, E., Place and Placelessness (London, 1976), 34, 43Google Scholar; Bonta, Juan Pablo, Architecture and its Interpretation: A Study of Expressive Systems in Architecture (New York, 1979), 30.Google Scholar

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⁴ Vaucluse, Conseil Général de, Quatriéme Session Extraordinaire de 1953, Rapport Spécial, Aide à la construction de logements, Avignon, '53 (1953), 12Google Scholar; Annoux, Nicole, “Avignon IntraMuros: Etude Urbaine,” Etudes Vauclusiennes 4 (juillet-décembre, 1970), 22Google Scholar. Also Le Dauphiné Libéré (Avignon), 22 avril 1954.Google Scholar

⁵ For stench, see report on Rue des Teinturiers, Le Méridional (Avignon), 19 09 1952Google Scholar. Daladier's importance and career, Aimé Autrand, Statistique des Elections parlementaires et des Partis politiques en Vaucluse de 1848 à 1928 (Vaison-la-Romaine, 1930), 280Google Scholar; Tarr, Francis de, The French Radical Party from Herriot to Mendes-France (New York, 1961), 94–95. Persuasion of Daladier, La Gazette Provencal, 21 mars 1953, 3 avril 1953 and Le Provençal (Avignon) 26 mars 1953. For accomplishments in Avignon, see Pescayre, “Matériaux,” 259–64; also “Enquete Le Moniteur des Travaux Publics et du Bâtiment (22 novembre 1958),” Realisations en 1958, dossier Urbanisme, Archives Municipales Avignon.Google Scholar

⁶ For attempts to encourage business, see Procés-Verbaux du Conseil Municipal d'Avignon, 28 janvier 1957 and 6 mars 1957. For economic position of Avignon, see Maugard, François, “Avignon-Esquisse de Géographie Urbaine,” Bulletin de la Société Languedocienne de Géographie, 20 (janvier-juin, 1949), 129;Google ScholarFrançoise Carriere et Phillippe Pinchamel, Le fait urbain en France (Paris, 1963), 308; Journal Officiel de Ia Republique francaise, Provence-Côte d' Azur; Plan régional de développement et d'ameacute;nagement (14 janvier 1961), 50, 80. Beginning in January, 1957, Le Provençal (Avignon) ran a series of articles on the plight of the city's retailers, see 30 janvier, 7 and 25 février 1957. For attitude toward industry, see Jean-Denis Longuet in La Gazette Provençal, 3 juillet 1957 and 27 septembre 1957; also Achille Ray, “Un projet du gouvernment de Gaulle menace l'avenir d'Avignon,” L'Accent, 4 septembre 1958.Google Scholar

⁷ Borne, Dominique, Petits Bourgeois en Révolte? Le Mouvement Poujade (Paris, 1977), 169, 239Google Scholar; Hoffmann, Stanley, Le Mouvement Poujade (Paris, 1956), 202, 391–402. Hoffman reports that the Vaucluse returned the highest percentage of votes for the Poujadists in all of France. The vote in Avignon resembled that of the whole departement, see results in Le Méridional (Avignon), 4 janvier 1956. For origins of Poujadism in Avignon, Alain Mistral, “Le mouvement Poujade,” L'Accent, 15 février 1955. In 1957, the city's Poujadists reconstituted themselves as the Union des Commerçants détaillants et magasiniers d'Avignon, Le Provencal, 30 et 31 janvier 1957. For revolt, Procés-Verbal de Ia Séance du 22 janvier 1958, Bulletin de la Chambre de Commerce d'Avignon et de Vaucluse, 59 (janvier-avril 1958), 5–11.Google Scholar

⁸ Gagniere, S. et Granier, J., Avignon de la Prehistoire a la Papaute (Avignon, 1970), 133Google Scholar; Girard, Joseph, Evocation du vieil Avignon (Paris, 1958), 174, 225–6Google Scholar; André Segond, “Les Foules Révolutionnaires et les émotions populaires à Avignon de mars 1789 à octobre 1791, “Diplôme d'Etudes Supérieures, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines à Aix en Provence (1969), 25–28;Google ScholarArlaud, Catherine, “L'Amenagement du Quartier de la Balance a Avignon, “Memoire pour le DiplOme d'Etudes Sup6rieures de Science Politique, Faculte de Droit et des Sciences Economiques a Montpellier (1965), 3–6.Google Scholar

⁹ Ibid.; Loyer, François, “Le Quartier de la Balance a Avignon: Renovation, Restitution, Restauration?” Lail, no. 158 (fevrier, 1968), 25Google Scholar; Annoux, , “Avignon Intra-Muros,” 23.Google Scholar For attitudes toward Balance, see Rey, A., “Une Percee vers le Rhone, L'Accent, 31 mai 1953Google Scholar; Daspet, Miriam, “Le Degagement de la rue Balance,” L'Accent, aoht, 1961.Google Scholar

¹⁰ See Arlaud, , “L'Aménagement,” 12, 20–23,Google Scholar 30–33. For prewar and postwar plans for the Balance, L'Accent, 11 au 18 août 1960;Google ScholarProcés Verbaux du Conseil Municipal d' Avignon, 20 juin 1953, 702–4. The immediate postwar projections spoke of assainissement; it was assumed that certain architecturally valuable old structures would be preserved. Also see article by Daladier in Le Provençal (Avignon), 1 mars 1957.Google Scholar

¹¹ For previous reactions, see Heckart, B., “The Balance and the Bridge: The Origins of the Loi Malraux in Avignon,” Journal of Urban History 9:1 (1982), 57–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Reactions of 1957 in Le Meridional (Avignon), 9, 11, 23 fevrier 1957Google Scholar; Le Provençal (Avignon), 11, 24 fe'vrier 1957Google Scholar; La Gazette Provencal, 20 mars 1957.Google Scholar The newspapers were concerned about all quarters of the intramural town, and many interviewed stressed the need to attract tourists. Also Annuaire de la Société des Amis du Palais des Papes et des Monuments d'Avignon, 27 janvier 1958. The change in plan was motivated by the Service d'Urbanisme, itself pressured by the Service des Monuments Historiques, see Arlaud, “L'Amenagement,” 12. It was reported in the finance committee that the “historic patrimony” would be conserved in its “integrality.” Since plans were also laid to have private developers construct in the Balance, it is difficult to know what would be saved, see “Commission des Finances et des Travaux Publics du 15 janvier 1958,” dossier Urbanisme, Archives Municipales d'Avignon.Google Scholar

¹² While insisting on preservation of certain facades and other architectural features, the director of the Service des Monuments Historiques seemed willing to let the idea of Pouillon be realized: Aulard, “L'Aménagement,” 12, 19. Pouillon was unwilling to make the alterations; see also Jean Sonnier, “Le secteur sauvegardé du quartier de la Balance à Avignon (Vaucluse),” Les Monuments historiques de France, juillet-septembre, 1968, 15. For press, see A. Rey, “Une nouvelle Agression de la Provence a Paris contre Avignon,” L'Accent, avril-mai, 1954. Also see Yvan Christ, “Denoncez les vandales,” Arts, 5 au 11 mars 1958, 13. For earlier responses to outside criticism, see Heckart, “Balance.”Google Scholar

¹³ Hartley, Anthony, Gaullism: The Rise and Fall of a Political Movement (New York, 1971), 302–4.Google Scholar

¹⁴ For Duffaut, see Who's Who in France? 1961–1962, 5th ed., Dictionnaire biographique (Paris, 1961)Google Scholar, and Le Provençal (Avignon), 31 mars 1958. For Daladier's resignation and Duffaut's election, see La Gazette Provençal, 26 novembre and 6 decembre 1958Google Scholar; also Procés-Verbaux du Conseil Municipal d'Avignon, 8 décembre 1958.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Andre Demêmes, “Le Grand Avignon: Problémes d'industrialisation et d'emploi,” and Reyne, G., “Le Grand Avignon: une realite geographique et sociologique,” Avignon-Expansion, juillet 1964, 29, 39.Google Scholar For festival, see Arlaud, Catherine, “Le Festival d'Avignon, 1947–1968,” Thése présentée et publiquement soutenue devant la Faculté de Droit et des Sciences Economiques de L'Université de Montpellier (1969).Google Scholar

¹⁶ Couyssy, G. de, “Equipment Commercial du Programme de Renovation Urbaine du Quartier de la Balance-Avignon,” Société d'Equipement du Départment du Vaucluse, Société Controlée pour l'Equipement du Territoire, 12 1961,Google Scholar dossier Etudes Préliminaires, Service de L'Equipement, Vaucluse, Préfecture de. Also Arlaud, “L'Amenagement,” 13–16.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Ibid., 17. Christian et Spell, Jean Michel, Les Villes Francaise: Avignon, Notes et Etudes Documentaires nos. 4359–4360–4361 (3 février 1977),Google ScholarLa documentation française (Paris, 1977), 66.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Arlaud, “L'Amenagement,” 34. For address, see Receuil des Actes Administratifs et Bulletin d'Information des Maires, 15 (1957), 662Google Scholar; Briat, René, “Lunaiere sur les origins de l'hOtel de Saint Priest,” Plaisir de France, 11, 1973, 10–17; Who's Who in France, 1961–62, 1967–68.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Ibid., 1961–1962. Arlaud, “L'Aménagement,” 27.Google Scholar

²⁰ Ibid., 28. See Escande, Jean to Directeur Général de ('Architecture, Ministére de 1'Education Nationale, 4 avril 1962; Maire Duffaut au Préfet, 4 avril 1962 in dossier Correspondance Général, Service de I'Equipement, Prefecture de Vaucluse.Google Scholar

²¹ Arland, “L'Aménagement, 46. Annick Vignier,“Secteurs sauvegardés et restauration publique,” Les Monuments historiques de France, 11–12, 1976, 70.Google Scholar

²² Sonnier, , “Secteur sauvegardé,” 15.Google Scholar

²³ Ibid., 15–25.

²⁴ Particularly beneficial for Avignon was the policy, introduced in 1973, for upgrading entire inner cities of medium size, see Leruste, Phillippe, Le Contrat d' Aménagement de Villes Moyennes, Notes et Etudes Documentaires nos. 4234–4235–4236 (17 11 1975),Google ScholarLa Documentation francaise (Paris, 1975), 8–11Google Scholar. Also see Kain, Roger, “Europe's Model and Exemplar Still: The French Approach to Urban Conservation, 1962–1981,” Town Planning Review 53:4 (1982), 408–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For the effect on Avignon, see Le Provençal (Avignon), 29 11 1973Google Scholar; Noseda, Felix, “Ville Moyenne: un dossier elargi est en cours d'elaboration, les Avignnois doivent y participer,” Avignon: Vôtre Ville, mars 1976, 5;Google ScholarNoseda, Félix, Réactualisation du dossier 'ville moyenne': demarrage des premier travaux cet automne,“ Avignon: Vôtre Ville, juin-juillet, 1977, 7–10Google Scholar. The latter article announced that the city was acquiring the mansion of St. Priest and planned to preserve it. For ongoing work in the Balance, “L'Avenir de la Balance, des hommes vivants dans leur cité,” Avignon: Vôtre Ville, novembre, 1975. The project of the Balance was very costly and the largest (4.78 hectares) safeguarded sector created in France. It is unlikely that so large an area will ever be created again, see Kain, Roger, “Conservation Planning in France: Policy and Practice in the Marais, Paris,” Planning for Conservation, Kain, Roger, ed. (London, 1981),205.Google Scholar

²⁵ Gritti, Jules, “Les contenus culturels de Guide bleu: monuments et sites à ‘voir‘,” Communications no. 10 (1967), 51–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For French economic development, see Willis, F. Roy, The French Paradox: Understanding Contemporary France (Stanford, 1982), 16–33.Google Scholar

²⁶ For attention to Marais, see Lottmann, Cities, 34–43Google Scholar; Kain, , “Conservation'Planning,” 206, 209–12Google Scholar; Sutcliffe, Anthony, The Autumn of Central Paris: The Defeat of Town Planning, 1850–1970 (London, 1970), 312–5Google Scholar. Speech of Malraux when introducing safeguarding legislation, see Journal Officiel, Assemblée Nationale, Débats parlementaires, 23 juillet 1962.Google Scholar For meaning, see Chatelain, Paul, “Quartiers Historiques et centre ville: l'exemple du quartier du Marais,” Urban Core and Inner City, 354.Google Scholar Also Kolinsky, Martin, Continuity and Change in European Society: Germany, France and Italy since 1870 (New York, 1974), 167–8, 170, 209Google Scholar; Isaak, Robert, European Politics: Political Economy and Policy Making in Western Democracies (New York, 1980), 3, 6–7, 66Google Scholar; Eisenstadt, S. N., “Some Observations on the Dynamics of Traditions,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 11:4 (1969), 454, 466CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Marris, Peter, Loss and Change (New York, 1974), 150Google Scholar; Lynch, Kevin, What Time is This Place? (Cambridge, Mass., 1972), 31, 40, 64, 124Google Scholar; Winks, Robin, “Conservation in America: National Character as Revealed by Preservation,” The Future of the Past, Fawcett, Jane, ed. (New York, 1976), 142Google Scholar; Shankland, Graeme, “Why Trouble with Historic Towns?” in UNESCO, Conservation, 25.Google Scholar Also see Padover, Saul K., French Institutions: Values and Politics (Stanford, 1954), 6–7.Google Scholar

²⁷ Illert, F. M., Worms: Fahrer durch die Geschichte und Sehenswardigkeiten der Stadt (Worms, 1969), 15–44Google Scholar; Wilhelm, Dieter, Worms: Mittelstadt am Rande des Rhein-Neckar Ballungsraumes. Eine Stadtgeographische Betrachtung seiner Ennvicklung im 19. und 26. Jahrhundert, Beiheft 24 Der Wormsgau: Zeitschrift der Kulturinstitute der Stadt Worms und des Altertumsvereins Worms (Worms, 1971), 4–14Google Scholar; Martin, Gerald, Rheinhessen und das Nahetal: Weinland und VOlkerbracke (Essen, 1962), 95–107.Google Scholar

²⁸ Heyl, Leonard C. von, “Zum Geleit,” Wormser Profile: Lebensbilder zehn Wormser PersOnlichkeiten, Villinger, Carl, ed. (Worms, 1966), 8–10Google Scholar; Kim, Richard, “Kein Weg Zuriick,” Frankfurter Neue Presse, 23 08 1952Google Scholar; Denkschrift der Stadt Worms zur Eingemeindung von Herrnsheim, Leiselheim, Horchheim, Weinsheim (1941),Google Scholar Stadtarchiv Worms. For the effect of the bombing on different areas, see Mowitz, Christa, Der Wiederaufbau von Worms, DiplomArbeit, Wirtschaftshochschule Mannheim (1958), 33–34.Google Scholar Illert, Worms, 44. Even this most enthusiastic chronicler thought Worms' position and growth in the nineteenth century was limited, see Illert, F. M., “Der Wormser Rheinubergang in seiner geschichtlicher Bedeutung,” Die Nibelungenbriicke in Worms am Rhein: Festschrift zur Einweihung und Verkehrsiibergabe der neuen Strassenbriicke fiber den Rhein am 20 April 1953 (Worms, 1953), 28.Google Scholar

²⁹ Kreis, Wilhelm, “Professor Dr. Kreis uber die Zukunftsentwicklung der Stadt Worms: Vortrag uber die Anwendung der GrundsAtze im modernen StAdtebau auf die Wormser Verhaltnisse,” Heimat am Rhein: Blätter zur Pflege der Wormser Geschichte und Heimatkunde: Beilage zur Wormser Zeitung, 31 Mai 1930. Kreis was president of the German Architects' Association and was commissioned by Ludwig von Heyl, sr. For Worms' postwar expectations, see Kohler, Gedanken (1941), 3.Google Scholar

³⁰ Lane, Barbara Miller, Architecture and Politics in Germany, 1918–1945 (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 3–9, 68, 141, 187, 215.Google Scholar

³¹ Köhler, Walter, Worms am Rhein. Das Wesen der Stadt-Ihr Zustand: Erste Gedanken fiber den spateren Wiederaufbau (Januar 1946)Google Scholar; Worms am Rhein. Ein Beispiel (Oktober 1948)Google Scholar; Worms am Rhein. Der Wiederaufbau (31 12 1951). These three planning documents accompanied the three municipal exhibitions and can be found in the Stadtarchiv Worms.Google Scholar

³² A reconstruction that merits its own individual story is the synagogue. Destroyed during and after the Crystal Night of 1938, it was rebuilt and dedicated in 1961, Festschrift zur Wiedereinweihung der alten Synagoge zu Worms, Roth, Ernst, ed. (Frankfurt am Main, 1961).Google Scholar For the record of the churches' reconstruction, see Illert, Worms: Führer. For significance of religion, Kolinsky, Continuity, 133.Google Scholar

³³ An excellent biography of the “old Baron” is Gunter Kriegbaum, Die parlamentarische Tatigkeit des Freiherrn C. W. Hey! zu Herrnsheim (Meisenheim/Glan, 1962), 18–19Google Scholar, 130–1, 159–60. Other information in Herrnsheim, Leonard C. Heyl zu, “Cornelius Wilhelm, Freiherr von Heyl zu Herrnsheim und seine Familie,” Herrnsheim 771–1971: Landschaft, Geschichte, Politik, Kultur, Bardong, Otto, ed. (Worms, 1971), 156–66Google Scholar; Wiist, Herbert, “Wormser Geschlecht im Wandel der Zeiten im Dienst für. Volk und Kirche,” Teil II (Pt. 2) Wormer Monatsspiegel, 10 1975, 32–36. For growth of firm and division, see Heyl Kasten, Stadtarchiv Worms. For position of Heyl during the Third Reich, see Aktennotiz of Ludwig von Heyl, sr., 10 Dezember 1946, in file Briefwechsel mit Herrn Geheimrat Eckert, 1939–1948, Liebenau papers, Stadtarchiv Worms.Google Scholar

³⁴ For Ludwig Heyl, sr., see P. Umhauer, “Betrachtungen zur Geschaftsfiihrung der offentlichen Verwaltung irh Stadtkreis Worms während der Zeit der ersten beiden Monate nach der Besetzung unserer Stadt-April und Mai. 1945,” Maschinenschrift, Kasten Denkschriften, Stadtarchiv Worms. For election of Volker, see Stadtratsprotokoll, 15 Dezember 1948, Stadtarchiv Worms. Eckert was appointed with the approval of the occupation authorities in 1946, see Illert, F. M., “Begnadete Lebenserfiillung: Zum 75. Geburtstag von Geheimrat Professor Dr. Christian Eckert,” Allgemeine Zeitung (Worms), 16 März 1949.Google Scholar

³⁵ Die Freiheit, 15 Februar 1960; Wormser Zeitung, 25 Oktober 1971, 10 Juni 1975.

³⁶ For a good general history of the Reconstruction Society (Aufbauverein), see Villinger, Carl J. H., Erbe und Aufbau, 10 Jahre (Worms, 1955)Google Scholar; also the brochure An unsere Mitglieder und solche die es werden sollen (Worms, n.d.), 7–9. For positions of the city's administration and its opponents, see Stadtratsprotokoll, 28 März 1950 and Vorwort of Oberbiirgermeister Volker in Wohnungsbau: G. m. b. H. Worms (1968). The mayor's gravest concern was the provision of adequate, low-cost lodging. For preservationist goals, see Wormser Monatsspiegel, August 1951, 45–49.Google Scholar

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³⁸ Wilhelm, Worms: Mittelstadt, 52Google Scholar; Munstermann, Hans, Wirtschaftsstruktur der Räume Worms, Pirmasens, Idar-Oberstein, Ludwigshafen am Rhein und Möglichkeiten einer wirtschaftlichen Auflockerung (Mainz, 1956), 15–16, 20–21, 24, 26Google Scholar; Willi Rupert,… und Worms lebt dennoch: Ein Bericht, 1945–1955 (Worms, 1955), 112–4Google Scholar; Wirtschaftsschau im Wonnegau beiderseits des Rheins: Industrie, Handel, Handwerk, Landwirtschaft Worms von 30 08-7 09 1952Google Scholar; Backe, Brunoet al., Raumordnungsbericht, Pt. 1: Raumordnungsplan fur die Reion Rheinhessen im Auftrag der Planungsgemeinschaft Rheinhessen (Berlin, 1970), 115, 160Google Scholar; Allgemeine Zeitung (Worms), 2 09 1955Google ScholarPubMed; Die Freiheit, 5 08 1957Google Scholar; Wormser Zeitung, 12 12 1960Google Scholar. For effects of the occupation, see Allgemeine Zeitung (Worms), 18 11 1954.Google ScholarPubMed For comparison between Worms and Avignon, see Paul Gerbershagen, “Worms,” Berichte zur deutschen Landeskunde, 33 (1964), 140; Imbed,Google Scholar“L'Evolution demographique,” 24–25Google Scholar; Barbier, B.et al., Zones d' Attraction Commerciale de la Région Provence, C?te d' Azur, Corse (L'Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales d'Aix-Marseille, 1965), 50, 56–72Google Scholar; Charre, J. G.et al., Les Villes francaises, Vol. 3: Pérennité et Variations de l' urbanisation francaise de 1806 à 1968 (Paris, 1968)Google Scholar. For difficulties of Heyl-Liebenau with banks, see Bericht 1 an Liebenau, 30 Oktober 1951 aus New York, file Berichte, Baron Ludwig senior, 1 Januar 1948–1931 Dezember 1954; Aktennot. 12, 11 Juli 1952, file Sanierung, Urnwandlung, HLL (Heyl Ludwig Liebenau); Niederschrift iiber die Besprechung mit dem Betriebsrat am 16 Januar 1953, file Deutscher Gewerkschaftbund, Betriebsrat, Wirtschaftsausschuss, 1946–1956; Fritz Baldauf an Herrn Direktor Ludwig Kinkel, 25 November 1953, file AR Liebenau Schriftwechsel 1953; Büro-Mitteilung an Herrn Baron Gebhard von Heyl und Herrn Sattler von Ludwig von Heyl, jr., 16 Oktober 1970, file EVG (Ein-und-VerKaufsgesellschaftLiebenam/Waeldin) betr. Korrespondenzen 1968/1969 Heyl und Waeldin AG (Aktiengesellschaft), Liebenau Papers. For general position of the German banks, see Hardach, Karl, The Political Economy of Germany in the Twentieth Century (Berkeley, 1980), 152–4, 157.Google Scholar

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⁴⁰ An old nondescript school building had previously occupied the site of the new*city hall and was slated for alteration before the war, see Köhler, Walter, Gedanken über das heutige Worms und seine spütere städtebauliche Entwicklung, Pt. I: Text (Worms, 1941), 20–21Google Scholar. For Social Democratic views, see Stadtratsprotokoll, 21 September 1955. Of designs submitted, the one favored by the jury was thought by the SPD council member, Lucie Kölsch, to be “too conservative and not contemporary.” The leading SPD council member said he favored a more modern design submission for its “clarity and simplicity.” The drawings submitted by the finalists can be found reproduced in Allgemeine Zeitung (Worms), 24 08 1955.Google ScholarPubMed For the jury's recommendations, see ibid. and the document “Tagung des Preisgerichts anlasslich des Wettbewerbs zur Erlangung von Planen für den Neubau eines Rathauses und einer Polizeidirektion in Worms am 19 und 20 August 1955,” Stadtarchiv Worms.

⁴¹ For deed of trust and history of the Cornelianum and its site, see Denkschrift zur Einweihung des neuen Rathauses insbesondere des Cornelianums, Swarzenski, George, ed. (Worms, 1910)Google Scholar; also “Eine der Urkunden im Grundstein des Rathausturms eingemauert,” Beilage, “Wormser Zeitung, 29/3011 1958Google Scholar. For a further description, see Illert, Georg, Worms: so wie es war, 2d ed. (Düsseldorf, 1977), 37–39.Google Scholar

⁴² Wormser Zeitung, 8/911 1958, 16 Juli 1959; “Tagung des Preisgerichts…,” and Stadtratsprotokoll, 15 Juli 1959.Google Scholar

⁴³ Wormser Zeitung, 24 und 26 08 1959; 28 11Google Scholar, 4, 11, 12, 13 Dezember 1962; 25 Mätz 1963; Die Freiheit, 25 Marz 1963. For the contretemps between Heyls and the city government, see Ludwig von Heyl, sr. to Carl Villinger, 20 Juli 1959; Ludwig von Heyl, sr. to Aufbauverein, 23 Juli 1959; Protokoll über die Sitzung des Gesamtvorstandes des Aufbauvereins, 30 Juli 1959; Protokoll über die Sitzung des geschäftsführenden Vorstandes, 19 August 1959; all in file Sitzungsberichte, 1956–1961. For additional information, see records of telephone calls: Ramge to Hirschbiel, 25 August 1959; Ramge to Seifenstadt, 28 August 1959; Rage to Arndt, 28 August 1959; Villinger to Oberbürgermeister, 28 August 1959; Ludwig von Heyl, jr. to Carl Villinger, 20 August 1959 and telegram of Ludwig von Heyl, jr. to Oberbürgermeister, 25 August 1959; all in file Rathaus, Comelianum. Neither the Heyls nor the Reconstruction Society expected the demolition of the tower to follow quickly after the decision of the city council. Ludwig von Heyl, jr. wrote the city's architect he would be on vacation and wanted to talk in September. The architect replied he wanted to talk immediately. Only after the city prepared to tear down the tower in mid-August, in order to clear the area prior to the annual Fish Festival, did the Society swing into action, see Ludwig von Heyl, jr. to Stadtbaurat Listmann, 4 August 1959; Listmann to L. von Heyl, jr., 6 August 1959, file Heylshof (Stephansgasse), Aufbauverein Papers. For failure of the reconsideration motion, see Stadtratsprotokoll, 23 September 1959.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Plans to enlarge the Stephensgasse dated back to immediate postwar planning, see n. 31. For implementation of plan and effect on Heylshof, see Stadtratsprotokoll, 29 März 1957.

⁴⁵ Villinger, Carl, “Die alte und die neue Stephensgasse,” Wormser Monatsspiegel, 08 1964Google Scholar; also Das Kunsthaus Heylshof in Worms und seine Sammlungen (Worms, 1977), 7–8).Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Ludwig von Heyl, sr. to Oberbiirgermeister, 22 Juli 1959, file Rathaus, Comelianum; Protokoll ilber die Sitzung des Gesamtvorstandes, 25 November 1960; Protokoll über die Sitzung des Geschäftsfuhrenden Vorstandes, 10 Oktober 1961, file Sitzungsberichte, 1956–1961. Also Oberburgermeister to von Heyl, jr., 10 Mai 1960; Ludwig von Heyl, jr., to Ulrich Meister, 6 Oktober 1961; Denkschrift betr. Verbreiterung der Stephansgasse, Ludwig von Heyl, jr., 2 November 1961, file Heylshof (Stephansgasse), Aufbauverein Papers.

⁴⁷ See previously cited correspondence between von Heyl, jr. and Listmann, n. 43; Wormser Zeitung, 3 02 1960; Stadtratsprotokoll, 16 Juli 1959. For position of Heyls and Reconstruction Society, see Protokoll uber die Sitzung des Geschäftsfahrenden Vorstandes, 8 Oktober 1959 and 6 September 1960, file Sitzungsberichte, 1956–1961. Further, Ludwig von Heyl, jr. to Baudezernent Willi Hirschbiel, 8 August 1959, file Rathaus, Comelianum; Aufbauverein to Kulturfonds der Wormser Wirtschaft, 14 März 1961, file Heylshof (Stephansgasse), Aufbauverein Papers.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Protokoll über die Sitzung des Gesamtvorstandes, 25 November 1960; Protokoll uber die Sitzung des Geschaftsfiihrenden Vorstandes, 10 Oktober 1961, file Sitzungsberichte, 1956–1961; Protokoll über die Sitzung des Gesamtvorstandes, 11 Februar 1963, file Vorstandssitzungen Berichte, 1962–1975; Denkschrift betr. Verbreiterung der Stephansgasse, Ludwig von Heyl, jr., 2 November 1961, file Heylshof (Stephansgasse), Aufbauverein Papers.

⁴⁹ The controversy over the gate went on and on and was not finally settled until 1964, the year after the completion of the Municipal Cultural Institutes: Ludwig von Heyl, jr. to Ludwig von Heyl, sr., 27 August 1960; Kahlert to Villinger, 20 Juli 1961, 13 Dezember 1962; von Heyl, jr. to Oberbürgermeister, 6 Juni 1963; von Heyl, jr. to Villinger, 15 September 1964, file Heylshof (Stephansgasse), Aufbauverein Papers. See also Wormer Zeitung, 1 Juni, 7/8 Juli 1962, 16 August, 31 Oktober/ 1 November 1964.

⁵⁰ For history, see Gruber, Karl, “Der Wormser Dombezirk,” Der Wormsgau II (1934–1943), 238–9Google Scholar; Villinger, Carl, “Wandlungen einer Marktfront,” Wormser Zeitung, 27 02 1975. For details on the Goldschmidt property, see Liegenschaftsamt Worms. Julius Goldschmidt and his wife emigrated to South America, date unknown, see information lists on former Jewish community in Stadtbibliothek, Worms.Google Scholar

⁵¹ For concession, see Köhler, , Worms am Rhein (1948), 35Google Scholar and Erbe and Aufbau, 15; also Allgemeine Zeitung (Worms), 31 März and 22 April 1949, 23 März 1950,Google ScholarPubMedWormser Zeitung, 17/1809 1960Google Scholar. For arguments concerning east choir, see Mowitz, , Wiederaufbau, 44–46Google Scholar; Carl Villinger, “Worms—wie ich es sehe,—wie ich es wünsche,” Wormser Monatspiegel, 08 1968Google Scholar; Otto Bocher, “Zum problematik der Domumbauung,” Wormser Monatsspiegel, Dezember 1968. For decision of city council, see Stadtratsprotokoll, 7 Juli 1960 and Allgemeine Zeitung (Worms), 10 Juli 1950.Google ScholarPubMed

⁵² Illert, F. M., 1m Kreuzpunkt der Weltstrassen: Eine Fiihrung durch die Stadtmitte von Worms (Worms, 1940)Google Scholar; “Am Domportal Barbarossas: Von nun an bluhe Dein Ruhm and Deine Ehre, o Worms,” Allgemeine Zeitung (Worms), 29/3008 1953Google ScholarPubMed; “Probleme im August 1955,” Wormser Monatsspiegel, 09 1960Google Scholar; “Die Kulissen,” Wormser Monatspeigel, März 1966. Illert died in 1966. For his biography, see “Friedrich M. Illert zum 70. Geburtstag,” Der Wormsgau, V (1961/1962).Google Scholar

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